SlideShare uma empresa Scribd logo
1 de 24
Baixar para ler offline
A SONG 
OF OUR 
WARMING 
PLANET Using music to communicate 
critical concepts in climate science 
Sco! St. George 
Daniel Crawford 
Todd Reubold 
American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting | Connecting Geoscience with the Arts | December 15, 2014
GEOG1403 
BIOGEOGRAPHY OF THE GLOBAL 
GARDEN
CCLHIAMNAGTEE
Global temperature records are commonly represented as time series. 
°F 
1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 
59 
58.5 
58 
57.5 
57 
56.5 
56 
Source: NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies
“ ” 
If you really want to 
communicate with 
someone, it’s best 
not to show a graph, 
but to express 
something artistically. 
Commander Chris Hadfield 
November 12, 2014
Daniel Crawford University of Minnesota
However, sometimes converting a simple graph 
into some different form of information can 
deliver the message far be!er, and more 
effectively, than dots on a page. “ ” 
Phil Plait, Bad Astronomy 
July 18, 2013
GEOG1403 
BIOGEOGRAPHY OF THE GLOBAL 
GARDEN
Parts of the planet have warmed more rapidly than others since the 1880s. 
°C Source: NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies
violin I 
violin II 
viola 
cello
Planetary Bands, Warming World 
Daniel Crawford
Any geophysical time series can be expressed as music. 
°F 
1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 
59 
58.5 
58 
57.5 
57 
56.5 
56 
Source: NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies
How could anything 
be more scientific 
and mathematical 
than music? “ ” 
Commander Chris Hadfield 
November 12, 2014
A Song of Our Warming Planet: Using Music to Communicate Critical Concepts in Climate Science

Mais conteúdo relacionado

Mais procurados

Climatic systems major components and implications in agricultural planning
Climatic systems  major components and implications in agricultural planningClimatic systems  major components and implications in agricultural planning
Climatic systems major components and implications in agricultural planning
Jack Onyisi Abebe
 
Power point
Power pointPower point
Power point
storrre
 
Weather and Climate
Weather and ClimateWeather and Climate
Weather and Climate
tcooper66
 
5 earth movements and seasons
5   earth movements and seasons5   earth movements and seasons
5 earth movements and seasons
SUNY Ulster
 
Earths rotation ppt sam oncken
Earths rotation ppt sam onckenEarths rotation ppt sam oncken
Earths rotation ppt sam oncken
azamhicks
 
Overall presentation on Asia climate change
Overall presentation on Asia climate change Overall presentation on Asia climate change
Overall presentation on Asia climate change
ipcc-media
 

Mais procurados (20)

Mani ppt
Mani pptMani ppt
Mani ppt
 
Climatic systems major components and implications in agricultural planning
Climatic systems  major components and implications in agricultural planningClimatic systems  major components and implications in agricultural planning
Climatic systems major components and implications in agricultural planning
 
Watercycle
WatercycleWatercycle
Watercycle
 
Dissertation Defense: Zachary Labe
Dissertation Defense: Zachary LabeDissertation Defense: Zachary Labe
Dissertation Defense: Zachary Labe
 
6 d-radiation-from sun2earth
6 d-radiation-from sun2earth6 d-radiation-from sun2earth
6 d-radiation-from sun2earth
 
Hansen
HansenHansen
Hansen
 
Power point
Power pointPower point
Power point
 
Linking the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation and Projected Arctic Sea-Ice Loss to S...
Linking the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation and Projected Arctic Sea-Ice Loss to S...Linking the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation and Projected Arctic Sea-Ice Loss to S...
Linking the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation and Projected Arctic Sea-Ice Loss to S...
 
6 e-coping withearthsurface
6 e-coping withearthsurface6 e-coping withearthsurface
6 e-coping withearthsurface
 
Weather and Climate
Weather and ClimateWeather and Climate
Weather and Climate
 
Chapter 3, lesson 1 in Geography book
Chapter 3, lesson 1 in Geography bookChapter 3, lesson 1 in Geography book
Chapter 3, lesson 1 in Geography book
 
Sahil rajput
Sahil rajputSahil rajput
Sahil rajput
 
Neptune
NeptuneNeptune
Neptune
 
5 earth movements and seasons
5   earth movements and seasons5   earth movements and seasons
5 earth movements and seasons
 
Home
HomeHome
Home
 
Seasons
SeasonsSeasons
Seasons
 
Earths rotation ppt sam oncken
Earths rotation ppt sam onckenEarths rotation ppt sam oncken
Earths rotation ppt sam oncken
 
Burke Period 4
Burke Period 4Burke Period 4
Burke Period 4
 
Overall presentation on Asia climate change
Overall presentation on Asia climate change Overall presentation on Asia climate change
Overall presentation on Asia climate change
 
Weather
WeatherWeather
Weather
 

Destaque

Mount tambora
Mount tamboraMount tambora
Mount tambora
Harveda
 
Contemporary problems in ancient climates
Contemporary problems in ancient climatesContemporary problems in ancient climates
Contemporary problems in ancient climates
Scott St. George
 
Water in North America: Past, Present and Future
Water in North America: Past, Present and FutureWater in North America: Past, Present and Future
Water in North America: Past, Present and Future
Scott St. George
 
Why the past matters - how tree rings and environmental history help us make ...
Why the past matters - how tree rings and environmental history help us make ...Why the past matters - how tree rings and environmental history help us make ...
Why the past matters - how tree rings and environmental history help us make ...
Scott St. George
 
GEOG5839.15, signal processing
GEOG5839.15, signal processingGEOG5839.15, signal processing
GEOG5839.15, signal processing
Scott St. George
 
Trees as flood sensors
Trees as flood sensorsTrees as flood sensors
Trees as flood sensors
Scott St. George
 
Guarding against false discovery in large-scale dendroclimatology
Guarding against false discovery in large-scale dendroclimatologyGuarding against false discovery in large-scale dendroclimatology
Guarding against false discovery in large-scale dendroclimatology
Scott St. George
 

Destaque (20)

The "Year Without A Summer" was not a year without a ring
The "Year Without A Summer" was not a year without a ringThe "Year Without A Summer" was not a year without a ring
The "Year Without A Summer" was not a year without a ring
 
Mount tambora
Mount tamboraMount tambora
Mount tambora
 
Mount tambora
Mount tambora Mount tambora
Mount tambora
 
Mt. TAMBORA " The Largest Volcanic Eruption in Recorded History "
Mt. TAMBORA " The Largest Volcanic Eruption in Recorded History "Mt. TAMBORA " The Largest Volcanic Eruption in Recorded History "
Mt. TAMBORA " The Largest Volcanic Eruption in Recorded History "
 
Contemporary problems in ancient climates
Contemporary problems in ancient climatesContemporary problems in ancient climates
Contemporary problems in ancient climates
 
Georgia Tech College of Science Recruitment Talk, Feb 13, 2016
Georgia Tech College of Science Recruitment Talk, Feb 13, 2016Georgia Tech College of Science Recruitment Talk, Feb 13, 2016
Georgia Tech College of Science Recruitment Talk, Feb 13, 2016
 
Expanding the window - the past, present, and future of Minnesota's water
Expanding the window - the past, present, and future of Minnesota's waterExpanding the window - the past, present, and future of Minnesota's water
Expanding the window - the past, present, and future of Minnesota's water
 
Water in North America: Past, Present and Future
Water in North America: Past, Present and FutureWater in North America: Past, Present and Future
Water in North America: Past, Present and Future
 
Forced or unforced? New views of ENSO from 6,000yrs ago to the present
Forced or unforced? New views of ENSO from 6,000yrs ago to the present Forced or unforced? New views of ENSO from 6,000yrs ago to the present
Forced or unforced? New views of ENSO from 6,000yrs ago to the present
 
A paleoclimatologist's view of historical climate data
A paleoclimatologist's view of historical climate dataA paleoclimatologist's view of historical climate data
A paleoclimatologist's view of historical climate data
 
Why the past matters - how tree rings and environmental history help us make ...
Why the past matters - how tree rings and environmental history help us make ...Why the past matters - how tree rings and environmental history help us make ...
Why the past matters - how tree rings and environmental history help us make ...
 
GEOG5839.15, signal processing
GEOG5839.15, signal processingGEOG5839.15, signal processing
GEOG5839.15, signal processing
 
Paleo-constraints on future tropical Pacific climate
Paleo-constraints on future tropical Pacific climatePaleo-constraints on future tropical Pacific climate
Paleo-constraints on future tropical Pacific climate
 
Trees as flood sensors
Trees as flood sensorsTrees as flood sensors
Trees as flood sensors
 
Implicit bias in higher ed - for undergraduates
Implicit bias in higher ed - for undergraduatesImplicit bias in higher ed - for undergraduates
Implicit bias in higher ed - for undergraduates
 
Paleoclimate: past-climate as the key to understand the future. Example from ...
Paleoclimate: past-climate as the key to understand the future. Example from ...Paleoclimate: past-climate as the key to understand the future. Example from ...
Paleoclimate: past-climate as the key to understand the future. Example from ...
 
Noah, Joseph, And High-Resolution Paleoclimatology
Noah, Joseph, And High-Resolution PaleoclimatologyNoah, Joseph, And High-Resolution Paleoclimatology
Noah, Joseph, And High-Resolution Paleoclimatology
 
Large-scale dendrochronology and low-frequency climate variability
Large-scale dendrochronology and low-frequency climate variabilityLarge-scale dendrochronology and low-frequency climate variability
Large-scale dendrochronology and low-frequency climate variability
 
Guarding against false discovery in large-scale dendroclimatology
Guarding against false discovery in large-scale dendroclimatologyGuarding against false discovery in large-scale dendroclimatology
Guarding against false discovery in large-scale dendroclimatology
 
Five Things You Can Do Right Now To Make Your Research Presentations Just A L...
Five Things You Can Do Right Now To Make Your Research Presentations Just A L...Five Things You Can Do Right Now To Make Your Research Presentations Just A L...
Five Things You Can Do Right Now To Make Your Research Presentations Just A L...
 

Semelhante a A Song of Our Warming Planet: Using Music to Communicate Critical Concepts in Climate Science

5242017 The Sky Is Orange! How NASA Artists Draw Planets No .docx
5242017 The Sky Is Orange! How NASA Artists Draw Planets No .docx5242017 The Sky Is Orange! How NASA Artists Draw Planets No .docx
5242017 The Sky Is Orange! How NASA Artists Draw Planets No .docx
taishao1
 
Climate Science
Climate ScienceClimate Science
Climate Science
David Hone
 

Semelhante a A Song of Our Warming Planet: Using Music to Communicate Critical Concepts in Climate Science (6)

Visualizing climate change through data
Visualizing climate change through dataVisualizing climate change through data
Visualizing climate change through data
 
RCEC Email 5.3.03 (a)
RCEC Email 5.3.03 (a)RCEC Email 5.3.03 (a)
RCEC Email 5.3.03 (a)
 
RCEC Email 5.5.03 (b)
RCEC Email 5.5.03 (b)RCEC Email 5.5.03 (b)
RCEC Email 5.5.03 (b)
 
5242017 The Sky Is Orange! How NASA Artists Draw Planets No .docx
5242017 The Sky Is Orange! How NASA Artists Draw Planets No .docx5242017 The Sky Is Orange! How NASA Artists Draw Planets No .docx
5242017 The Sky Is Orange! How NASA Artists Draw Planets No .docx
 
Younger Dryas Presentation Large.pptx
Younger Dryas Presentation Large.pptxYounger Dryas Presentation Large.pptx
Younger Dryas Presentation Large.pptx
 
Climate Science
Climate ScienceClimate Science
Climate Science
 

Mais de Scott St. George

A new framework to test the origins of western American megadrought
A new framework to test the origins of western American megadroughtA new framework to test the origins of western American megadrought
A new framework to test the origins of western American megadrought
Scott St. George
 
The need for new theory in global dendroclimatology
The need for new theory in global dendroclimatologyThe need for new theory in global dendroclimatology
The need for new theory in global dendroclimatology
Scott St. George
 
The societal value of historical and paleoflood research in Manitoba, Canada
The societal value of historical and paleoflood research in Manitoba, CanadaThe societal value of historical and paleoflood research in Manitoba, Canada
The societal value of historical and paleoflood research in Manitoba, Canada
Scott St. George
 
What to expect when you’re expecting decadal variability in hydroclimatic pro...
What to expect when you’re expecting decadal variability in hydroclimatic pro...What to expect when you’re expecting decadal variability in hydroclimatic pro...
What to expect when you’re expecting decadal variability in hydroclimatic pro...
Scott St. George
 
Absent rings are rare in Northern Hemisphere forests outside the American Sou...
Absent rings are rare in Northern Hemisphere forests outside the American Sou...Absent rings are rare in Northern Hemisphere forests outside the American Sou...
Absent rings are rare in Northern Hemisphere forests outside the American Sou...
Scott St. George
 
GEOG5839.21, The Colorado River
GEOG5839.21, The Colorado RiverGEOG5839.21, The Colorado River
GEOG5839.21, The Colorado River
Scott St. George
 

Mais de Scott St. George (20)

Boosting the Signal: Simple Strategies to Deliver Better Scientific Talks
Boosting the Signal: Simple Strategies to Deliver Better Scientific TalksBoosting the Signal: Simple Strategies to Deliver Better Scientific Talks
Boosting the Signal: Simple Strategies to Deliver Better Scientific Talks
 
Ringing true: The scientific and societal relevance of dendrochronology at th...
Ringing true: The scientific and societal relevance of dendrochronology at th...Ringing true: The scientific and societal relevance of dendrochronology at th...
Ringing true: The scientific and societal relevance of dendrochronology at th...
 
How long do trees remember?
How long do trees remember?How long do trees remember?
How long do trees remember?
 
Don’t call it a comeback: Studying ancient floods to prepare for future hazards
Don’t call it a comeback: Studying ancient floods to prepare for future hazardsDon’t call it a comeback: Studying ancient floods to prepare for future hazards
Don’t call it a comeback: Studying ancient floods to prepare for future hazards
 
Flood rings: Paleoflood evidence in tree-ring anatomy
Flood rings: Paleoflood evidence in tree-ring anatomyFlood rings: Paleoflood evidence in tree-ring anatomy
Flood rings: Paleoflood evidence in tree-ring anatomy
 
Historic accounts of extreme floods on the Red River of the North
Historic accounts of extreme floods on the Red River of the NorthHistoric accounts of extreme floods on the Red River of the North
Historic accounts of extreme floods on the Red River of the North
 
Disentangling the decadal ‘knot’ in high-resolution paleoclimatology
Disentangling the decadal ‘knot’ in high-resolution paleoclimatologyDisentangling the decadal ‘knot’ in high-resolution paleoclimatology
Disentangling the decadal ‘knot’ in high-resolution paleoclimatology
 
A new framework to test the origins of western American megadrought
A new framework to test the origins of western American megadroughtA new framework to test the origins of western American megadrought
A new framework to test the origins of western American megadrought
 
The need for new theory in global dendroclimatology
The need for new theory in global dendroclimatologyThe need for new theory in global dendroclimatology
The need for new theory in global dendroclimatology
 
The societal value of historical and paleoflood research in Manitoba, Canada
The societal value of historical and paleoflood research in Manitoba, CanadaThe societal value of historical and paleoflood research in Manitoba, Canada
The societal value of historical and paleoflood research in Manitoba, Canada
 
Solar ghosts: Weighing the evidence for sunspot cycles in fossil trees
Solar ghosts: Weighing the evidence for sunspot cycles in fossil treesSolar ghosts: Weighing the evidence for sunspot cycles in fossil trees
Solar ghosts: Weighing the evidence for sunspot cycles in fossil trees
 
Long droughts: Using natural climate archives to gage the risks of future “me...
Long droughts: Using natural climate archives to gage the risks of future “me...Long droughts: Using natural climate archives to gage the risks of future “me...
Long droughts: Using natural climate archives to gage the risks of future “me...
 
Expecting the unexpected: The relevance of old floods to modern hydrology
Expecting the unexpected: The relevance of old floods to modern hydrologyExpecting the unexpected: The relevance of old floods to modern hydrology
Expecting the unexpected: The relevance of old floods to modern hydrology
 
What to expect when you’re expecting decadal variability in hydroclimatic pro...
What to expect when you’re expecting decadal variability in hydroclimatic pro...What to expect when you’re expecting decadal variability in hydroclimatic pro...
What to expect when you’re expecting decadal variability in hydroclimatic pro...
 
Decadal variability in tree rings
Decadal variability in tree ringsDecadal variability in tree rings
Decadal variability in tree rings
 
Seeing the Forest for the Tree(Ring)s
Seeing the Forest for the Tree(Ring)sSeeing the Forest for the Tree(Ring)s
Seeing the Forest for the Tree(Ring)s
 
The decadal character of northern California's winter precipitation
The decadal character of northern California's winter precipitationThe decadal character of northern California's winter precipitation
The decadal character of northern California's winter precipitation
 
Absent rings are rare in Northern Hemisphere forests outside the American Sou...
Absent rings are rare in Northern Hemisphere forests outside the American Sou...Absent rings are rare in Northern Hemisphere forests outside the American Sou...
Absent rings are rare in Northern Hemisphere forests outside the American Sou...
 
GEOG5839.22, Paleofloods
GEOG5839.22, PaleofloodsGEOG5839.22, Paleofloods
GEOG5839.22, Paleofloods
 
GEOG5839.21, The Colorado River
GEOG5839.21, The Colorado RiverGEOG5839.21, The Colorado River
GEOG5839.21, The Colorado River
 

Último

The basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptx
heathfieldcps1
 
Salient Features of India constitution especially power and functions
Salient Features of India constitution especially power and functionsSalient Features of India constitution especially power and functions
Salient Features of India constitution especially power and functions
KarakKing
 

Último (20)

OSCM Unit 2_Operations Processes & Systems
OSCM Unit 2_Operations Processes & SystemsOSCM Unit 2_Operations Processes & Systems
OSCM Unit 2_Operations Processes & Systems
 
Interdisciplinary_Insights_Data_Collection_Methods.pptx
Interdisciplinary_Insights_Data_Collection_Methods.pptxInterdisciplinary_Insights_Data_Collection_Methods.pptx
Interdisciplinary_Insights_Data_Collection_Methods.pptx
 
REMIFENTANIL: An Ultra short acting opioid.pptx
REMIFENTANIL: An Ultra short acting opioid.pptxREMIFENTANIL: An Ultra short acting opioid.pptx
REMIFENTANIL: An Ultra short acting opioid.pptx
 
Wellbeing inclusion and digital dystopias.pptx
Wellbeing inclusion and digital dystopias.pptxWellbeing inclusion and digital dystopias.pptx
Wellbeing inclusion and digital dystopias.pptx
 
Mehran University Newsletter Vol-X, Issue-I, 2024
Mehran University Newsletter Vol-X, Issue-I, 2024Mehran University Newsletter Vol-X, Issue-I, 2024
Mehran University Newsletter Vol-X, Issue-I, 2024
 
80 ĐỀ THI THỬ TUYỂN SINH TIẾNG ANH VÀO 10 SỞ GD – ĐT THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH NĂ...
80 ĐỀ THI THỬ TUYỂN SINH TIẾNG ANH VÀO 10 SỞ GD – ĐT THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH NĂ...80 ĐỀ THI THỬ TUYỂN SINH TIẾNG ANH VÀO 10 SỞ GD – ĐT THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH NĂ...
80 ĐỀ THI THỬ TUYỂN SINH TIẾNG ANH VÀO 10 SỞ GD – ĐT THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH NĂ...
 
Sociology 101 Demonstration of Learning Exhibit
Sociology 101 Demonstration of Learning ExhibitSociology 101 Demonstration of Learning Exhibit
Sociology 101 Demonstration of Learning Exhibit
 
How to Add New Custom Addons Path in Odoo 17
How to Add New Custom Addons Path in Odoo 17How to Add New Custom Addons Path in Odoo 17
How to Add New Custom Addons Path in Odoo 17
 
Python Notes for mca i year students osmania university.docx
Python Notes for mca i year students osmania university.docxPython Notes for mca i year students osmania university.docx
Python Notes for mca i year students osmania university.docx
 
Understanding Accommodations and Modifications
Understanding  Accommodations and ModificationsUnderstanding  Accommodations and Modifications
Understanding Accommodations and Modifications
 
ICT Role in 21st Century Education & its Challenges.pptx
ICT Role in 21st Century Education & its Challenges.pptxICT Role in 21st Century Education & its Challenges.pptx
ICT Role in 21st Century Education & its Challenges.pptx
 
Unit 3 Emotional Intelligence and Spiritual Intelligence.pdf
Unit 3 Emotional Intelligence and Spiritual Intelligence.pdfUnit 3 Emotional Intelligence and Spiritual Intelligence.pdf
Unit 3 Emotional Intelligence and Spiritual Intelligence.pdf
 
ICT role in 21st century education and it's challenges.
ICT role in 21st century education and it's challenges.ICT role in 21st century education and it's challenges.
ICT role in 21st century education and it's challenges.
 
latest AZ-104 Exam Questions and Answers
latest AZ-104 Exam Questions and Answerslatest AZ-104 Exam Questions and Answers
latest AZ-104 Exam Questions and Answers
 
This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.
This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.
This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.
 
The basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptx
 
21st_Century_Skills_Framework_Final_Presentation_2.pptx
21st_Century_Skills_Framework_Final_Presentation_2.pptx21st_Century_Skills_Framework_Final_Presentation_2.pptx
21st_Century_Skills_Framework_Final_Presentation_2.pptx
 
Kodo Millet PPT made by Ghanshyam bairwa college of Agriculture kumher bhara...
Kodo Millet  PPT made by Ghanshyam bairwa college of Agriculture kumher bhara...Kodo Millet  PPT made by Ghanshyam bairwa college of Agriculture kumher bhara...
Kodo Millet PPT made by Ghanshyam bairwa college of Agriculture kumher bhara...
 
Salient Features of India constitution especially power and functions
Salient Features of India constitution especially power and functionsSalient Features of India constitution especially power and functions
Salient Features of India constitution especially power and functions
 
HMCS Vancouver Pre-Deployment Brief - May 2024 (Web Version).pptx
HMCS Vancouver Pre-Deployment Brief - May 2024 (Web Version).pptxHMCS Vancouver Pre-Deployment Brief - May 2024 (Web Version).pptx
HMCS Vancouver Pre-Deployment Brief - May 2024 (Web Version).pptx
 

A Song of Our Warming Planet: Using Music to Communicate Critical Concepts in Climate Science

  • 1. A SONG OF OUR WARMING PLANET Using music to communicate critical concepts in climate science Sco! St. George Daniel Crawford Todd Reubold American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting | Connecting Geoscience with the Arts | December 15, 2014
  • 2. GEOG1403 BIOGEOGRAPHY OF THE GLOBAL GARDEN
  • 4.
  • 5. Global temperature records are commonly represented as time series. °F 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 59 58.5 58 57.5 57 56.5 56 Source: NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies
  • 6. “ ” If you really want to communicate with someone, it’s best not to show a graph, but to express something artistically. Commander Chris Hadfield November 12, 2014
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 14.
  • 15. However, sometimes converting a simple graph into some different form of information can deliver the message far be!er, and more effectively, than dots on a page. “ ” Phil Plait, Bad Astronomy July 18, 2013
  • 16. GEOG1403 BIOGEOGRAPHY OF THE GLOBAL GARDEN
  • 17.
  • 18. Parts of the planet have warmed more rapidly than others since the 1880s. °C Source: NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies
  • 19.
  • 20. violin I violin II viola cello
  • 21. Planetary Bands, Warming World Daniel Crawford
  • 22. Any geophysical time series can be expressed as music. °F 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 59 58.5 58 57.5 57 56.5 56 Source: NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies
  • 23. How could anything be more scientific and mathematical than music? “ ” Commander Chris Hadfield November 12, 2014