2. INTRODUCTION: POSDCORB is the elements of management. Planning (also called forethought) is the process
of thinking about and organizing the activities required to achieve a desired goal.The planning, organizing, leading, and
controlling of human and other resources to achieve organizational goals effectively and efficiently. Staffing is the act of
assigning correctjob to correct person.
PLANNING
“A goal without a plan is just a wish.” ―Antoine de Saint-Exupérys
MEANING OF PLANNING: Planningin its broadest sense , means systematic preparation of action. Planningis the conscious
determinationof a further courseof action to achievethe desired result.
DEFINITIONOFPLANNING:
(a) Haynes & Prassic: Planning is that function of manager in which he decides in advance what he will do. It is a
decision-makingprocess of a special kind ,its essenceis futurity
(b) L.A.Allen: Planningis a trap laid down to capture the future.
(c) Theo Haimann:Planningis informed anticipation of future.
CHARACTERISTICS OFPLANNING:
1. It should be based on a clearly defined objective.
2. It should be simple,if itis complex itwill lead to misdirected effort & unnecessary expenditure.
3. Planningis thefoundation of the management.
4. Planningis continuous ,itis a never ending activity of a manager.
5. Planningis written in specific terms.
6. Planningholds outsome hope for improved capital allocation decisions.
7. Planningis a substitutefor the directcontrol of the demonstralisation crisis.
8. Plans areformulated in a preciseway & expressedin realistic terms.
9. To ensured consistency & unity of action , itis necessary to have unified focus in planningoperations.
10. Planningactivity is notthe exclusiveprerogativeof top management.
11. It should providefor a proper analysis& classification of actions.
12. It should be flexible : in nursing ,perhaps more than in any other field of works,flexibility is essential &
the plan must be capableof adoption to meet emergencies or changingsituation.
13. It should useavailableresources to the utmost:this emphasizes the principles of reality.
14. A defined hierarchy is essential for a good planning.
R.C.Davis has described six features of a good plan:-
Plan should havespecific objectives.
It should havesound rationalebehind it.
Planningshould bemade accordingto needs of future.
It should be flexible.
It should be establishing.
It should be universal,simple& less expensive.
OBJECTIVES:- Objectives are framed to achieve the success of organization. Planning is not possible in the absence of
objectives.Following arethe objectives for administrativeplanning:
3. 1. To bringabout a unity in the workingof organization.
2. To achieveco-ordination in power & efforts of employees workingin organization.
3. To directhuman power towards collectiveinterest.
4. To curtail thecost/expenses of organisation.
5. To bringabout certainty in functions of formulatingplans.
ELEMENTS OF PLANNING:- planning consists of several individual plans or components & parts; that bound together in a
constantstructure of operations.The complete & thorough planningmustprovide the followingelements.
1. OBJECTIVES:this are the ends towards which the activities of the enterprises are aimed. Planning has no meaning
if it is not related to certain objectives.The objective should be set very carefully.Agood manager must determine:
a. Overall & deparmental objective
b. Short term & longterm objectives
c. Economic & social objective;
So as to make planningeffective.
2. POLICIES: A policy is deviced to guide the organisational members to deal wi th a particular situation in a particular
manner.policies are general statement or understanding. Policies are generally those theoretical statement which
guide the manager for achievement of objectives.According to R.C.Davis;policies are source of mutual
cooperation,co-ordination,self motivation & future planning.A policy has certain characteristics;
a. Policy is an expression of intention of top management
b. Policy is seated
c. Policy is long-standing
d. Policy is developed with the active participation of top management
e. Policy is in writing.
3. PROCEDURE:A procedure is a systematic way of handling regular events. A procedure is a guide to rationale rather
than to thinking. They help the management by system of well -conceived procedure,effective delegation &
decentralization of authority without loss of control & coordination.
4. PURPOSE:The purpose highlights the nature of planning.Itshows what is the future plan & its outcome.
5. PROJECTS:A project may be defined as a complex cluster of related activity with a definite objective & a definite
completion time period.
6. ADMINISTRATIVE RULES & REGULATIONS: Every organisation attempt to operate in an orderly way by laying
down certain rules. Rules are the simplest & the most specific type of standing plans. They are used for gui ding what
may or may not be done. A ruledemands a specific action.Itis morerigid than a policy.
7. STATEGIES:These are plans made in the light of plan of the competitors. The purpose of strategies is to determine
& communicate through a system of major objectives & policies. They evaluate its appropriateness & requried
certain criteria. These are:1.Internal Consistency 2.Consistency with environment,3. Appropriateness in the light of
availableresources,4.acceptabledegree of risk,5.appropriatetime horizon,6.workability.
8. BUDGET:Budjet is prepared in every organisation.Itis pre-estimation of income,expenditure& material resources.
9. SCHEDULE:Time scheduleshould not be ignored in organisation.Itaffects all the management functions.
10. STANDARDS:The standards arerequired to control the scheme such as time standards,expenditurestandards.
PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING:According to J.C.Danier , followingarethe principleof planning:-
1. Planningshould bebaseon facts.
2. It should be made with suitableextension.
3. It ssould bemade by suitableperson.
4. It should be made for a particular timeframe in future.
5. It should havestandards to control the scheme.
6. It should be practical notidealistic.
7. It should be flexible.
8. It should take alternativefunctional aspects.
4. 9. Imapactof main & subsidiary decisionsshould bejudged whileplanning.
10. The planner should see whether the decisions aboutthe implementation of plans havebeen issued or not.
STEPS OFPLANNING:
1. Determination of objectives
2. Findingout various alternatives on the basis of objectives
3. Evaluatingmerits & demerits of each alternatives
4. Selecting best alternative
5. Implementing the selected alternative
6. Followup
TYPES OF PLANNING:
1. PHYSICAL PLANNING:It aims at guiding & controlling the development of cities in orderly fashion instead of
leading them to grow in a happazard manner.Eg:streety layout,transportation systemof the city,location of
public buildings,water supply,lighting& drainageetc.
2. ECONOMIC & SOCIAL PLANNING: Economic planning involes advance determination of the needs of the
country or the more essential economic goods& services,over a given period,arranging them into a scheme of
properties & contollingboth production & consumtion with a view to their fulfilmentwith that period.
3. ADMINISTRATIVE PLANNING: It is a phase of management & involes drawing up a program of operations in
advance & the peovision of the requisite organisation,personnel,material & procedure for carrying it out.
Administrative planning embraces problem of organisation ,budgeting,personal procedure,infact all the
phases of the “POSDCORB” activities.Itincludes :
A) Goals b) singleuseplan c) standingplans.
4. COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING: It connects planning or the totality of the economy. It takes into account the
aggregate target to be reached by the economy as a whole.
5. PARTIAL PLANNING: to under developed countries, the economy is now divided between the public sector &
the privatesector.In this context,partial planningcould beidentified as the planningof the public sector.
6. IMPERATIVE PLANNING: An imperative plan not only cover every branch of activity but embraces many
aspect of economic life including volume of output ,crises,employment. It is controlled by the financial
organisation & aboveall by the political authority.
7. INDICATIVE PLANNING:It gives for better scope to the freedom in the economic system as compared with
imperative planning.
8. PLANNING BY COMPULSION:It includes whole battery of physical control ,like allocation of raw material to
various production unitin industry & agriculture& licensefor setting up industry.
9. TOTALITARIAN & DEMOCRATIC PLANNING: Totalitarian planning is describes as one where the almighty
state or the planning authority imposes a pervading discipline of planning. On the other hand democratic
planning is describe as a planning process in which people participate in both formulation & implementation
of plan.
10. SECTORAL & SPATIAL PLANNING:Traditionally, plans are broken into sector/primary,secondary,terrytary.
Primary sector covers activity like foresty,fishery & mining. Secondary sector covers
commerce,trade,transport etc. spatial planning is helpful in geographical,dispersal of the efforts & fruits of
planningin a scientificmanner.
11. ROLLING PLAN:the concept of rolling plan evolved a five year plan which is rolled on year to year. At the end
of the 1st years operations,it is further revised & interrelated with one more year.
12. OPRATIONAL PLAN: Operation plans relate to govt. departments, which provide a systematic shape of the
laid down policies in social & economic fields.
ADVANTAGES OFPLANNING:
5. 1. Purposeful & orderly activities
2. Visualizefuture change
3. Removal of doubt
4. Provision of basisfor control
5. Encouragement to achievement
6. Planningprovides direction
7. Planningprovides a unifyingframework
8. Planningis economical
9. Planninghelps management to adopt & adjustto changingenvironment
10. Planningenhancethe behaviour climate
11. Planningfacilitatecontrol
12. Visualization to entirety
13. Balancingof utilization of facility
14. Helpingmanagement of status
DISADVANTAGES OFPLANNING:
1. Limitation of accurateinformation
2. Addition in costs
3. Limitation in achievement by psychological barrier
4. Restrainton initiative
5. Delayed action
6. Overdoing tendencies
7. Limitations of practical value
Planning is a familiar daily life activities. A plan is a projected coarse of action . it is a very wide spread human
behaviour. It is not above a tool of efficient management in the public service. The planning process is a critical
element of management. It must be learned by nurse administrator ,because it will not happened by accident.
Planning is largely conceptual but its results are clearly visible.The statement of the purpose ormission,philosophy,
goals & objectives are all consequenceof planning.They set the stage for smooth operations.
ORGANIZING:
After objectives & plans have been established, management must then human & physical resources of the firm. They
will enable members to carry out the chosen programmes successfully. It establishes the structure, systems &
procedures of operation to achieve the objectives.
DEFINITION:
According to Allen organising is the “process of identifying & grouping the work to be performed, defining &
delegating to work most effectively together in accomplishing objectives. A sound organization structure is essential
for effective & profitable performance. Without proper organisation, there may be duplication of effort , inadequate
attention to certain important functions.Unwanted rivalry & friction amongpersonnel & delays in decision making.”
NATURE OFORGANIZATION:
The following are the important characteristics of organization:
The entire philosophy of organization is centered on the concepts of specialization and division of work. The
division of work is assigning responsibility for each organizational component to a specific individual or group
thereof. It becomes specialization when the responsibility for a specific task lies with a designated expert in
that field. The efforts of the operatives are coordinated to allow the process at hand to function correctly.
Certain operatives occupy positions of management at various points in the process to ensure coordinat ion.
Orientation towards goals
6. Every organization has its own purposes and objectives. Organizing is the function employed to achieve the
overall goals of the organization. Organization harmonizes the individual goals of the employees with overall
objectives of the firm.
Composition of individuals and groups
Individuals form a group and the groups form an organization. Thus,organization is the composition of
individual and groups. Individuals are grouped into departments and their work is coordinated and directed
towards organizational goals.
Differentiated functions
The organization divides the entire work and assigns the tasks to individuals in order to achieve the
organizational objectives; each one has to perform a different task and tasks of one individual must be
coordinated with the tasks of others. Collecting these tasks at the final stage is called integration.
Continuity
An organization is a group of people with a defined relationship in which they work together to achieve the
goals of that organization. This relationship does not come to end after completing each task. Organization is
a never ending process.
ELEMENTS OFORGANISING:
1. The division of work
2. The facilities & working conditions
3. The employees
PROCESS OFORGANISING:
1. Identification of activities
2. Grouping of activities
3. Delegation of authority
4. Assignment of duties
PRINCIPLES OFORGANIZING STRUCTURE:
1. unity of objectives
2. division of work
3. span of control
4. scalar principle
5. functional definition
6. exception principle
7. unity of command
8. balance
9. efficiency
10. flexibility
11. continuity
12. facilitation of leadership
13. parity of authority & control
14. coordination
PURPOSEOFORGANIZATION:
Helps to achieve organizational goal
Organization is employed to achieve the overall objectives of business firms. Organization focuses attention
of individuals objectives towards overall objectives.
Optimum use of resources
To make optimum use of resources such as men, material, money, machine and method, it is necessary to
design an organization properly. Work should be divided and right people should be given right jobs to
reduce the wastage of resources in an organization.
7. To perform managerial function
Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing and Controlling cannot be implemented without proper organization.
Facilitates growth and diversification
A good organization structure is essential for expanding business activity. Organization structure determines
the input resources needed for expansion of a business activity similarly organization is essential for product
diversification such as establishing a new product line.
Importance of organizing:
Facilitates administration
Encourages growth & diversification
Optimum use of technology
Stimulates innovation & technology
Encourages good human relations
Ensures continuity of enterprise
Coordination
STAFFING
STAFFING:
The managerial function of staffing involes manning the organisational structure through proper & effective
selection,appraisal & development of personnel to fill the roles designed in the structure. Staffing refers to
the managerial function of determining & improviding the manpower req uirement of an enterprise. It
consists of a number of subfunctions such as ,manpower planning,recruitment,selection, placement,
training,promotion,remuneration,performance,appraisal etc.
MEANING OFSTAFFING:
“The term staffing pertains to the number & composition of personnel assigned to work on a unit at agiven
ime.”
According to Koontz & Weihrich “The managerial functions of staffing involves manning the organisational
structure through proper & effective selection, appraisal estimate & development of personnel to fill the roles
designed into the structure.”
NATURE & SIGNIFICANCE OFSTAFFINGFUNCTIONS:
Staffing function has assumed greater significance these days because of a number of factors. Staffing is a
pervasive function of management. Chief executive, middle level manager, all are engaged in performing the
staffing function when they participate in selescting, training & evaluating their subordinates. A various
reasons which have increased the significanceofstaffing function ofmanagement, are :
1 ) ADVANCEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY : Many significance changes are taking place in technology. In order
to make use of the latest technology,theappointment ofright type ofperson is necessary.
2) INCREASED SIZE OF ORGANISATIONS: Advancement in science & technology has given rise to large
scale companies employing thousands of workers.the performance of the company depends on the quality &
character ofthe people employed.
8. 3) LONG RANGE NEEDS FOR MANPOWER: In some industries,labour turn over is very high. The
management is required to determine the manpower requirement well in advance. It has also to develop the
existing personnel for future promotion. The role of staffing function is also increased because of the
shortage ofclearly good managerial talent in the country.
4) HIGH WAGE BILLS: The outlay of big concerns on its personnel is quite high; management has to spend
money on recruitment selection, training, wages & salaries etc. in order to get the optimum output from the
personnel, it is essential that the staffing function is perform in an efficient manner. For instance, if right
type of persons are not appointed, the management have to pay wages eventhough the quality of work is very
low.
5) RECOGNISATION OF HUMAN RELATION: The behaviour of individual has become very complicated.
The workers are to be motivated properly by employing financial & non financial incentives to staffs. Right
type of atmosphere should also be created for the workers to contribute to the achievement of organisational
objectives.
STAFFING PROCESS:
1. Estimating manpower requirement
2. Recruitment
3. Selection
4. Orientation &placement
5. Training & development
6. Remuneration
7. Performance appraisal
8. Promotion
9. Compensation
FACTORS INFLUENCING STAFFINGPATTERNS:
i) Pattern ofdelivery ofservices
ii) Standard ofnursing care
iii) Different type of activities allocated to different categories of personnel. Eg : professional
&practical nurses
iv) Size &type of medical staff-How many doctors are coming rounds when there are many
units in the ward.
v) Type of common treatment procedure carried out, how frequently to be done. Eg : long-
term care procedures requirelong time.
vi) Physical facilities-each hospital should workout its own staffing pattern from time to
time. It depends on the time saving devices, communications systems in the ward.
Conclusion:
Planning , organising & staffing are the most important elements of management. Perfect management is the
base of success. These steps are the key of perfect management. Nurse has to perform a role ofcollaborator in
clinical area & a well administrator in teaching imstitutes & hospital. For performing their actions in these
roles perfectly they should learn this apply this.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1. http://www.slideshare.net/vinayprateek/ppt-on-organising?related=1
2. http://www.slideshare.net/vinayprateek/ppt-on-organising?related=1
3. http://www.slideshare.net/shubham2491/staffing-12849479?related=1
4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffing
