Summarizes a study of key drivers of electric vehicle adoption, with an emphasis on vehicle-charging scenarios and infrastructure and an eye toward identifying options that can maximize benefits from greater EV use to both consumers and the grid.

1. Electric Vehicle Grid Integration in
the U.S., Europe, and China
Challenges and Choices for Electricity and
Transportation Policy
"
A report commissioned by ICCT and RAP
and written by M.J. Bradley & Associates!
July, 2013!

2. How will electric vehicles impact the grid?"
4,044 5,212
-
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
2013 2040
TWh
U.S. Power Generation and EV Consumption
Showing high, mid, and low EV penetration scenarios
12% EVs
29% EVs
72% EVs
Projected
Generation
• EVs can help mitigate
climate change by
reducing emissions from
oil"
• Policies in the U.S.,
Europe, and China,
among other regions,
promote EVs"
• Adoption of EVs will
increase electricity
demand – how much
electricity and where will
it come from?"
Source: MJB&A"

3. Electricity mix varies by region"
0%!
10%!
20%!
30%!
40%!
50%!
60%!
70%!
80%!
90%!
100%!
California! Midwest! New England! France! Germany! China!
Percentofelectricitymix!
Oil/other!
Hydro!
Renewables!
Nuclear!
Natural Gas!
Coal!
• Charging an electric vehicle with California’s relatively clean electricity
mix will reduce emissions compared to a conventional vehicle, but in
China an electric vehicle may actually increase emissions due to coal"
• Renewable sources of electricity are expected to become more
prevalent in the future in all regions"
Source: ICCT, using
data presented in
MJB&A (2013)"

4. When should EV owners plug in?"
• Charging at peak load times (e.g. evening) requires off-line generators to
be turned on, increasing cost and emissions "
• Charging at off-peak times (e.g. early morning) utilizes excess electricity
capacity – this is more efficient"
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
1:00 5:00 9:00 13:00 17:00 21:00 1:00 5:00 9:00 13:00 17:00 21:00
$/MWhMW
Time of Day
Electric Load and Real-Time Hourly Wholesale Prices
48 hour periods in July 2012 and January 2013
Load Prices
January
July
In Eastern
Massachusetts."
Source: ISO-NE,
MJBA"
5pm!
3am!

5. Maximizing benefits"
§ Smart charging at
off-peak times helps
the grid and saves
EV owners money"
§ Fast charging is
convenient for EV
owners, but may be
difficult for grid
operators to
manage"
§ EVs could
potentially provide
ancillary services,
such as storing
excess electricity in
its battery during
off-peak times and
returning it to the
grid at peak load"
Figure shows summer load.
Source: NREL"

6. Policy recommendations for smart EV-
grid integration"
§ Limit negative grid impacts like exacerbating peak load
or creating local load pockets"
§ Realize full potential of grid benefits like slow charging
at off-peak times, which will lower costs and emissions!
§ Expand economic incentives for drivers through time
of use charging, ability to provide ancillary services, and
policies that reward purchase of EVs and reduction of
greenhouse gas emissions!
§ Avoid creating stranded assets through subsidies by
limiting public investment in high capital cost charging
equipment that is at risk of being underutilized."