Urban air mobility presentation at UB

1. URBAN AIR MOBILITY
Presentation by Group 6:
Walter Julian Michalski III
Ali Eren Karaismailoglu
Sanath Viswanathan Srinivas
Instructor: Dr. Stephen E. Still
STL 520LEC
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2. AGENDA
• Need for UAM
• History in Phases
• Potential Challenges
• Current Emissions & Flights
• Battery
• FAA Certifications
• Piloted vs Autonomous
• Regulatory Issues
• Real World Examples
• Private eVTOL Ownership
• Financing eVTOLS
• Market potential
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3. 3
What is UAM and why do we need it???
• Americans spend 8.8 billion hours / year
• 14% expected increase by 2023
UAM – Urban Air Mobility
• Subset of AAM (Advanced Air Mobility) developed
by FAA (Federal Aviation Administration)
• Reduce Operational Costs
• Reduce Noise
• Increased safety

4. HISTORY OF UAM IN PHASES
Autoplane – Flying Car developed by Glenn Curtis <-
Ford Developed a “Flying Cars” concept which did not take off <-
CAA, the predecessor to FAA, approved “Airphibian” <-
Many concepts were developed but were deemed not safe <-
4
-> UAM services using helicopters in NYC and LA
-> Paul Moller developed VTOL aircrafts
-> Frequent crashes
EVTOLS for goods delivery (medical, safety, food) <-
Blade – Beta technologies – 20 EVTOLS purchased <-
Vertical Flights for military applications <-
PHASE – 1
1910 - 1950
PHASE – 2
1950 - 1980
PHASE – 3
1980 - Present

5. POTENTIAL
CHALLENGES
Challenges
Weather
Community
Acceptance
Safety and
regulatory
challenges
Noise
Air Traffic
Management
Infrastructure
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6. WEATHER
 Safety risk to aircrafts and
passengers wrt weather
hazards increases with
decreasing size of aircrafts
 LIDAR tech degrades in low
visibility conditions
 Predict weather patterns
and climatic conditions to
improve traveler reliability
and minimize delays
 Mixed fleet of aircrafts
AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
 Need to ensure safe operation
among a crowded ecosystem
 PSU and UAM communication
integral
 Capabilities similar to that of
V2V is essential for collision
avoidance and space
detection.
 Need more investments in
datalink, 5G network, UTM
automated systems
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NOISE
 eVTOLS predicted to be 1/4th
as loud as the smallest
helicopter
 Noise is an issue when
multiple eVTOLS are operating
in an environment
 Need advancements in rotor
craft technology and aircraft
design

7. COMMUNITY ACCEPTANCE
 Negative perception regarding
privacy, social equity, security
and noise could pose a
challenge
 Social equity – biggest barrier
 Tough to achieve mass market
affordability
 Community engagement and
exposure needs to be increased
SAFETY AND REGULATORY
CHALLENGES
 Certifying facilities, pilots,
maintenance personnel,
eVTOLS
 Cybersecurity risks, Hull loss,
Public safety
 Waivers, policy changes
required for certification and
adoption of new technologies
 Other agencies like OSHA,
FCC need to operate in quasi
regulatory rules
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 Require extensive network of
vertiports, vertipads, charging
stations
 Navigation, communication and
IT infrastructure needs to be
improved
 Vertiports need to support
multiple air carriers
 Extensive urban planning
INFRASTRUCTURE

8. What will Urban Air Mobility look like?
Petroleum / Jet Fuel Electric
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9. Current Emissions
• 915 million tonnes of CO2 produced by flights in
2019
- ~2-2.5% of all human-induced CO2 emissions
• 12% of CO2 emissions from transportation Sources
- 74% from road transportation
• According to the FAA plan is to have net-zero GHG
emissions by 2050
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10. Current Flights
• Nearly half of global flights categorized as short haul
flights
- Airliners projected for thousands of miles are used
for these flights
• Big inefficiency caused by short-haul
- Aircrafts are most efficient when cruising
- Flights only last about an hour
- 109-mile flight from LA to San Diego emits ~110 lbs
of CO2
• Australia/French Bans
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11. Electric Aircrafts by 2050?
• 2 main factors will determine Electric Aircraft viability
Battery Improvements FAA Certifications
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12. Battery Issues
• No where near as efficient as gas
• Need ~500-800 watt-hour per kg batteries
- Current best batteries are roughly 250 watt-hours per kg
- Jet Fuel specific energy translates to 10,000 Wh/kg
- 50 times as energy-dense as LI-ion
• For a commercial jet using todays batteries:
- 1.2 million pounds worth of batteries would need to be
installed
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13. Current Batteries and Research
• Lithium-Ion energy density improvements
are stalling
- Current research into new chemistry
including Sodium-Ion, Lithium-metal,
Lithium-Sulphur, and Zinc-air
• Tesla Model 3 li-ion
- 260 Wh/kg
• CATL sodium-ion
- 160-200 Wh/kg
• Lithium Sulfur batteries
- Shown up to 600 Wh/kg
- Significant longevity hurdles
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14. FAA Certifications
• Permission from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to test and fly electric aircraft
- Requires proof of safety higher than any other transportation sector
- Reliability
- Redundancy
- Safety
- Very lengthy process to begin
- Electric propulsion recognized in 2016
- Can take multiple years to be accepted
• Is there any way to speed this process up?
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15. Hybrids
• Retrofitting existing planes with electric motors
- Has led to reduced certification times
- MagniX/Harbor Air and Ampaire are attempting this
approach
• Downsides
- Limited by what the plane was originally structured for
- Weight Distribution (electric vs combustion
engines)
- Massive range limitations (~100 miles)
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16. Ampaire EEL
• Retrofitted 1 of 2 engines on 1973 Cessna
• Planned certification for 2021
• Completed series of flights in Northern England
- 20 miles flight from KOI to WIC
- Mainland Commercial Route
• Flew at 3,500 ft at 120mph
- 50-250 mile range
• GHG emissions and operating costs reduced by 25%
• Acquired by Suf Air and working with Cessna
- Producing 150 aircrafts with the same powertrain to be operated in
the US by 2024
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17. Hydrogen? Airbus ZEROe aircraft Designs
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18. Autonomous Aircraft:
More Likely than you may think
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19. Existing Technology
• Current flights are highly automated due to Flight
Management Systems (FMS)
- Designed to read inputs from pilots or director
computer
- Keeps flight on directed path by performing climbs,
descents, and turns accordingly
• At cruising altitudes planes are unlikely to encounter
obstacles such as birds
- Thus, no need to give the autopilot freedom of
movement
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20. When are pilots needed?
• Takeoff and Landing Procedures
- Not needed if runway is certified for
autonomous landings
• Diversions
• Turbulence
• Emergency Situations
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21. How to Operate Autonomously in an Urban Setting?
3 steps to overcome for local autonomy
1. Seeking out obstacles
- Vehicles, buildings, birds, etc.
2. Altering course to manage unpredictable
situations
- Wind gusts, engine failure, obstacle avoidance
3. Taking off and landing without a runway
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22. What is needed to achieve Autonomy?
Similar technology to current AV Technology including:
 Sensors:
Radar, lidar, cameras, sound, and infrared to
perceive the environment.
 Embedded software and AI that continuously perceive
risky situations
 Constantly planning the safest path and execute these
motions
 At most single pilot operations
Profit margins expected to be extremely thin
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23. What is needed to achieve Autonomy?
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24. Regulatory Issues
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• While the concept of urban-centered air
transportation has existed for decades in
limited availability in the form of conventional
helicopter transportation, this has not been
widely accessible due to high operational
expense, service cost for the customer, and
negative public response to noise and
pollution.
• Recent technological advances have allowed
the concept to evolve. Significant
improvements in electrical energy storage and
capacity will enable electrically powered
aircraft that will reduce costs, reduce noise,
and provide greater safety.

25. Regulatory Issues
25
• UAM is a subset of the Advanced Air Mobility
(AAM) concept under development by the
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
(NASA), the Federal Aviation Administration
(FAA), and industry.
• FAA – Air Traffic Control
• UAM Operator
• Provider of Services for UAM (PSU)
• UAM Corridors

26. Regulatory Issues
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• UAM Corridor Evolution
- Increasing UAM operational tempo may
create demand in excess of a corridor’s
current capacity at which point additional
capacity may be made available through
additional structure (e.g., “tracks”),
increased performance levels (e.g., ability
to safely reduce separation minima within
the corridor through various methods), or
expanded UAM Corridor topology.

27. World Examples
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• JOBY Aviation
- NASA Partnership
- TOYOTA’s investment
- Plan to launch our app-based
aerial ridesharing service directly
to end-users in 2024

28. World Examples
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• WISK Aviation
- journey began with Kitty Hawk in 2010, and
it’s where our self-flying air taxi was born.
- Wisk was established in 2019 as a joint
venture between The Boeing Company and
Kitty Hawk Corporation, two leaders in
aviation who are shaping the future of
mobility.
- World’s first Autonomous Air Taxi

29. World Examples
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• CEZERI (Baykar Aviation)
- The Cezeri, is being developed to bring a reliable
solution to aerial delivery of time critical packages
and medicines in congested urban cities.
- In addition, the Cezeri can be used in remote areas
for search and rescue and for military supply
missions.
- Cezeri Flying Car can be used for autonomous
logistic support including the health sector with its
built-in artificial intelligence system.

30. EVTOLS – Private Ownership
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 NetJets signed an MOU with Lilium
for 150 EVTOLS
 NetJets offering a shared ownership
arrangements
 EVTOLS offered as an urban or
regional compliment to long haul
private jets
 Sale to individual owners also
possible after EASA approval
AIR ONE
 Israeli Start-up
 Awaiting FAA-G1 certification,
EASA approval
 Very lightweight – can be parked in
a garage
 110 miles on a single charge

31. FINANCING EVTOLS
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 Joby, Volocopter and Lilium – best capitalized eVTOL developers
 Business model similar to traditional aircraft OEMS
 Developer concentrates on sales and parts support
 Leaves the long-term ownership and day to day operations to others
Company Investors
Current
Phase
Fundraising
(mil USD)
Development
Start
Range
(in kms)
Capcity
JOBY AVIATION JetBlue, Toyota, Intel Prototyping 1845 2009 240 5
LILIUM TUM Testing 938 2014 250 7
WISK Boeing & Kitty Hawk Testing 450 2010 40 2
VOLOCOPTER Daimler, Intel Testing 376 2012 35 2

32. FINANCING EVTOLS
• Data does not include the R&D
investments and spendings by MNC’s
like Boeing, Bell, Airbus, etc.
• US govt has spent 130 mil USD till
date
• 38 – 48 % venture capitalist funding
• Private equity investments
• Special purpose acquisition
companies
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0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Fundraising in million $
Fundraising of EVTOL start-ups since 2014

33. MARKET POTENTIAL
• Until 2025, industry engaged in
prototyping and testing
• CAGR of 35% expected
• 21 billion USD market in 2035
• Increase in investor confidence by
customer deals
• Automakers refashioning themselves
as mobility companies
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34. Conclusion
• Substantial coordination and investment from industry and the public sector to
develop infrastructure and scale operations.
• Demonstration projects and operational standards, such as flight restrictions over
residential areas, at night, and during poor weather conditions; and zero emission
standards could help to ease UAM’s introduction
• UAM’s offer solution to the cities congestion which electric cars cannot
• Efforts should also be made to analyze the social and economic impacts of UAM
on communities and to address concerns of inequality (i.e., income divide).
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35. THANK YOU!!!!

36. Citations
• https://www.slideshare.net/AndrewWilhelm/infrastructure-requirements-for-urban-air-
mobility-a-financial-evaluation-249978901
• https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/air-unveils-air-one-the-evtol-empowering-
consumers-with-the-freedom-to-fly-301403319.html
• https://www.howtogeek.com/785906/are-passenger-drones-the-flying-cars-we-were-
promised/
• https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/passenger-drones-market-5386
• Urban Air Mobility: History, Ecosystem, Market Potential, and Challenges
(escholarship.org)
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