1. Strategic Outlook for Autonomous Heavy-duty Trucks
NEC5-18
February 2015
Autonomous Truck Capabilities to First Appear in the Form of Truck
Platooning by 2022
BRIEF SUMMARY
2. 2NEC5-18
Contents
Section Slide
Executive Summary 3
Research, Scope, Objectives, Background, and Methodology 19
Definitions and Segmentation 26
Mega Trends and Industry Convergence Implications 29
Introduction and Key Trends 32
Special Focus—Truck Platooning 43
Supporting Technologies Overview 47
Human Factors Associated with Automated Vehicles 57
Cost of Autonomous Commercial Vehicles 63
Market Drivers, Restraints, and Global Penetration Forecast 70
Autonomous Driving Technologies Roadmap 76
Regulatory and Societal Environment 87
OEM Implications 93
Conclusions and Future Outlook 102
Appendix 106
4. 4NEC5-18
Summary of Key Findings
Autonomous trucks and associated enabling technologies will be a major trend in the trucking industry over
the forecast period.
Source: Frost & Sullivan
Autonomous trucks are expected to enter the mass market as early as 2025, when global production will start
slowly and reach an estimated 7,970 units. As autonomous enabling technologies reach maturity and scalability,
Frost & Sullivan projects a global production total of 182,031 units by 2035. Level 4 fully autonomous trucks are
not expected before 2035.
The technology to produce an autonomous truck is available today, but it would drive the cost of a tractor up by
an estimated $20,000 to $25,000. Many regions of the world are highly price sensitive and will not adopt these
technologies unless mandated by the government. Investments in a vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-
infrastructure (V2I) —together known as V2X—communication network are also needed for autonomous truck
safety in on-road applications.
Long-haul applications are expected to be optimal for autonomous trucks because they provide the ideal
platform—long miles driven, lifecycle, and driver environment—for return on investment (ROI) within 3 years.
Autonomous vehicles are already used in hazardous environments for defense, agriculture, and mining.
4
5
1
2
3
Japanese (Hino) and European (Daimler, Volvo) original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) have taken the lead
in autonomous truck research. Daimler in 2014 unveiled the world’s first autonomous truck demonstration, while
Volvo and Hino have been major participants in, respectively, the Safe Road Trains for the Environment
(SARTRE) and New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) truck platooning
projects. Competition is intensifying as many OEMs in the trucking industry vie to be the first to market with
autonomous enabling technologies that would provide a strong brand differentiation advantage.
Government regulations and insurance liability issues involving autonomous trucks are the biggest hurdles for
on-road applications, specifically in areas such as hours of service (HOS) rules, cybersecurity, and network
communication (e.g., dedicated short-range communication [DSRC], V2X). New and updated regulations that
support autonomous trucks are vital to the viability of these vehicles.
Autonomous Heavy-duty Truck Market: Summary of Key Findings, Western Europe and North America, 2014–2025
5. 5NEC5-18
Top Market Trends Driving Autonomous Technologies in Trucks
With autonomous driving technology development receiving widespread OEM focus, the future of the market is
dependent on the support of government policies and early consumer adoption.
Impact
HighLow Certainty
Economic Recovery
Enabling Fleets to Invest in
Advanced Technologies
Infrastructure and
Communication
Network Development
Shortage of
Trained Drivers
and Technicians
OEM Strategy for Brand
Differentiation
Fleet and
Social
Acceptance
The potential of heavy-duty
autonomous driving
technologies is expected to
drive the trucking industry into a
period of dynamic change,
influenced heavily by these top
market trends. The individual
effects of these trends will
determine the level of autonomy
achieved in trucks by 2025.
Rising Demand for
Connectivity and Downtime
from Potential Young Drivers
Autonomous Heavy-duty Truck Market: Top Trends, Western Europe and North America, 2014–2025
High
Low
Source: Frost & Sullivan
Declining Cost of
Autonomous Driving
Technologies
Gradually
Favorable
Legislative
Framework
Integration of
Safety Systems
OEM Focus on
Developing Smart
and Connected
Trucks
Availability and
Maturity of
Autonomous Driving
Technologies
Fuel Price
Volatility
6. 6NEC5-18
How OEMs Will Differentiate Their Brand in the Future
All major OEM R&D focal points indicate automated mobility as a strategic priority and a key brand
differentiator.
POWERTRAIN
EFFICIENCY
SERVICE &
MAINTENANCE
ADVANCED
SAFETY
SUSTAINABILITY &
ENVIRONMENT
AUTOMATED
MOBILITY
QUALITY &
RELIABILITY
COMFORT &
CONVENIENCE
COST OF
OWNERSHIP
CONNECTIVITY &
SMART
HEALTH &
WELLNESS
PRE 2000 TODAY FUTURE
Source: Frost & Sullivan
7. 7NEC5-18
Autonomous Commercial Vehicle Incremental Cost Analysis
While the cost of ingredient technologies will vary between 2014 and 2025, the total incremental cost for the
autonomous driving technology module in heavy-duty trucks will not decline by more than 10%.
6%
41%
39%
6%
8%
2025
Telematics/Connectivity
HMI
Algorithms/IT
Driveline
Sensors
Key: HMI = human-machine interface; IT = information technology. Source: Frost & Sullivan
Cost ~$20,000 Cost ~$18,000
2014: ~$2,000
2025: ~$1,000
Autonomous Heavy-duty Truck Market: Incremental Cost Analysis, Western Europe and North America, 2014 and 2025
Sensors
2014: ~$10,000
2025: ~$7,500
Driveline
2014: ~$1,000
2025: ~$1,000
HMI
2014: ~$5,000
2025: ~$7,000
Algorithms/IT
2014: ~$2,000
2025: ~$1,500
Connectivity
10%
50%
25%
5%
10%
2014
Telematics/Connectivity
HMI
Algorithms/IT
Driveline
8. 8NEC5-18
Automated Driving Benchmark
Truck OEMs have the capability to create semi- or highly automated vehicles today. The biggest challenge is
taking the driver out of the loop and providing a robust business case for fleet adoption.
Level of
Automation Level 1 Level 2
Truck
Platooning Level 3 Level 4
Enabling
Technology
None
Electric power steering (EPS),
electric braking systems (EBS),
electronic throttle control, adaptive
cruise control (ACC), advanced
driver assistance systems (ADAS)
V2X, DSRC,
integrated safety
systems (ISS),
cameras,
sensors, ACC
Intersection assist,
redundancy backup for
connectivity, self-driving
capability until driver takes
over control
Multiple
redundancies
(hardware) and
artificial intelligence
(software)
Incremental
Cost
$0 $5,000–$10,000 $5,000–$10,000 $20,000–$25,000 $30,000 +
Year
Expected
Today ~2015–2020 ~2020–2025 ~2025–2030 ~ 2035 +
Distance/
Duration of
Automation
None Low Moderate Moderate-High High
Driver
Involvement
Very High High Moderate Moderate-Low None
Vocation
Application
(Long-haul,
Regional,
Vocational)
All
Long-haul
Regional
Vocational
Long-haul
Regional
Vocational
Long-haul
Regional
Vocational
Long-haul
Regional
Vocational
Autonomous Heavy-duty Truck Market: Levels of Automated Driving, Western Europe and North America, 2014
Source: Frost & SullivanHigh Medium-High Medium Low
9. 9NEC5-18
Value Proposition of Automated Commercial Vehicles
Automated driving paves the way for the automotive industry to address 3 key goals: save lives, save the
environment, and reduce human effort.
Parameter Present (Level 1 and 2 Automation) Future (Level 3 and 4 Automation)
Fleet Benefit Little to none in terms of productivity
Improvements to fuel efficiency,
productivity, driver satisfaction
Traffic Deaths ~33,000 (2014 US) <20,000 (US by 2025)
Fuel Economy Benefit Little to none from ADAS
~3% due to efficient driving
~10% potential from platooning
Key Stakeholder OEM, Tier I suppliers
Mobility integrator, IT companies,
insurance companies
Cost ~$5,000 to $10,000 ~$20,000 to $25,000
Driver Solution
Drivers will still need all standard training and
certification while adhering to all regulations
(e.g., Compliance, Safety, Accountability [CSA],
HOS); will help in improving safety of vehicles
Possible solution to global driver shortage,
reduced driver stress, improved work
conditions; will revolutionize on-road driving
environment
Functional Safety Systems
ACCS, ACC, BSD, CMS, DIWS, ESC, LDW,
EOBR, DDWS, ISS
Fail-operational multiple redundancies
(sensors, cameras, software), artificial
intelligence, V2X, automated controls
Activities Allowed Talking on the phone, using the HMI, eating
Sleeping, reading, using the Internet,
completing office work
Software Architecture
Automotive Open System Architecture
(AUTOSAR)
AUTOSAR with timing specification,
Dedicated OS for automated driving
Note: A full list of abbreviations can be found in the Appendix. Source: Frost & Sullivan
Autonomous Heavy-duty Truck Market: Parametric Analysis of Ecosystem, Western Europe and North America, 2014
10. 10NEC5-18
Penetration Phases by Vocation
On-road applications have many challenges ahead of them such as regulatory policies, technology adoption,
and mass market acceptance. On-highway and refuse applications show the highest market applicability.
Application
Vocation
Short Term
(1–4 years)
Medium Term
(5–8 years)
Long Term
(9–11 years)
Future
(2035)
Market Applicability
Construction
On-highway
Regional
Bus & Coach
Refuse
Source: Frost & Sullivan;
Autonomous Heavy-duty Truck Market: Penetration Phases, Europe and North America, 2014–2025 and 2035
High Medium-High Medium LowVocations with success potential during the forecast period
Low High
Low High
Low High
Low High
Low High
11. 11NEC5-18
Penetration Phases by Vocation (continued)
Severe-duty applications have the potential to become the big beneficiary of fully automated vehicles due to
the nature of their operational environments, human hazards, and the use of dedicated routes.
Vehicle
Vocation
Short Term
(1–4 years)
Medium Term
(5–8 years)
Long Term
(9–11 years)
Future
(2035)
Market Applicability
Mega
Factories
Port/Harbor
Agriculture
Defense
Off-highway /
Geophysical
Source: Frost & Sullivan;
Autonomous Heavy-duty Truck Market: Penetration Phases, Europe and North America, 2014–2025 and 2035
High Medium-High Medium LowVocations with success potential during the forecast period
Low High
Low High
Low High
Low High
Low High
12. 12NEC5-18
Automated Commercial Vehicles by Application
Automated trucks will be used in all applications and operating environments to improve productivity, cost
efficiency, and safety.
20252014 2020 2035
OperationalEnvironment
Source: Frost & Sullivan
Autonomous Heavy-duty Truck Market: Commercial Vehicle Application Areas, Europe and North
America, 2014–2035
OpenRestrictiveSemi-Restrictive
2030
Time
Agriculture
Refuse
Construction
Bus & Coach
• Automated bus
rapid transit
• Semi-autonomous
coach buses
Regional
• Autonomous snow
plow trucks
• Dedicated route
freight delivery
On-highway
Off-highway
Defense
• Drones
• Driverless trucks for
logistics, transport,
and hazard detection
• Semi- or fully
automated tractors,
combines, and
harvesters
Stable RisingDeclining
• Semi- or fully
autonomous material
hauling trucks
• Semi-
autonomous city
garbage truck
pickup
• Semi- or fully
autonomous dump and
material handling trucks
• Semi-autonomous trucks
• Truck platooning
• Road train with 1 primary
driver leading convoy of
driverless trucks
Harbor/Port
• Semi- or fully
autonomous multi-
modal freight transfer
Mega Factories
• Semi- or fully
autonomous goods
transfer trucks and
vehicles
13. 13NEC5-18
Regulatory Changes Necessary for Accelerating Autonomous Trucks
Regulatory changes and legislative framework regarding autonomous trucks are vital for their success.
Source: Frost & Sullivan
Regulation Current Status (2014) Future Status (2025) Significance
Driver Hours (HOS)
Maximum 11-hour driving limit after 10-
consecutive-hour rest period
Must enter work hours into a logbook
Customized ruling for drivers in level 3 or above
trucks to be able to log more hours consecutively
while driving in autonomous mode
Emission
Environmental Protection Agency
Greenhouse Gas 2014 standards
Euro VI standards
Continued efforts to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions while making trucks run more efficiently
and effectively
Safety
Mandates for stability control systems
Proposed mandates for forward collision
mitigation, braking, and lane departure
warning
Every new truck will be required to have advanced
safety systems (e.g., sensors, cameras, electronic
controls, stability) installed, enabling the
proliferation of autonomous driving technologies
Cybersecurity None
Cybersecurity regulations will be new to the
trucking industry. With the increasingly threat of
cyber attacks, autonomous vehicles will need
protection
Communication
Network
Proposed mandate for DSRC for
passenger vehicles
Trucking mandates for DSRC communication and
implementation of V2X communication networks,
which will be crucial for the safe operation of
autonomous vehicles
Liability
None for autonomous vehicles; testing is
still required
Insurance and automotive industries, government,
and society will need to come to an understanding
of the risks and safety concerns regarding
autonomous vehicles on the road
Autonomous Heavy-duty Truck Market : Regulatory Analysis, Western Europe and North America, 2014 and 2025
Moderate ImportantUnimportant
14. 14NEC5-18
Key Implications on Human Factors
Autonomous driving technologies could significantly affect the trucking industry, especially regarding driver
shortages, driver performance, and driver safety.
Driver-related Fuel Efficiency
• Automated vehicle technologies can
enhance fuel efficiency (~3%) through
improvements to driver behavior.
• The concept of platooning has shown
meaningful fuel cost savings with a
reasonable, incremental increase to a
truck's price, and can be leveraged by
long-haul fleets for significant cost savings.
Driver Wages
• A challenge lies in packaging and
presenting a compelling value proposition
for these trucks to fleets.
• If a driver still must be in the truck and be
paid full salary, it would defeat the
purpose for a fleet to pay a significant
price premium for these vehicles.
Recruiting Drivers
• The proliferation of level 2 and 3
autonomous driving technology is
expected to still require a driver to have a
commercial driver’s license.
• Autonomous commercial vehicles have
the potential to change the image of truck
driving, attracting young drivers.
Driver Performance
• Driver performance regarding fuel
efficiency, safety, fatigue, and regulatory
compliance is expected to improve.
• Driver and vehicle productivity will be
enhanced through automated
communication with shippers, receivers,
fleet hubs, and service and maintenance
infrastructure.
Productivity
• In the future, connectivity technologies will
link trucks to freight and freight to trucks in
ways that will change the dynamics of
freight logistics.
• This technology will reduce empty miles
considerably and maximize fleet uptime,
equipment use rates, and freight efficiency.
Retaining Drivers
• Driver health, wellness, and wellbeing
(HWW) has quickly become a focal point
for all major OEMs and fleets.
• Autonomous technologies will help to
lighten the workload for older drivers.
Driver Safety
• The main reason for autonomous vehicles
is to improve highway safety while
reducing the number and severity of traffic
accidents, primarily caused by human
error and driver fatigue.
• As more of these trucks operate on
highways, enabled by V2X
communications, safety will likely improve.
Source: Frost & Sullivan
Level 4 Automation
• Level 4 autonomous driving vehicles that
replace the driver open new possibilities
for dealing with driver shortages or
driver-related overhead expenses.
• These vehicles have the potential to
reshape and revolutionize trucking.
15. 15NEC5-18
Type Subtypes Examples
Hardware
Standard installation,
optional installation
OEM one-time fee for complete autonomous driving technology installation,
retrofitted autonomous driving solution, subscription fee through service-centric
usage
On-road
Shared mobility,
mobility-on-demand
V2V platooning-style road trains with trucks and passenger vehicles, truck sharing,
truck rentals, on-demand truck service
Freight
Freight movement,
logistics and
organization
Long-haul driver relief, co-pilot, truck platooning, advanced fleet and resource
management, unrestricted environment goods transfer, multimodal freight transfer,
truck driver pull and retention solution
Zero-
occupancy
Runs
Unmanned short trips,
hazardous
environments,
unmanned dedicated
routes
Restricted and semi-restricted environment goods transfer (mining and
agriculture), automated operations on dedicated routes (refuse), defense
applications in hazardous environments, vehicle return to trusted business/
location/co-worker, vehicle access from alternative coordinates
One to Many
Public fleets for
unrestricted access
Autonomous buses, autonomous shuttles
Note: Business models are not exclusive to each other.
Taxonomy of Future Automated Driving Business Models
Besides the obvious ownership-based model, a new range of service-centric business models can
evolve to leverage autonomous trucks.
Source: Frost & Sullivan
Autonomous Heavy-duty Truck Market: Future Automated Business Models, Western Europe and North America, 2014
16. 16NEC5-18
Autonomous Truck Outlook
Autonomous-enabling technologies exist and will require significant OEM support to reach scalability by the
2025, when level 3 autonomous trucks are expected to be introduced.
2014 2025
Autonomous
Driving
Technologies
• The market is in the introduction stage as many
individual advanced technologies that can enable
autonomous driving are entering.
• Available technology can produce a fully
autonomous truck; testing and demonstrations are
underway.
• The architecture and foundation for autonomous driving technologies in
trucks will reach scalability.
• Real-time dynamic navigation, integrated safety systems, and critical
event reporting will witness increasing adoption.
• Level 3 trucks are expected to be introduced.
OEM
Implications
• Most major OEMs have autonomous driving
technologies in their brand and product strategies.
• The autonomous truck goal provides an opportunity
for OEMs to vertically integrate their supply chain.
• Truck OEMs will strive to be the first to offer level 3 autonomous driving
capabilities and begin differentiating themselves through their
autonomous technologies.
• Truck OEMs are expected to begin offering proprietary, top-down
integrated system (e.g., safety, communication, powertrain, automation)
packages in all new trucks
Driver
Implications
• The focus on comfort and convenience is on the
rise as driver HWW becomes an important dynamic
in trucking.
• ACC, driver warning systems, and driver assist
systems are gaining traction in the market.
• Driver shortages and HOS rules are major
challenges.
• ACC is expected to reach 39,189 units by 2020 (latest available forecast).
• Truck driving as a profession is expected to be less stressful as
autonomous driving technologies and ADAS systems are increasingly
implemented
• Technologies such as LDW and driver drowsiness warning systems
(DDWS) are expected to be integrated with ISS for the next-generation
collision mitigation system, offering fleets better ROI through packaging of
several technologies.
Government
Regulations
• Safety system and wireless communication
regulations for trucks are still in their infancy.
• The government and insurance companies are
closely monitoring autonomous truck capabilities.
• No autonomous truck enabling regulations are in
place.
• HOS rules regarding logged driver hours when trucks are being operated
in autonomous driving mode will be updated.
• Implementation of safety and wireless communication
regulations/incentives will drive adoption of autonomous-enabling
technologies and eventual penetration of autonomous trucks.
Source: Frost & Sullivan
Autonomous Heavy-duty Truck Market: Outlook, Western Europe and North America, 2014 and 2025
18. 18NEC5-18
Research Scope
Autonomous Heavy-duty TrucksVehicle Type
2015–2025Forecast Period
2014–2025, with an outlook to 2035Study Period
2014Base Year
Primarily North America and Western EuropeGeographical Scope
Source: Frost & Sullivan
19. 19NEC5-18
Research Aims and Objectives
Aim
The aim of this study is to research, analyze, and forecast the key market factors and dynamics affecting
the major groups—OEMs, Tier I suppliers, fleets, IT companies, insurance companies—in the autonomous
heavy-duty truck market.
Objectives
• To provide a strategic overview of the autonomous heavy-duty truck market, including analysis of key
market trends, business models, technology trends, and penetration rates.
• To examine the feasibility of autonomous vehicles in the trucking industry and their effect on daily
operations
• To understand societal concerns, and environmental and financial implications
• To analyze competitive factors, competitor strategies, and product portfolios and capabilities
• To develop an actionable set of recommendations for OEMs, Tier I suppliers, and fleets to use in this
market.
Source: Frost & Sullivan
20. 20NEC5-18
Key Questions this Study Will Answer
What are the strategic approaches of OEMs and Tier I suppliers to the potential application of
autonomous driving technologies in the trucking industry?
How will autonomous driving technologies and vehicles affect the role of drivers?
Which advanced technologies will be used, and how much will it cost, to produce a heavy-duty
autonomous vehicle?
When will semi-autonomous (level 3) and fully autonomous (level 4) vehicles enter the market?
Source: Frost & Sullivan
What trends (e.g., regulatory, economic, and operational) are affecting the market?
Autonomous Heavy-duty Truck Market: Key Questions This Study Will Answer, Western Europe and
North America, 2014
21. 21NEC5-18
Research Background
This study is an original research service that also expands on content drawn from ongoing research in the
areas of Class 4-8 original equipment and aftermarket trends, including:
• NA53—Strategic Analysis of the Global Platform Strategies of Major HD OEMs
• NCD5—Strategic Outlook of North American Heavy-duty Truck Dealership Focused Revenue
Streams and Growth Opportunities
• NE32—Strategic Outlook of North American Class 6-8 Truck Safety Systems Market
• NAAF—Strategic Analysis of Engine Downsizing Trends of North American Heavy-duty Truck
Manufacturers
• N6A8—Strategic Analysis of the North American Heavy-duty (Class 4-8 Truck) Repair Industry
• ND7A—2014 Outlook of the Global Commercial Vehicle Industry
• N617—Strategic Analysis of the Class 4-8 Truck Powertrain Systems Aftermarket
• N838—Strategic Dashboard for Commercial Vehicle Telematics in Europe and North America—2011
Edition
• NCBE—Prognostics in the European and North American Trucking Industry—Big Data is Creating all
the Difference
The study is supplemented by ongoing interactions with vehicle manufacturers, Tier I suppliers, dealerships,
financial companies, and banks.
22. 22NEC5-18
Volvo/MACK Knorr Bremse (Bendix) TomTom
Navistar Meritor Qualcomm
Daimler WABCO Google
PACCAR Eaton QNX
Hino Delphi Valeo
Volkswagen Allison Peloton Technology
Research Methodology
Source: Frost & Sullivan
Autonomous Heavy-duty Truck Market: Partial List of Industry Participants, Western Europe and North America, 2014
Research Methodology: Frost & Sullivan’s research services are based on secondary and primary
research data.
Secondary Research: Information extracted from studies and project material in the Frost & Sullivan
database, as well as information gathered from technical papers, specialized magazines, seminars, and
Internet research.
Primary Research: More than 25 interviews were conducted over the phone by senior
consultants/industry analysts with OEMs, regulatory authorities, and distributors. Primary research
accounted for 80% of the total research.
23. 23NEC5-18
OEM Groups Compared in this Study
Group OEMs
Volvo Volvo, Mack, UD Trucks
Navistar International
Volkswagen MAN, Scania
PACCAR Kenworth, Peterbilt, DAF
Daimler Mercedes-Benz, Freightliner, Mitsubishi Fuso
Fiat/IVECO IVECO
The OEM groups compared in this study are:
Source: Frost & Sullivan
25. 25NEC5-18
Automated Driving Definitions
This study will follow National Highway Transportation Safety Administration (NHTSA) definitions of automated
driving levels.
Level of Automation
Monitoring
roadway
Active control
Responsibility for safe
operation
Driver/ occupant
availability
Level 0—
No Automation
D D D Yes
Level 1—
Function-specific Automation
D D and V D Yes
Level 2—
Combined Function Automation
D V D Yes
Level 3—
Limited Self-driving Automation
V V V Yes
Level 4—
Full Self-driving Automation
V V V No
D = Driver V = Vehicle Automation Source: NHTSA; Frost & Sullivan;
Autonomous Heavy-duty Truck Market: Levels of Automation Aligned with NHTSA Definition, US, 2014
26. 26NEC5-18
Automated Driving Definitions (continued)
Driver availability in the vehicle is the boundary between automated and autonomous modes.
Level of
Autonomy
Type of
Automated
Driving
Definition
Assisted (Level 1)
The driver is responsible for motion control while the vehicle provides advisory information
and supportive actions when appropriate. Assistance systems include BSD, lane-keeping
assist (LKA), ACC, and autonomous emergency braking (AEBS).
Automated
Semi-automated
(Level 2)
ADAS functions take some control of the vehicle under specific circumstances and at the
driver’s discretion. It combines longitudinal (for speeding up or slowing down) and lateral (for
additional steering torque overlay or counter-steering) control based on driving conditions.
Highly Automated
(Level 3)
All aspects of vehicle control are automated. The driver can choose to control the vehicle and
override a specific set of commands. In some conditions, the driver will still be given a
request, through a suitable HMI, to resume control of the vehicle.
Autonomous
Fully Automated
(Level 4)
The vehicle is capable of driving itself, in all traffic conditions, without the physical presence
of a human driver. These vehicles need to have redundancy in critical systems, such as
steering, braking, and powertrain, so they can be fail-operational.
Cooperative
Vehicles are fitted with wireless V2X communication modules that can share information with
other vehicles and with infrastructure. These vehicles coordinate their movement with the
driving environment and other vehicles to optimize safety and efficiency.
Source: Frost & Sullivan
Autonomous Heavy-duty Truck Market: Classification and Definition, Western Europe and North America, 2014
Research parameters regarding the study’s definition of an autonomous truck
27. 27NEC5-18
Market Engineering Methodology
One of Frost & Sullivan’s core deliverables
is its Market Engineering studies. They
are based on our proprietary Market
Engineering Methodology. This approach,
developed across the 50 years of
experience assessing global markets,
applies engineering rigor to the often
nebulous art of market forecasting and
interpretation.
A detailed description of the methodology
can be found here.
Source: Frost & Sullivan
28. 28NEC5-18
List of Abbreviations
• ACCS: Active Chassis Control Systems
• ACC: Adaptive Cruise Control
• AEBS: Autonomous Emergency Braking System
• BASIC: Behavior Analysis and Safety Improvement
Categories
• BSD: Blind Spot Detection
• CAGR: Compound Annual Growth Rate
• CMS: Collision Mitigation System
• CSA: Compliance, Safety and Accountability
• DIWS: Driver Information and Warning Systems
• DDWS: Driver Drowsiness Warning Systems
• EOBR: Electronic Onboard Recorder
• ESC: Electronic Stability Control
• FMCSA: Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration
• GVWR: Gross Vehicle Weight Ratio
• HOS: Hours Of Service
• ISS: Integrated Safety Systems
• LDW: Lane Departure Warning Systems
• LKA: Lane-keeping Assist
• OEM: Original Equipment Manufacturer
• RSC: Rollover Stability Control
• ROI: Return On Investment
• SwRI: Southwest Research Institute
• TBSA: Telematics-based Safety Applications
• TCO: Total Cost of Ownership
• TPMS: Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems
• V2I: Vehicle to Infrastructure
• V2V: Vehicle to Vehicle
• V2X: V2I + V2V
