The document discusses the evolution of the internet from static Web 1.0 pages to today's dynamic Web 2.0 and upcoming Web 3.0. It defines the Internet of Things (IoT) as connecting physical objects through sensors and internet connectivity. Examples discussed include connecting devices in homes, cities, healthcare, mining and law enforcement. Challenges of IoT include bandwidth, power consumption, security and data management. Standards organizations are working to address these issues and advance IoT technologies. The future may see an "Internet of Everything" connecting people, processes, data and physical things.
1. The Internet of Things
SATHVIK N PRASAD
R. V. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
BANGALORE
2. The origin of Web 1.0
Static webpages
No interaction / content contribution from the users
Proprietary protocols and applications
Publication oriented
Newspapers, Portals, Britannica Online, etc.
3. Web 2.0
Dynamic content – user dependent outcome
Connecting with other people via social networking – Facebook, Linkedin, Twitter….
Community tagging
Voting
Circles
E-commerce boom – Amazon, e-bay, etc.
Services like Google docs, Calendar, Cloud, etc.
Application based user interaction
Web-based apps
Android, iOS, etc.
4. Web 3.0
Intelligent and Omnipresent
Increase in Open Standards
MOOCs (Massive Open Online Course)
Advanced protocols and algorithms
Context based Content generation using Machine Learning, AI etc.
Customized to the user
Information exchange between Machines (IoT and M2M)
Wireless Sensor Networks
Smart Homes
Wearable Technology
5. The Internet of Things (IoT)
o Conceptualized in the early 2000’s, at MIT’s Auto-ID lab by Kevin Aston
“If we had computers that knew everything there was to know about things—using data they gathered
without any help from us -- we would be able to track and count everything, and greatly reduce waste,
loss and cost” - Kevin Aston in 1999
o “The Internet of Things is a system where items in the physical world, and sensors within or
attached to these items, are connected to the Internet via wireless or wired Internet
connections”.
6. IoT – Network of Networks
• Loose collection of disparate, purpose-built networks
• Building
• Heating system
• Venting system
• Lighting
• Telephony
• Car
• Engine control
• Dashboard
• Air-Bags
• Communication System
7. The Moore’s Law
“The number of transistors in a dense integrated circuit doubles approximately every two
years”
Also applicable to the size of the internet.
Researchers have predicted that the size of the Internet will double, every 5.32 years.
Size of the Internet is measured by the number of Autonomous Systems (Nodes)
Proposed by a research group in China
Results based on the data obtained in six-month intervals, (2001 to 2006)
8. IoT according to Cisco-IBSG
IoT is simply the point in time when
more “things or objects” were
connected to the Internet than
people.
9. IoT according to Cisco-IBSG
Considering the fraction of the
world’s population that is
actually connected to the
Internet.
IoT is simply the point in time when
more “things or objects” were
connected to the Internet than
people.
11. The “Things” or devices are classified as:
o Non-electrical objects
Food and Cargo, Animals, Trees, etc.
o Electrical devices that inherently lack sophisticated electronics
Lighting, Heating, Water distribution system etc.
o Devices with electronics built into them, to fulfil their primary function
Cars, Bikes, PDAs, Mobiles, etc.
o Environment sensors
Moisture, Pollution, Temperature, etc.
Almost all of these devices are coupled with actuators and/or sensors.
12. Connecting the Devices
Standard Frequency
Range
Data Rate
( Approx.)
Range
(Approx.)
Power
IEEE 802.15.4 900 MHz,
2.4 GHz
250 Kbps 10 to 300m Very Low
Bluetooth 2.4 GHz 700 Kbps 10m Low
Wi-Fi 2.4, 5 GHz 100 Mbps 10 to 100m High
GSM 900 MHz 270 Kbps 35 Km High
13. Virtualizing the Objects
o Recreating the functionality of real-world objects at the Machine level
o Ease of reusability, if it possesses well defined representation
o Better abstraction achieved, decreases the development time
o Improved modularity
14. Middleware
o A software infrastructure that glues together the networking hardware,
operating system, network stacks and applications. It sits between the
underlying protocols and the application layer.
o Effective control and management of objects
o Convert the data from lower layers to provide the appropriate
information to the application layer.
15. Application Layer
o Connect a device to the server
o Record and read the generated data
o Link the data to an application
o Cloud based design
16. IoT in Action-Dubai
The IoT concept is used to safeguard a network of 37 cranes and 5,000 workers near the world’s tallest
buildings in Dubai. Cranes that swing too close to one another are halted by an Internet-connected system.
17. IoT and the Mining Industry
Dundee Precious Metals a Canadian-
based, international mining
company utilizes WiFi-enabled
vehicles, haulers and crushers and
above-ground command centers to
capture real-time data, resulting in a
cost-savings of $2.5 million and
production increase of 400%.
18. IoT in Healthcare and Wearable
Electronics
Wearable devices to help track health
data.
Communicate with doctors and other
healthcare professionals directly.
A Band-Aid that indicates if a wound is
healed, skin patch wireless blood
glucose monitors and systems that
sound an alert when it’s time to refill a
prescription. All possible because of IoT
19. IoT and Law Enforcement
The Los Angeles police department
project uses data analytics to more
rapidly spot crime in progress, via
license plate readers on police cars.
These readers, which are in use as
officers conduct normal business,
digitally scan tens of thousands of
vehicles over the course of a single
day. This means automatic
notification of stolen vehicles to
officers as they drive past on their
routine patrol.
20. Other Applications of IoT
Home
Monitor the Air-conditioning system
Manage Lighting
Keep track of the Power usage
Industry
Monitoring
Information and Analysis
Safety and Maintenance
City
Pollution monitoring and control
Traffic management
Information sharing – Tourism
Body
Medicine reminders
Tracking activity level
Monitor an aging family
Keep track of the children
22. Challenges and Solutions - Bandwidth
Costly and scarcely available
Increase in the number of devices
Improved physical layer communication
Better planning and allocation
23. Challenges and Solutions - Power Consumption
Energy crisis
Power-hungry servers
Limited accessibility in remote location
Novel methods of energy harnessing
Low-power Microcontrollers / Microprocessors
Better CPU utilization, less power consumption
Improved and light-weight algorithms
24. Challenges and Solutions - Presence detection
Monitoring
Detection of activity of devices
Better resource allocation
Service based on the network size
Easy troubleshooting
25. Challenges and Solutions - Security
Authorization – Proper authorization for sending and receiving
Open ports
Increases vulnerability
Improvement in the quality of the process that uses the port
Denial of Service
Encryption
Improved and less power intensive encryption algorithms
Eavesdropping
Privacy and trust
26. Challenges and Solutions - Signaling
Improved reliability
Better bidirectional communication
Improved routing data transfer methods
Better addressing
IPv4 ( 32 bits - Number of addresses = ~ 4 billion) – “Things” by 2020 = ~50 Billion
IPv6 (128 bits - Number of addresses = ~ 3.4 x 10^38 )
27. Challenges and Solutions – Lot of DATA
Excessive information
Eliminate redundancy
Big Data analysis applied widely
Data –> Storage --> Cost
“Small is the new big”
In-network processing
28. Challenges and Solutions - Failure of devices
Decentralized approach
Alternatives during breakdown
Improved, learning algorithms
29. Open Standards and Collaborative
Working Groups
IEEE - Internet of Things Standards
OpenIoT,
“An Ecosystem of Horizontal services for the Internet of Things where all players are able to select devices
and deploy real-time services on demand”
Open-source middleware solution – 2013 Open-source Rookie of the year award
The Allseen Alliance,
“To enable widespread adoption and help accelerate the development and evolution of an interoperable
peer connectivity and communications framework based on AllJoyn for devices and applications in the
Internet of Everything.”
Companies like Cisco, Google, Qualcomm, IBM, Intel etc. have relied on The Linux Foundation to host this
collaborative project and improve the IoT standards worldwide.
And many more……
30. Is IoT full of good stuff ?
Breach of privacy and monopoly
Security concerns
Over-dependency on technology
Employment issues
31. What Next – IoE ?
The Internet of Things - “Things”
The Internet of Everything (IoE) – “People”, “Process”, “Data” and “Things”
◦ Social networking and Wearable technology – People
◦ Correct information, at right time in a relevant manner – Process
◦ Better usage of information available – Data
◦ Physical objects connected to the Internet/each other – Things