1. 第一类：
巨 大 : big-colossal/enormous/ immense/ gargantuan/ grandiose/ massive/ monolithic/
prodigious/titanic/ tremendous
小的:small-diminutive/ miniature/ miniscule
快的(副词):fastly—by leaps andbounds
加强:strengthen-bolster/ buttress/ consolidate/ reinforce/ intensify/ fortify (可以用在 argument)
强的:strong-brawny/ muscular/ sinewy/ impregnable/ invincible/ potent/ robust/virile/ stalwart/
stout/ sturdy
强人: baron(巨头) magnate/mogul
削弱:weaken-diminish / debilitate/ enervate/ sap/ undermine/perish/wane
弱的: weak—feeble/decrepit/ frail/ flaccid/ impotent/ puny/ tenuous
重要的: important –consequential/momentous/ eminent/ prominent/ pivotal/ substantial/
significant/ crucial/essential/ fundamental
重要:importance—core/ hub/ essence/ gist/magnitude
（类似的）
居首位的: leading—foremost/paramount/ overriding /predominant/ prevailing/ preeminent
prevalent/ supreme
不重要的: unimportant—marginal/peripheral/ negligible/ trifling/trivial
超过:surpass—eclipse/exceed/override/overwhelming/prevail/transcend/ be superior to/outwit
/ outweigh / be inferior to（劣于）= be subordinate to
霸权:ascendancy/hegemony/supremacy
二
初始: beginning—debut/premiere/prime/ genesis/ inception/ onset/ threshold/ lead off/ lead
out (比 to begin with 好得多拉 )

2. (或者说什么的到来：adventof something)
初始的: beginning--primitive//budding/ fledgling/ embryonic/（古老的意义解时 archaic or
antiquated or obsolescent or obsolete）
开始: begin/start—commence/initiate/ embark/ inaugurate
开始：begin/start=undertake/ embark upon
增长: grow—multiply/mushroom/proliferate/sprout/accelerate/ burgeon(慢慢增长)
使其增长:increase--amplify/ magnify/ add-augment/ supplement
加重，升级 aggravate (恶化)/ escalate/ exacerbate/ deteriorate/ impair
减少，减弱:decrease—abate/attenuate/detract/ diminish/ slacken/curb/ curtail/ (number)pare/
prune/ slash/ trim/whittle/
减轻 decrease---allay/assuage/ mollify/ soothe/mitigate/
变弱 decrease—dwindle/ ebb/subside/ wane/ weaken/ impair
上升: ascend—lift / surge/rocket/ boast/ soar/ boom
达到顶峰 culminate 顶点: peak—acme/apex/pinnacle/ climax/ apogee n.远地点/ zenith(nadir
最低点 or abyss 深渊) (zenith&nadir 特别适合用在比喻强调两者的区别大~两个词的来源大
家可以查查~两个对比强烈哦 )
下降: descend/ plummet/plunge/ slump/ tumble (fluctuate 波动)
三
gather 聚拢：accumulate/amass/ assemble/ congregate/ garner/ glean/ muster/ rally(为反对或
支持而召集)
group 群组：battalion/bevy/ cluster/ drove/ flock/ swarm/ throng
combination 集合：assortment/medley/ mosaic（马赛克）/ motley(五花八门：形容词也可以)

3. a lot of/ a great many of= manifold 许多–abundant/ ample(充足)/ copious(大量的)/fraught
with/ replete with/ numerous/ innumerable(不计其数)/ myriad 很多/ a multitudeof/ multitudes
of/ a myriad of 无数的人们/ limitless 无限的/ a deluge of/ beaucoup <法> adj.非常多的
(很多同学都喜欢用~alot of~a great number of~这里注意:numerous 这里表达的不是无数很多
那样~之表示一般的多~这一点从 G 猫老外改得一篇文章可以看到)
large quantity: 大量：avalanche/spate(比喻意大量的某物)/ exodus 大量流出/ 大量流入
influx/multitude 大量 /plethora 比喻意：大量/profusion 丰富，繁多
拥有大量：boast/abound / deluge(被大量的某物所淹没)/teem 到处
散开：spread-dispel(驱散)/ disperse/disseminate
稀少的：scarce/meager/ scant/ scanty/ skimpy/ sparse/ dearth
节俭的：frugal/thrifty/ miserly/
富裕的：rich-affluent/ lavish/ luxurious/ opulent/ sumptuous/ palatial
浪费的：improvident/prodigal son（浪荡子）=improvident/profligate
贫困的：poor=destitute/ impoverished/ impecunious/ indigent (形容人)
四
困难的：difficult=arduous/ strenuous/ daunting/ formidable/ exacting/ insuperable/ impassable/
onerous（issue 中大量存在"困难"的表达）
困境：(陷入困难的处境就是困难)difficultsituations= deadlock/ impasse/ stalemate/ dilemma/
predicament/ quandary/ mire 泥沼/ morass/swamp/ quagmire/ standstill 停止，僵局/ labyrinth
迷宫(很好的比喻的说法~可以说什么问题把我们陷入了一个迷宫~僵局等~)
陷入：reduce/ getbogged down/ plunge into
复杂的：complicated/intricate/ complex/(这里介绍一个很好的押韵的方法： complexand

4. perplexed/ complicate and intricate or sophisticated 用在表达困难的地方可以显示出词汇的完
善更能有一种押运修辞的效果~读起来琅琅上口)
复杂的事情：imbroglio/mesh/ tangle/ labyrinth 迷宫= maze
卷入复杂的境地：involve=embroil/ ensnare/ entangle
从复杂境地脱身：escape=extricate
难以理解：abstruse/recondite/ intricate/ arcane 只有少数人可以理解=esoteric/ cryptic 简短却
令人迷惑/ enigmatic 谜一般的 enigma 形容词形式/ inexplicable 无法解释/ inscrutable 无法
捉摸=unfathomable/mysterious/ supernatural/ mystical/ extraterrestrial
(这里的词很多都表示难以理解~ 很多题目学习类~教育类~社会类~历史类~艺术类~只要表
示某某问题把我们难倒了都可以用)
迷 mystery-puzzle=enigma/ conundrum/ riddle/迷宫 labyrinth/ maze
令人迷惑：puzzle= baffle/ befuddle/ bewilder/ confound/ mystify/ perplex
令人沮丧：depressed=with depression/ frustrating/ daunting/ dismal/
使可以理解：clarify=elucidate/ enlighten 启迪教化/explicate 阐明/ expoundon/upon /illuminate
照亮说清楚
可以理解的：intelligible= explicit/ lucid
阻碍：hindrance 名次= fetter/shackle/ trammel 枷锁桎梏/onus 负担重任
阻碍：动词 hamper= encumber 造成负担/foil/ stymie/ thwart 阻碍或者挫败工作完成
/handicap/ hinder/ impede/ retard
压制：smother/stifle 令人窒息，压制约束 suppress/ pin down
协助促进：aid= facilitate/ foster/ nurture/ buttress/
五

5. 著 名 的 ： famous =celebrated/ renowned/ reputed/ distinguished/ illustrious/
prestigious/outstanding/ distinctive/ eminent/ notable/ noticeable/ striking/
remarkable/preeminent
be famous for = take pride in
elite= meritocrat (meritocracy n.知识界精华)(用上的话超级有文采~嘻嘻)
有特色：feature =savor/ 因为什么而闻名可用 famous 一系列
臭名昭著：disreputable= infamous/ notorious/ nefarious 因为极坏而臭名昭著
好的名声：reputation= esteem/ prestige
坏的名声：disgrace/disrepute/ ignominy/ infamy/ odium/ opprobrium/ stigma 不好的声誉，耻
辱。
尊重名次：respect =reverence/ veneration/ homage
高尚的：noble =rarefied/ sublime/ lofty
不尊重名次：disrespect =scorn 蔑视
招人轻视的：contemptible= despicable
尊重：动词 idolize/worship/ lionize 对待名人一样的崇拜/revere 敬爱，敬畏
不尊重：动词 disrespect/ deride/ scoff 嘲笑/ despise/ disdain/ slight/ snub
赞扬：名次 praise=accolade 赞美，奖项/approbation/ encomium/ eulogy/ panegyric/ plaudit/
tribute/ tribute 用来表示赞美的行为或者发言
赞美：动词 praise= acclaim/ applaud/ hail 欢呼/ commend/ extol/ laud 高度的，常常带有美化
成分的赞美
应该受到谴责的：形容词 reprehensible
谴责：condemn=censure/ denounce/ reprimand/ decry/ deprecate/ deplore 叹惋/ lament 叹惋
/ remonstrate 争辩，申辩
责备：admonish/reproach/ reprove 温和的责备

6. 严厉责备：动词 berate/ castigate/ chastise/ chide/ excoriate/ inveigh/ rail/ revile/ upbraid
令人讨厌的事物：名次 anathema
谩骂的：abusive/vituperative
六
有害的事物：harmfulthings=
contagion 传染病瘟疫 epidemic/ pandemic 也有流行的意思/pestilence/plague
疾病：malady 瘴气：miasma 比喻意为有害的气氛或者影响灾患：scourge
不再害怕看到世界中心深处的毒气：unafraidto look deep into the miasma at the heart of the
world.
有害的：harmful =deleterious/ detrimental/ noxious/ toxic/ virulent/ monstrous/ murderous
邪恶的：evil/ devil=cruel/ crude/ brutal/ wicked/ vicious/ malicious/ atrocious/ virulent/
venomous/ sinister/ hafarious/ vicious/ pernicious/ destructive/ detrimental
致命的：fatal/ lethal 前两个并非贬义/ pernicious 极其有害的
有益的：形容词：hygienic/sanitary 广义的卫生的/ salutary/wholesome 有益身心的
有害的事物:bane 致命的毒药 /blight 植物的枯萎病/
损害：harm = blemish/deface/ disfigure/ eviscerate/ impair 减损/main mutilate 毁伤肢体/
mar/spoil 破坏 demolish
有益的事物：antidote 解毒药/ remedy 药物：纠错/ panacea 万能良药 elixir 炼金药，万能
药(有贬义含义)/ boon 赐福 blessing /tonic 补药
改善：improve =ameliorate/ amend/ 对法律的修改/rectify/ redress/
毁坏，毁灭：destroy/annihilate 彻底消灭/exterminate 终结/eliminate/ eradicate/ decimate/
demolish/ dismantle/ raze 彻底摧毁夷为平地/ devastate/ravage/ wreck 遭受重创，严重破坏/
obliterate 擦去/ pulverize 磨成粉末状/ subvert 颠覆

7. 可怕的：awful =horrible/ terrible/ tragic/ wretched / dire
复苏，复兴动词：revive=rejuvenate/ resurrect/ resuscitate/ revive
动荡的，混乱的形容词：tumultuous/turbulent/
混乱：名词：chaos/confusion/ disorder / mayhem/ disarray/ havoc 大面积的破坏-混乱
pandemonium 撒旦居住的地方，比喻嘈杂，混乱的地方/ shambles 废墟/ turmoil 混乱，动
荡/ upheaval 突发的巨变
灾难：calamity/cataclysm/ catastrophe
危险名词：danger/hazard/ peril
危险的：hazardous/perilous/ precarious/ treacherous
危及：动词 endanger/ compromise/ imperil/ jeopardize
保护：protect =safeguard
表示进步,提高的动词:
improve ameliorate better develop remedy revise enhance enrichupgrade
refine
重要,关键:
important significant consequential momentous considerableessential
valuable distinctive great weighty major serious grave vitalcapital
substantial material; 稍微扯得远一点的还有 conspicuous striking prominent
eminent noticeable

8. 正确的,无误的:
correct rectify accurate precise proper undistorted rightimpeccable
增长和减少(这个超级常用!)
increase rise extend magnify decrease reduce fall amplifyaggrandize
elongate intensify enhance prolong strengthen curtail shrinkterminate
lessen abate raise boost intense(intensify) expand augment enlargediminish
dwindle（swindle 是诈骗的意思） slump
和证明相关的:
justify warrant assert claim contend argue validate substantiateverify
accuse assign indict allege affirm
论题:
statement claim declaration assertion opinion belief viewconviction
persuasion
要求
request demand needs requisition
撤销
to cancel; to revoke; to countermand; [Law] to rescind; to quash

9. 建立
to build up; to establish; to set up; to found; to take root; tostrike
root
消除
to eliminate; to clear; to remove; to clear up; to take away; tosmooth
away
推理
1.[Logic] inference; reasoning; deduction; ratiocination
2.to reason
3.to put two and two together
相应
1.corresponding; relevant; relative; fitting; appropriate
2.accordingly; correspondingly; by the same token; in acorresponding way
3.to correspond to; to act in responses; to work in concert with;to
support each other
导致
1.to lead to; to bring about (or on); to result in; to cause; tospark off;
t
o conduce to; to procure; to induce; to generate

10. 后果
a consequence; an aftermath; an outcome
检查
to inspect; to check; to examine; to look over; to put to thetest; to keep
a check on
发（奖品）
prize reward award grant assign confer(on) honor fame creditcontribution
acknowledgement recognition
表示程度的副词
very strikingly greatly highly insatiably exceedingly dreadfullyremarkably
drastically dramatically
足够
sufficient adequate enough
剩下几个也是常用的
present justify practicable hence consequently examination
accountable responsible
twist and turn 迂回曲折

11. might and main 尽全力
part and parcel 重要部分
safe and sound 安然无恙
spick and span 崭新的，极干净的
time and tide 岁月，时光
go to rack and ruin 陷于毁灭
slow and sure 慢而稳，稳妥
hale and hearty 老当益壮
chop and change 变幻莫测（尤指观点,计划等）
fair and foul 在任何情况下
weal and woe 福祸
sum and substance 主要情况，要点（尤指讲话的主要部分）
forgive and forget 不念旧恶
wax and wane （月的）盈亏圆缺；盛衰
1 inferno 地狱，可与幸福生活形成强烈对比 the inferno of war
2 inky 用于个 人在生活上或 科研道路 上的迷茫 the inky darkness of one’s pursuit of
owndestiny
3 promulgate 公布，颁布法令，新法律 promulgate a belief, and idea, a theory,etc the
promulgation of atreaty
4 latency 如作者主张尚未表现出的危险或其主张的长远作用 latent---latent ability , a
latentinfection after a carefulexamination, it is no need to go too far to sense that the author’s

12. claimunderlies a latency of peril to both personal and even societal degree./ lurksa latency of
profound implication.
5 Connotation 内涵，言外之意――― Hollywood always holds connotation of romanceand
glittering success. 贬义词 derogatory connotation
6 Motivate/ ignite 用于深究心理方面深层的原因，或者内因 be motivated by greed, fear, love
a teacher who can motive her pupils
7 Nectar 在描写艺术方面的享受时有用，甘露，
8 Emulate 仿效，主要用于名人的作用 emulative 好胜的
9 责任 obligation , responsibility, liability
10 重要 paramount the reduction of unemployment should be paramount in the government’
seconomic policy
11 Ponder1 深思 pondering on the meaning of life
12 Delvein/ into 探索，钻研，起源 a writer delving in medieval French literature delve into the
origins of the custom
13 Blood 根源 of the same blood
14 演绎推理 deduce 追溯源头
15 Augment 增加提高 continuing rainsaugment the flood waters.
16 混乱 turmoil uproar pandemonium chaos thecountry was in a turmoil during the strike.
There was uproar over the tax increases. Left in a state of chaos

13. 17 Rotelearning 死记硬背的方法
18 Reminisce 缅怀美好的往事 reminiscence 怀旧 reminiscence of my youth
19 Halcyon 太平盛世 halcyon times the halcyon days of youth
20 Quietude 平静寂静 equability 平和宁静
21 Equanimity 镇静 she maintained herequanimity throughout her long ordeal.
22 Impassivity 泰然自若
23 Equilibrium 平衡均势 disturb theequilibrium of the chains of natural environment.
24 Balance-----try to achieve a better balance between work and play. This newspaper maintains
a goodbalance in its presentation of different opinions.
25 Placidity 平静 the placidity of histemperament
26 Deformity 畸形，用于形容教育中重视一方面忽视另一方面
27 Lapse 小错失足 a lapse from grace 失宠 lapse into 陷入 lapse back into bad habits lapse
into a coma 时间流逝 after a lapse of several decades
28 Peccadillo 小过失 guilty of some mildpeccadillo
29 Falsity 谬误错误
30 Menace 威胁，危害 nuclear weapons are amenace to world peace

14. 31 Jeopardize 破坏危害 jeopardous
32 Imperil 危害 the security of the country had been imperiled
33 Transient 转瞬即失的 transient success transience transient years is not enough to make
theconclusion
34 Ephemeral 短暂的 ephemeral pleasure
35 Permanent permanence permanency
36 Angle 角度 try looking at the affair from a differentangle
37 Facet 方面角度 there are many facets to this question
38 Dissimilitude 不同不同之处
39 表示实用的功利的 utilitarian function pragmatic utilitarianism pragmatism
40 神话（用于艺术类的 issue 中） mythology 神化 apotheosis apotheosize 寓言 allegory
fable 圣歌 psalm anthem hymn 亵渎的 profane 圣乐和俗乐 scared and profane music 神灵
saint
41 Didactic 教诲的，说教的教诲 edification inculcate
42 Elicit
43 表示竞争极其后果的词良性竞争 good-natures rivalry 恶性竞争、循环 vicious circle 憎恨
antipathy
44 Salvation 拯救（描写精神，崇高事业时）redemption

15. 45 Mundane 世俗的
46 Ethnocentrism 民主优越感 racialism racism 种族主义 nationalism 民族主义 chauvinism
沙文主义 patriotism patriotic 爱国主义
47 Ingrained 根深蒂固的
48 注定 predestine destine foreordain
49 Populace 平民
50 描写文化差异/ 相同的词语 cultural shock 设身处地的 vicarious vicariously vicarious
pleasure, satisfaction be acclimatized to assimilation culturalhomogenization 文 化 适 应
acculturation
51 Emblem 象征 the dove is an emblemof peace
52 修辞手法 metaphor onomatopoeia rhetoric
53 Crusade（为争取好的或反对坏的事物的）斗争或运动 a crusade against corruption
54 Transatlantic 大西洋彼岸的，横越大西洋的 transatlantic flight, voyage, telephone call a
transatlantic trade agreement
55 Tottering 蹒跚的
56 Recidivism 累犯
57 Spacecrunch 空间紧缩 crunch

16. 58 表示渠道的词 channel vehicle
59 Melancholy 忧郁
60 Epithet 绰号
61 Pernicious 有害的
62 Proclivity 倾向
63 家谱 genealogy pedigree
64 政府行为 stipulation of a poverty line
环境：
delicate balance upon whichanimals—including human—depend （ecosystem）生态平衡
the depletion of the atmospheric ozone 臭氧空洞
extinct species, serious pollution of water, excessive cutting ofjungles and rainforests
consumption of the earth’s finite natural resources
社会问题
rely on labor force,equipment, and raw materials of developing countries 企业的需求
increased crime, unemployment, insurrection, hunger, plague, andso forth
vicious competition, vicious circle, monopoly 经济问题恶性竞争，垄断

17. 科技：
1. impact on daily life/ saturated every aspects in our dailyroutine 科技深入生活
2. we need to control the development and use of technologicalinnovation so that they benefit
all aspects of community 防止科技危害生活:
Although scientific discoveries and technological advances haveproduced tremendous
improvement in the quality of human life, they also havenegative consequences.
nuclear power, chemical plants, à threaten our life
教育：
education always plays a key role in determining a person’ssuccess 教育决定成功
we must be conscious of our obligations to help those who aretruly infirm, aged or incapable of
providing for themselves 公民的责任，帮助困难人员
教育的目的
the primary purpose for education is to transmit democratic values, innovative ideas and so that
it canprepare new generations of citizens in society, rather than simply instillinginformation and
knowledge.
儿童社会化行为：negotiate, bargain, cajole, compromise, conflict, deceive.
领导教育 value the input of subordinates, by involving them in decisionsabout matters or
strategies 接受下属意见
a leader’s effectiveness as a competitor is not necessarilyinconsistent/ exclusive with his or her
ability to cooperate with subordinatesor competitors. 合作与竞争不矛盾

18. 冷门热门学科
Students often fail to see the practicality of studyingShakespeare as preparation for a career in
business
成功 vs 失败
success and failure are not opposites, they are both products ofthe same process
an activity which produces a hit also produce a miss
压力
economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, self-inducedpressure
艺术：
例子
人格
人
事
honesty
Abe Lincoln
walk three miles to return 6 cents
persistence
Columbus

19. voyage
civil rights
the Declaration of Independence
Innovation
Michael Dell
Personal selling of computers
政治，经济名人例子
人
事
结论
Churchill
WWII, lecturer
政治 leader
Jack Welch
CEO of General Electric Company
经济 leader
Eisenhower

20. Commander
军事 leader
Copernicus
Heliocentric system
挑战权威成功
Aristotle
Geocentric theory
权威
Plato
Spiritual Love
柏拉图
a critic’s evaluation of an art work serves as a filter, whichhelps us to determine which art is
worth our time and attention 评论家的作用
a critic’s assessment is limited by the narrow confines of old andestablished parameters of
evaluation 评论家有限眼光扼杀艺术
例子
艺术家

21. 专业
作品
评论家
赞助人
Michelangelo
The Pope
Mozart
Music
European Monarchs
Mark Twain
Best-selling writer
Contemporary citizen
Sigmund Freud
The founder of psyche
Leonardo da Vinci
Painting
Mona Lisa
创新以模仿为基础

22. Victor Hugo
Romantic author
Les Miserable 悲惨世界
Margaret Mitchell
Gone With the wind
Shakespeare
Hamlet
Vincent van Gogh
Expression, Early Abstraction
Sunflower
写作常用短语
continuing controversy 长久未解决的问题
anything but 决不是
run contrary to common sense and daily experience 与常理相悖
Any government, which is blind to this point, will pay a heavyprice. 政府职责

23. spare no effort to 不遗余力
even if; even assuming 即使
常用难拼的学科及学家
anthropologist 人类, archeologist 考古, biochemist 生物化学, geologist 地质, linguist 语言,
astronomer 天文, psychoanalyst 精神分析， philosopher 哲学家
1. counterproductive adj.产生相反效果（结果）的 e.g. It is counterproductive tobe too tough: it
just makes the staff resentful.
e.g. Althoughthe speaker overlooks certain circumstances in which undue skepticism might
becounterproductive, and even harmful, on balance I agree that weshould not passively accept
whatever is passed off as fact; otherwise,human knowledge would never advance.
2. seminal adj.萌芽的，潜在的；开创性的；有重大影响的 e.g. in the seminal state （在萌芽
状态）|| seminal thoughts || seminal principle（基本原则）
e.g. a seminal book/poet || Thisexperiment was to have a seminal influence on his own political
development.
3. forgo v.放弃 (The choice to forgo his security is always available, althoughit might carry
unpleasant consequence)
4. intuition n.直觉（I will trust my strong intuition that free will is anessential part of our being as
humans.）
5. satisfy v.证明是正当的，公证的；为…寻找正当理由 e.g. Such action can be justified onthe
grounds of greater efficiency.
e.g. In the finalanalysis, government cannot philosophically justify assisting large cities forthe
purpose of either promoting or preserving the nation's cultural traditions;nor is government
assistance necessary toward these ends.

24. 6. resort to …诉诸…
e.g. no necessity to resort to violentactions such as demonstration, riot or rebel.
conduce
7. hinge on …以…为转移，靠…转动 e.g. The claim that society’s destinyhinges on how children
are socialized, while appealing in some respects, is anover-statement at best.
8. at best 最多，充其量；以最乐观的观点来看
9. collaborate to …
e.g. For example, scientists,researchers, and even computer programmers must collaborate to
establishcommon goals, coordinate efforts, and meet time lines.
10. lend some credence to …提供支持 e.g. While our everyday experience might lendcredence
to this assertion.
e.g. Recent advances in molecular biology and genetics lend some credence tothis position, by
suggesting that these determining physical forces include ourown individual genetic makeup.
11. dimension n.大小；体积；程度；范围 e.g. a creature of huge dimensions.|| I did not realize
the dimensions of the problem.
e.g. There is a dimension to the problem that we have not discussed. ||various dimensions of
human experience.
12. detractor n.损毁者；贬低者
13. amount to …相当于；等于 e.g. What you say amounts to adirect accusation.
e.g. Even where a fiction work amounts to pure fantasy, with nohistorical context, it can still hold
more lasting significance than a factualaccount.
14. fruit ion n.享用, 结果实, 成就, 实现 e.g. It is the famous few that providevision of the
future, visions which groups then bring to fruition.
e.g. bring one's plans to fruition || After years of hard work, his hopes cameto fruition.
reap v.收获；收割（The consumer reaps rich rewards from this competitivespirit.）

25. 15. inspire v.激励或鼓舞 e.g. To begin with, learning about keyhistorical figures inspires us to
achieve great things ourselves --- farmore so than learning about the conditions of groups of
people.
16. provide necessary impetus for …给与…动力 e.g. It is almost always a keyindividual who
provide the necessary imputes for what otherwise might bea group effort, as discussed below.
17. favor v.赐予；给与 e.g. He was favored with greatintelligence. || adduce facts to favor one’s
contention.
18. paradigm n.样式；典范；范例（educational paradigms）
19. obscure v.使阴暗；使朦胧 e.g. Generally speaking, then, undueattention to the efforts and
contributions of various groups tends to obscurethe cause and effect relationship with which the
study of history is chieflyconcerned.
20. take steps to …（take step to help alleviate social problems）
21. serve useful purposes for …
e.g. I agree insofar as some commoncore curriculum would serve useful purposes for any nation
e.g. immediate disclosure would have served no useful purpose and mighteven have resulted in
mass hysteria.
22. nascent adj.初生的（in a nascentcondition/stage/state || a nascent industry/ literature/art）
23. reach a （fully informed） consensus as to …对于达成共识
24. unfettered adj.除去脚镣的；自由而不受约束的
25. irrespective of whether …无论如何 e.g. While we must invest in research irrespectiveof
whether the results might be controversial.
26. draw a distinction between …（One useful approachis to draw a distinction between

26. personal morality and public morality）
27. catalyst n.催化剂；刺激因素 e.g. circumstance often serves as acatalyst for heroism.
28. account for …解释原因 e.g. This combination of very highdensity of population, goods and
services, and machines, all increasing withalmost brutal speed, does account for some really
antisocialtendencies in modern urban growth.
（附带）条件 e.g. Thecarpenter agreed to do the work, with the
29. proviso n.限制性条款；
proviso that he was paid inadvance.
e.g. Aside from the two forgoing provisos, however, I fundamentally disagreewith the speaker’s
claim.
30. conversely adv.相反的（They hold converse opinion || Without knowledge, we can hardly
survivethrough abominable conditions, depending solely on the admiration of the beingsderived
from imagination. Conversely, without imagination, we can as well notpossible to get through
due to the impediment of knowledge and the depletion ofspiritual asylums.）
31. core values upon which any (democratic ) society depends to thrive. 一个社会赖以繁荣的价
值核心
32. be superior (in …) to …比更好，更优秀 e.g. this engineis superior in every respect to that.
|| whenever moving images are central toan event the video camera is superior to a written
word.
33. proceeding n.行动, 进行,会议录, 学报（legal proceeding || governmental proceedings）
34. thwart v.反对；妨碍；挫败 e.g. thegovernment’s strategies for thwarting specific plans of an
internationalterrorist or a drug trafficker.
35. public panic 公众恐慌

27. 36. unprecedented adj.空前的，史无前例的（the society is changing at a speed which is quite
unprecedented）
37. inexorable adj. 不 可 阻 挡 的 ； 坚 持 不 懈 的 ； 无 情 的 （ Facts are inexorable || the
inexorablemarch of science）
38. Science is on the march. || themarchof science/events/time
39. make great effort 努 力 ； make every effort 尽 一 切 努 力 ； overcome a myriad of
politicalimpediments 克服政治障碍
40. a myriad of 无数，数不清（Each galaxy contains myriad of stars）
41. while parochial social problems gounsolved. || mitigate(缓和) the problems || address
pressingsocial problems
42. take precedence over …
e.g. This interest might takeprecedence over the historic value of an old structure that stands in
theway of a parking structure.
43. strike a balance among competing interest
44. serve as asubstitute for …取代…
be superseded by 代替；取代
e.g. Pragmatic behavior guarantees survival, whereas idealistic views tend to besuperseded by
simpler, more immediate options.
45. 源自于：emerge from …（in every age andculture some worthwhile art and literature
emerges from the mediocrity.）
stem from …（prevailing attitudes about sexualmorality stem from the ideas of key religious
leaders）

28. spring from…
e.g. this desire toidentify oneself with an exclusive social group seems to spring fromsome innate
psychological need to define one's self through one's personalassociations.
46. 坏影响；负面影响：
detrimental effects of …（In politics, the detrimentaleffects of competition are blatant.）
negative/adverse effects on/to
47. 名人 notablefigures
celebrity
elite
personality （television personalities）
48. 普 遍 ； 普 及 prevailing adj. 普 遍 的 ； 流 行 的 ； 占 优 势 的 （ the prevailing view in
Westerncorporate culture || prevailing principle）
popular adj.
prevalent adj. （The habit of traveling by aircraft is becoming more prevalent eachyear.）
49. 灌输；教育 instill v. （Courtesy must be instilled inchildhood || Morality may be instilled into
their minds）
inculcate v. （inculcate the young with a sense of duty.）
impart v. （A good teacher imparts wisdomto his pupils.）
foster v.养育, 抚育, 培养, 鼓励（Frequent cultural exchange willcertainly help foster friendly
relations between our two universities.|| detect and foster artistic talent. || to foster an interest
inmusic）
nurture v.养育, 给与营养物, 教养（While the speaker might overlook thebenefits of nurturing
certain emotions and feels, on balance I agreethat…）
50. 充满；装满 be ladenwith…（History is laden with unusualclaims || be laden with

29. responsibility）
be replete with …（Modern politics is replete with examples of what most people wouldconsider
personal ethical fallings）
be fraught with … (a complexissue that is fraught with the problems of defining ethics,
morality,and successful leadership）
51. 癖性；偏好 idiosyncratic adj.特性的；癖性的（Given a choice they will pursue theirown
idiosyncratic area of interest.）
inclination n. （follow one's own inclination || I have no inclination to be a doctor.）
52. 若干重；若干刃
a double-edged sword 双刃剑 e.g. This type ofadvertisement can be a doubt-edged sword, when
the product does not make theperson“be like” the person in the advertisement, there can be
disappointmentand disillusionment with the product.
a two-edged weapon 双重武器 e.g. As is sooften pointed out, knowledge is a two-edged
weapon which can be used equallyfor good or evil.
twofold/threefold/manifold adj.双重/三重/多种 e.g. We have toask ourselves very seriously
what will happen is this twofold use of knowledge,with its ever-increasing power, continues.
e.g. The City Council has a manifold plan to beautify the city.
53. have little bearing on …与…无关 e.g. Moreover,assisting large cities would have little
bearing on our distinctcultural traditions, which abide elsewhere.
with respect to…关于 e.g. Personaleconomic success might be due either to one's investment
strategy or to one'swork or career. With respect to the former, non-conformists with enoughrisk
tolerance and patience invariably achieve more success than conformists. Withrespect to the
latter, while non-conformists are more likely to succeed innewer industries where markets and
technology are in constant flux, conformistsare more likely to succeed in traditional service
industries ensconced insystems and regulations.

30. 54. 先天的，天生的 innate adj.先天的, 天生的（Correct ideas are not innate in the mind, but
come fromsocial practice.）
[O] acquired adj.后天习得的
inborn adj.天生的（an inborn sense ofthe appropriate || inborn intelligence）
55. 利用；有益于 conduce to 有助于 e.g. encouraging students to questionand criticize is
conducing to the development of democratic spirits.
be beneficial to …
e.g. A national core curriculum would be beneficial to a nation in anumber of respects.
harness v.利用 e.g. The dilemma facing leadersin all areas of life is how to best assess these
individuals to determine howto best harness heir capabilities to reach their ultimate
productivecapabilities.
take advantage of …
make its contribution to …
56. 消除；减轻
eliminate v. 排除，消除（eliminate the false and retain the true || eliminate thepossibility of=
preclude the possibility of）
diminish v. 使减小，使变少（diminish one’s reputation || diminish the cost of production）
undermine v.破坏，削弱（formal study of thepresent culture at the expanse of studying past
cultures can underminethe function of higher education, and ultimately provide a disservice
tostudents and to society.）
57. 恶化；加剧
exacerbate v. 恶化, 增剧, 激怒, 使加剧, 使烦恼 e.g. Thisproblems would only be exacerbated
were these decisions left exclusivelyto federal regulators.
e.g. a speech that exacerbated racial tensions || a heavy rainfall that exacerbatedthe flood
problems.
aggravate v.

31. 58. 过度；过分
exorbitant adj.过度的；过高的（exorbitant rents || exorbitantly expensive || exorbitant amount
of money）
undue adj.过度的；过分的（apply undue pressure to make s.b. change his mind）
overemphasize v.
59. 导致、造成 pose 引起某事物，造成，提出 e.g. Winter posesparticular difficulties for the
elderly.
e.g. However, a common curriculum that is also an exclusive one would posecertain problems.
render v.致使，造成 e.g. Your actionhas rendered our contract invalid.e.g. This trend renders a
society’s members more vulnerable todemagoguery.
breed v.导致；造成 e.g. The speakerunfairly suggests that large cities serve as the primary
breeding groundand sanctuaries for a nation’s cultural traditions.
e.g. Dirt breeds disease. || Unemployment breeds social unrest ( 社会不安定 ) .
burgeon v.迅速发展；发芽（burgeoning cities || burgeoning Internet commerce）
outgrowth n.长出, 派出, 结果, 副产物 e.g. A thirduniquely contemporary problem is an
outgrowth of the inexorable advancement ofscientific knowledge.
e.g. Inflation is an outgrowth of war.
60. 探求、努力：
seek to …探求，寻求
e.g. One compelling argument in favor of a global university has to do with thefact that its faculty
and students would bring diverse cultural and educationalperspectives to the problems they seek
to solve.
strive to …努力 e.g. studentsshould strive to excel in the specific requirements of their major
course ofstudy
probe v./n.探求，探查
e.g. probe a matter to the bottom

32. e.g. Does his/her cultural background allows him/her to freely probe theintricacy of the work?
e.g. Even in his philosophical probinghe cannot go behind these stereotypes; his veryconcepts of
the true and the false will still have reference to his particulartraditional customs.
61. 资助、赞助：subsidize v.资助, 津贴（Subsidizing cultural traditions is not a proper role of
government.）
patron n.资助人；赞助人（cultural patron）
on the patronage of …
e.g. culture has always depended primarily on the patronage ofprivate individuals and
businesses.
under the auspices of …
e.g. During this period, on significant scientific advances occurred underthe auspices of the
government.
62. 增强、提高 escalate v.增强提高（the escalating cost of addressingthese problems）
enhance/ promote/ augment / elevate v. （… was elevating their notion about …）
63. 方法、途径：
avenue n.大街, 方法, 途径, 路（an avenue to success）
approach n.
64. ostensible adj.表面上的 e.g. Today'shigh-tech firms seem compelled to boldly go to what
effort is required todevise increasingly complex products, for the ostensible purpose ofstaying
ahead of their
65. 获得；达到 ||||角度；方面 ||| 短暂/长远 ||| 危险；危害 |||| 分配 ||||最后地；
最终地
acquire/gain/attain/achieve |||| angles/aspect/facet/side/respect ||||transient, ephemeral /
enduring, permanent |||| menace, jeopardize, imperil,endanger |||| allocate/ distribute/ assign
|||| eventually/ultimately