1. Dynamic Planet- Sub unit 3 Battle for the Biosphere 3.1a What is the value of the biosphere? What are biomes? Why are they important? What causes differences between them?

4. Describe the distribution of these major biomes- desert, deciduous forest, rainforest, Savanna and tundra

6. Factors that affect CLIMATE Brainstorm the factors which you think effect climate in the back of your book – discuss with people around you.

8. 2 - Altitude This is the effect of height on temperature - the higher you go, the colder it gets. The sun heats up the earth’s surface and then heat is radiated back up into the atmosphere.

9. Everest. The higher up, the lower the temperature, about -1C for each 100 metres.

11. During summer, temperature is strongly controlled by elevation -- cold at the higher reaches of the Alaska and Brooks Ranges, and warmer in the lowlands.

12. How does elevation affect climate? As elevation _________, the average annual temperature __________. Elevation Temperature increases decreases

13. 3 - Prevailing Winds The movement of the earth’s winds starts at the equator, where it is hottest. There are certain set patterns of winds called prevailing winds, which means that direction winds travels most of the time. Wind affects the climate where it has travelled over the : Maritime - ocean Continental - overland

15. How is a Hadley Cell Formed? Sun heats equator Ground heats air Air rises and cools in the atmosphere As air cools it can no longer rise Cold air sinks at the Horse Latitudes WIND moves between high and low pressure LOW HIGH

17. 5. Continentality- closeness to water Sea heats up slowly and cools slowly. Land heats up quickly and cools quickly.

18. Continentality In Summer the sea takes longer to heat up, places near the sea will be slightly cooler. But land heats up quickly, places in the centre of large landmasses will be very warm. The opposite happens in winter.

19. 5. Continentality (Closeness to water)

20. These 2 places are both at the same latitude, but look at the variation in temperature this is due to the closeness to water

21. How does closeness to a large body of water affect climate? Water __________ the temperature. _______ summers. _______ winters. City B is closer to a large body of water. Its temperature line is flatter (moderated). moderates Cities A & B are located at the same latitude. Cooler Warmer

22. 6. The effect of relief rainfall http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/538.html

24. The windward sides of the Adirondacks & Catskills receive a great deal more precipitation The leeward sides of the Adirondacks & Catskills receive much less precipitation

25. How does the Orographic Effect affect climate? Windward Side : ___________ Leeward Side : _____________ cool, moist warm, dry

26. 7. Ocean Currents

27. Ocean currents- Gulf stream Also known as the North Atlantic Drift . A current of warm water that travels from the Gulf of Mexico . This, along with the prevailing South-Westerly wind , enables a relatively warmer climate compared to areas on the same latitude .

28. The Gulf Stream

29. How do ocean currents affect climate? Warm Currents: warmer climate Cold Currents: cooler climate

30. 8. Albedo- colour of land Some surfaces reflect more heat than others. Ice reflects heat, Earth and Ocean retain heat.

31. Local examples

41. Latitude/Longitude = 71.2o N; 156o W Average Annual Temperature (oC) = -12.7o Annual Temperature Range (oC) = 32o Total Annual Precipitation (mm) = 110 Summer Precipitation (mm) = 74 Winter Precipitation (mm) = 36 Characteristics "Summer-less"; at least 9 months average below freezing. Low evaporation; precipitation usually below 10 in. Controlling Factors Location in the high latitudes; Subsidence and divergence of the polar anticyclone (high pressure)

42. Location Barrow Alaska General World location Arctic ocean border lands of North America; Greenland and Eurasia; Antarctic Peninsulas; some polar islands.