The evolution of the modern still photo camera from its beginning.

1. Sandun Perera
Geveo Australasia
02nd February 2011

2. 
 6th century, Greek mathematician and architect Anthemius of
Tralles used a type of camera obscura in his experiments.
 Scientist Robert Boyle and his assistant Robert Hooke developed a
portable camera obscura in the 1660’s.
 No way of preservation but manually tracing the images.
 First permanent photograph was made in 1817 by Joseph Nicéphore
Niépce using a sliding wooden box camera made by Charles and
Vincent Chevalier in Paris and building on Johann Heinrich Schultz's
discovery about silver and chalk mixtures darkening when
exposed to light.
Evolution

3.  Joseph Nicéphore Niépce took the first photograph by coating a
pewter plate with bitumen and exposing the plate to light in
France in 1827. The bitumen hardened where light struck. The
unhardened areas were then dissolved away. The camera has
been improved in many ways, and the shape and size has been
updated throughout history to fit modern times.
 The first color photograph was made by Scottish physicist James
Clerk Maxwell, with the help of English inventor and
photographer Thomas Sutton, in 1861.
 The use of photographic film was pioneered by George Eastman,
who started manufacturing paper film in 1885 before switching
to celluloid in 1889. His first camera, which he called the
“Kodak”, was first offered for sale in 1888.
 Kodak Brownie 2 introduced in 1910.

4.  Oskar Barnack start research on 35mm in Leitz, 1913. Came to
market in 1923+ as Leica.
 Japanese catch the market with Canon 35mm rangefinder in 1936.
 Edwin Land invented first Instant Camera in 1948 as Polaroid 95
(a.k.a. Land Camera).
 Model 95 used a patented chemical process to produce finished
positive prints from the exposed negatives in under a minute.
 Model 20 Swinger of 1965 was a huge success and one of the top
selling cameras of all time.
 Andrew Chan had made fully automatic Super Kodak Six-20 of 1938
equipped with selenium light meter for window exposure.
 The Digital Cameras came up in around 1970’s are differs from their
predecessors primarily they do not use a film. Their low operating
costs have relegated chemical cameras to niche markets.

5.  The first true digital camera that recorded images as a
computerized file was likely the Fuji DS-1P of 1988, which
recorded to a 16 MB internal memory card. This camera was
never marketed in the United States, and has not been
confirmed to have shipped even in Japan.
 In 1991, Kodak brought to market the Kodak DCS-100, the
beginning of a long line of professional Kodak DCS SLR cameras
that were based in part on film bodies, often Nikons. It used a
1.3 megapixel sensor and was priced at $13,000.
 The first consumer camera with a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
on the back was the Casio QV-10 in 1995, and the first camera to
use CompactFlash was the Kodak DC-25 in 1996.
 In 1997 the first megapixel cameras for consumers were
marketed with the ability to record video clips may have been
the Ricoh RDC-1 in 1995.

6. 
 Franke & Heidecke invented Twin Lens Reflex (TLR) in 1928.
 Single Lens Reflex (SLR) in 1933 with 127mm roll film.
 Contaflex in 1935 has improved after WW II.
 In 1948 Contax S came up with a pentaprism.
 In 1952 Asahi Optical Company (later Pentax) introduced first Japanese
SLR with 35mm, followed Canon/Nikon/Yashica, Nikon lead with
interchangeable components.
 Digital Single Lens Reflex (DSLR).
 Digital Compact (no lens change, pocket size).
 True DSLR (professional).
 High definition DSLR (HDSLR).
Camera types

7. 
 Body
 Small and sleek to large and bulky. Small is convenient and light, but
harder to hold, less room for a good lens.
 Metal is stronger than plastic (but you really don’t want to drop any
camera…).
 Lens
 Fixed plastic (fixed means fixed).
 Zoom plastic.
 Fixed & zoom glass (pioneers are Leitz & Carl Zeiss).
 Power
 Usually 2 to 4 AA’s or a special battery pack often Lithium-Ion.
 Rechargeable NiMH (Nickel Metal Hydride), eco friendly than
mercury.
Main parts of a Camera

8.  Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) Sensor
 Defines the number of Mega Pixels.
 Capture the image into pixels.
 Provide data to other sensors like auto-focus/light metering, etc.
 Transfer captured image to storage.
 Aperture
 Controls the intake of light.
 Memory
 Store the captured image permanently.
 4 megapixel picture can be stored in less than 1 megabyte of
memory as a JPEG, JPEGs are highly compressed. Professionals
choose to store in RAW mode.

9. 
 Hurter and Driffield began pioneering work on the light sensitivity of film
in 1876 onwards. Their work enabled the first quantitative measure of film
speed to be devised.
 Early photography in the form of daguerreotypes did not use film at all.
Eastman Kodak developed the first flexible photographic film in 1885 and it
was coated on paper. The first transparent plastic film was produced in
1889. Before this, glass photographic plates were used, which were far
more expensive and cumbersome, albeit also of better quality.
 The first photographic film was made from highly flammable nitrocellulose
with camphor (Naphthalene) as a plasticizer (celluloid). Beginning in the 1920s,
nitrate film was replaced with cellulose acetate or "safety film". This
changeover was not completed until 1933 for X-ray films (where its
flammability hazard was most acute) and for motion picture film until
1951.
The film

10.  Early photographic plates and films were sensitive to blue light
only. Hermann Wilhelm Vogel discovered that the spectral
sensitivity could be extended by dye sensitization.
 Orthochromatic film sensitive to the spectral range from green to
blue was introduced in 1879 and was dominant until the mid-
1920s, when panchromatic film sensitive to the entire visual
spectrum became standard. All of these films were used to
produce black & white images, regardless of spectral
sensitivity.
 In 1861, started experiments with color photography, but usable
color films only became available around 1930’s. After WW II,
much progress was made, and colour became used for the
majority of photographs.

11. 
 Tripod
 External lights
 Filters
 Measuring tools (light, temperature, humidity, etc.)
Common accessories

12. 
 Journalism
 Art
 Documentary
 Science
 Passion
Use of Camera

13. 
Am I clear ?

14.  History of Camera
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_camera
 History of Camera
 http://ezinearticles.com/?History-of-the-Camera&id=18736
 Camera Types
 http://www.ted.photographer.org.uk/camera_types.htm
 Digital Cameras – The Parts that matter
 http://www.aurorahigh.ca/jmartin/AWT3/Digital%20Cams/Digital%202%20Parts.htm
 Camera
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera
 Search provider - Google
 http://www.google.com
References

15. 
Thank you!