The document discusses various topics related to law and ethics in healthcare. It defines key concepts like torts, standards of care, intentional vs unintentional torts, assault, battery, negligence, malpractice, informed consent and more. It also discusses various Indian laws related to healthcare like the Transplantation of Human Organs Act, Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, and Biomedical Waste Management rules. Finally, it covers principles of ethics like autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, fidelity, justice and veracity as well as ethical dilemmas in nursing.

1. Prepared by SALMAN

2.  Law may be defined as “the principles and
regulations established in a community by
some authority and applicable to its people
whether in the form of legislation or of
custom and policies recognized by judicial
decision
 CRIMINAL LAW
 CIVIL LAW

3.  A tort is a civil wrong or injury for which
the court provides a remedy in the form of
money damages (black ,1999)
 Intentional torts
 Unintentional torts

4.  Nursing standards of care are the legal
guidelines for minimally safe and adequate
nursing practice
 Written policies and procedures of an
employing institution defines the standards
of care for nurses at that institution

5.  ASSAULT
 BATTERY
 FALSE IMPRISONMENT
 FRAUD

6.  Assault is any intentional threat to bring
about harmful or offensive contact with
another individual, no actual contact is
necessary
 Eg. threatening a patient to give an
injection
 Restrain a patient for an x-ray procedure
when the patient has refused consent

7.  Battery is an intentional touching without
consent ,the contact is harmful to the
patient and causes an injury , or it is
merely offensive to the patient dignity
 Eg. Giving an injection without patient
consent
 A patient gives consent for left knee repair
but the surgeon performs right knee
surgery

8.  Making a person stay in pace against is
wishes is false imprisonment
 Eg. Restraining or confining a patient to a
locked room without proper consent could
constitute false imprisonment

9.  Fraud is a willful and purposeful
misrepresentation that could cause or
caused harm to a person or property
 Eg. giving incorrect information to obtain a
better positon or job

10.  NEGLIGENCE
 MALPRACTICE

11.  Negligence is conduct that falls below the
standard of care
 Malpractice is one type of negligence called
professional negligence

12.  Medication errors that result injury to
patient
 Burns caused by equipment or spills of hot
liquids
 Falls resulting in injury to patients
 Errors in sponge ,instrument ,needle, count
in surgery cases
 Failure to give adequate report , notify
physician, adequate monitoring the patient

13.  INFORMED CONSENT Informed
consent is a patients agreement to allow
something to happen, such as surgery based
on a full disclosure of risks, benefits
alternatives and consequences of refusal
(Black, 1999)
 DOCUMENTATION
 EXECUTING PHYSICIANS ORDER
 GOOD SAMARITAN LAW
 PATIENT EDUCATION
 PRIVILEGED COMMUNICATION

14. Informed consent is a patients agreement to
allow something to happen, such as surgery
based on a full disclosure of risks, benefits
alternatives and consequences of refusal
(Black, 1999)

16.  CONFIDENTIALITY
 ADVANCE DIRECTIVE
advance directives are legal documents stating
the wishes of individuals regarding health care in
institutions in which they are no longer capable of
giving personal informed consent
types; living wills
durable power of attorny
 AUTOPSIES

17.  ORGAN AND TISSUE DONATION
In India 5,00,000 people die because of
non availability of organs per year and
1,50,000 people await a kidney transplant
but only 5,000 get one 10 lakh people suffer
from corneal blindness and await transplant
(Times of india)
Types;
live donation
cedaveric donation

18.  The transplantation of human organs
act, 1994
an act to provide for the regulation of
removal, storage and transplantation of
human organs for therapeutic purposes and
for the prevention of commercial dealings in
human organs and for matter connected
with it.
 transplantation of human organs bill
2013

19.  Medical termination of pregnancy act -1971
 The prenatal diagnostic techniques act and
rules

20.  Narcotics drugs and psychotropic
substances act 1985
 Mental health act ,1987

21.  Consumer protection act
 Prohibition of sexual harassment of women
at workplace bill,2010
 Biomedical waste (management and
handling) rules,1998

23.  The word ethics derived from the Greek
term ethos, which means ‘customs`
 Ethics can be defined as a branch of
philosophy that involves systematizing ,
defending and recommending concepts of
right and wrong conduct, often addressing
deputes of moral diversity(wikipedia)

24. 1. Autonomy
2. Beneficence
3. Nonmaleficence
4. Fidelity
5. Justice
6. veracity

25.  It involves the right of self-determination or
choice, independence and freedom
 Eg;the purposes of the preoperative
consent is to assure in writing that the
health care team respects the patients
independence by obtaining permission to
proceed

26.  This principle promotes taking positive,
active steps to help others
 Eg; a child immunisation causes discomfort
during administration but the benefits of
protection from disease both individual and
for society,outweigh the temporary
discomforts

27.  It refers to the fundamental agreement to
do no harm
 Eg;

28.  It refers to the agreement to keep promises
, commitments ,responsibilities that one
has made oneself and others
 Eg; if you assess a patient for pain and then
offer a plan to manage it, this principle
encourages you to do your best to keep the
promise to improve the patients comfort

29.  Telling the truth or intentionally decieving or
misleading patient
 Eg; should you tell the truth when you
know that it might cause harm to the
client?
 families go to great lengthens to protect a
dying patient from the harsh truth of his
prognosis ,and the patient himself may not
wish to know

30.  It refers principle of fairness
 It implies equal treatment of all clients
 Eg ;a national multidisciplinary committee
strives for fairness by ranking recipients
according to need, rather than resorting to
selling organs .

31.  Code of ethics is defined as `a specific set
of professional behaviours and values the
professional interpreter must know and
abide by including confidentiality, accuracy,
privacy, integrity.

32.  An ethical dilemma is a situation in
which a choice must be made between
two equally undesirable actions

33. 1. STAFF SHORTAGE
2. CULTURAL AND RELGIOUS SENSITIVITY
3. DELEGATION
4. TRUTH TELLING VS DECEPTION

34.  Knowledge of staff nurses regarding legal and
ethical responsibilities in the field of psychiatric
nursing
 A study to assess knowledge ,attitude and
practice of nurses regarding legal and ethical
concepts of nursing care of children in nicu and
picu of selected hospitals in chennai.
 Nurses responses to ethical dilemmas in nursing
practice ;meta analysis