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Mechanical Ventilation of Patients with COPD and Asthma
1. Mechanical Ventilation of Patients with COPD and Asthma Richard K. Albert, M.D. Chief of Medicine Denver Health Professor of Medicine University of Colorado Adjunct Professor of Engineering and Computer Science University of Denver 8 th Pulmonary Medicine Update February 7, 2008 Denver Health
4. Mechanical Venitlation of COPD & Asthma Exacerbations Objectives Pathophysiology - PaCO 2 dederminants - Gas trapping - Work of breathing - Auto-PEEP NIPPV - IPAP - EPAP Mechanical ventilation - FIO 2 - PEEP - V T Denver Health
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6. Determinants of PaCO 2 PaCO 2 VCO 2 V A VCO 2 Work - Agitation - Seizures - WOB Metabolism - Fever - CHO - T4 V A V E - RR - V T - V D (without V E ) Denver Health
8. PV Curve in COPD and Asthma (Stable) Macklem and Becklake, 1963 -10 -20 -30 -40 2 4 6 Ptp (cm H 2 O) V L (L) V T V T Normal/ Asthma Emphysema Denver Health
10. PV Curve in COPD & Asthma (Acute Exacerbtion) -10 -20 -30 -40 2 4 6 Ptp (cm H 2 O) V L (L) V T V T Asthma Emphysema Denver Health
11. Implication V T falls because FRC encroaches on TLC Limited ability to V T with MV/IPAP Best way to PaCO 2 is to VCO 2 WOB (frictional and/or elastic) PaCO 2 even if V T , V E and V A are constant Denver Health
12. Gas Trapping P Inspmax Lung Volume TLC RV P Inspmax -100 0 Respiratory muscle weakness (Not fatigue!) Denver Health
13. Effect of Auto-PEEP Patm = 0 P A = 0 Ppl = - 5 Normal airway resistance (end-exhalation) Pel = 5 Ppl needed to initiate inhalation: - 1 P A drops to - 1 relative to Patm - 5 - 5 Ptp = 5 Denver Health
14. Effect of Auto-PEEP P A = 10 Airway narrowing causing auto-PEEP P atm = 0 Ppl = 2 Pel = 8 Ppl needed to initiate inhalation: - 11 2 2 Ptp = 8 Denver Health
15. Treatment of Auto-PEEP with PEEP or CPAP Airway narrowing with auto-PEEP: Treatment with PEEP P A = 10 PEEP = 10 Ppl 2 Pel = 8 Ppl needed to initiate inhalation: - 1 The only thing PEEP does is work of breathing 2 2 Ptp = 8 Denver Health
16. Implication PEEP, EPAP, CPAP No effect on V E , V T or V A WOB (elastic) - VCO 2 (on next breath) - PaCO 2 (on next breath) Denver Health
17. Treatment of Auto-PEEP with V insp Longer time for exhalation, P A falls P A = 6 Ppl = 1 Pel = 6 Ppl needed to initiate inhalation: - 7 1 1 Ptp = 5 P atm = 0 Denver Health
18. Work of Breathing Work of Breathing RV FRC TLC Total Work Elastic Work Frictional Work Denver Health
19. EPAP or CPAP vs IPAP Appendini, AJRCCM 1994 Ptp, Ptd in 7 COPD pts within 48 hrs Work of breathing measured during: - Spontaneous breathing - CPAP = 0.8 - 0.9 auto-PEEP - PS = 10 cm H 2 O - PS + CPAP Both CPAP and PS WOB ¯ Additive ? effect of underestimating auto-PEEP Denver Health
20. NIPPV Pathophysiology of AECOPD & Asthma is amenable to Rx with NIPPV EPAP for auto-PEEP IPAP for inspiratory Raw Will work of breathing VCO 2 At constant V A , PaCO 2 and pH May V A May mortality and intubation rate Denver Health
21. Frequency of Intubation in Controls in Studies of NIPPV Study N % Kramer, 1995 15 73 Wysocki,1995 20 70 Brochard. 1995 42 74 Burk, 1973 ? 29-54 Albert, 1980 44 2 Bone, 1984 50 26 Niewoehner, 1999 271 3 Denver Health
22. Mortality in Controls in Studies of NIPPV Study N % Bott, 1993 30 30 Kramer, 1995 15 13 Wysocki,1995 20 50 Brochard. 1995 42 29 Sukumalchantra, 1966 43 18 Campbell, 1967 198 6 Albert, 1980 44 0 Stauffer, 1993* 67 19 Niewoehner, 1999 271 3 Denver Health
23. Mechanical Ventilation of COPD & Asthma Exacerbations Mode: AC vs IMV PS ? rest respiratory muscles: CMV Better sleep with AC vs. IMV-PS Ventilator-induced diaphragm changes (?) Triggering: key issue with either mode PEEP to counter auto-PEEP Major cause of patient-ventilator dissynchrony Denver Health
24. Mechanical Ventilation of COPD & Asthma Exacerbations Tidal Volume (with AC) Recommendations: 8-12 ml/kg For 60 kg man = 480 to 720 ml Frequently > FEV 1 ! Use smaller V T (encroaching on TLC) Minimize effect of auto-PEEP High inspiratory flow ( ignore peak Paw) PEEP Adjust ventilator to patient, not vice-versa Denver Health
25. V/Q in Emphysema (H-Pattern): Normal and High V/Q Wagner, JCI 1977 0 0.001 0.01 1 10 100 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 V/Q Ratio Ventilation ( ) Perfusion ( ) Denver Health
26. V/Q in Emphysema (L-Pattern): Normal and Low V/Q 0 0.001 0.01 1 10 100 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 V/Q Ratio Wagner, JCI 1977 Ventilation ( ) Perfusion ( ) Denver Health
27. Effect of V A /Q on PaCO 2 (Normal) VCO 2 = 100 ml/min PcCO 2 = 40 PaCO 2 = 40 PcCO 2 = 40 PvCO 2 = 46 PvCO 2 = 46 DCO 2 = 100 ml/min DCO 2 = 100 ml/min P A O 2 = 100 P A CO 2 = 40 P A O 2 = 100 P A CO 2 = 40 VCO 2 = 100 ml/min Denver Health
28. Effect of V A /Q on PaCO 2 (Low V A /Q, Normal) PcCO 2 = 40 PaCO 2 = 40 PcCO 2 = 40 PvCO 2 = 46 DCO 2 = 50 ml/min DCO 2 = 150 ml/min HPV 50% V E VCO 2 = 50 ml/min 50% V E VCO 2 = 150 ml/min PvCO 2 = 46 P A O 2 = 50 P A CO 2 = 40 P A O 2 = 100 P A CO 2 = 40 Denver Health
29. Effect of V A /Q on PaCO 2 (Low V A /Q,, AECOPD) PcCO 2 = 44 PaCO 2 = 42 PcCO 2 = 40 PvCO 2 = 46 PvCO 2 = 46 DCO 2 = 50 ml/min HPV V E at max 50% V E VCO 2 = 50 ml/min VCO 2 = 100 ml/min DCO 2 = 150 ml/min P A O 2 = 50 P A CO 2 = 40 P A O 2 = 100 P A CO 2 = 40 Denver Health
30. Effect of V A /Q on PaCO 2 (Low V A /Q,, AECOPD, F I O 2 ) PcCO 2 = 44 PaCO 2 = 44 PcCO 2 = 44 PvCO 2 = 46 PvCO 2 = 46 DCO 2 = 100 ml/min HPV V E constant 50% V E VCO 2 = 50 ml/min VCO 2 = 50 ml/min DCO 2 = 100 ml/min FIO 2 P A O 2 = 100 P A CO 2 = 44 P A O 2 = 100 P A CO 2 = 44 Denver Health
31. Acute Exacerbations of COPD What do I do? NIPPV with EPAP - Auto-PEEP - Work of breathing - VCO 2 Mechanical ventilation - PEEP to facilitate triggering - Low V T - Lowest safe FIO 2 Denver Health
32. Acute Exacerbations of COPD Summary Pathophysiology - VCO 2 - Gas trapping - Work of breathing - Auto-PEEP NIPPV - IPAP - EPAP Mechanical ventilation - FIO 2 - PEEP - V T Denver Health
33. 8 th Pulmonary Medicine Update February 6, 2008 Denver Health