2. The State of the Planet
Consequences: Four Earths needed in 2100
1900
2003
2050
2100

3. Variation of the temperature on Earth

4. Precipitation trends (1900 to 2000)

5. TEMPERATURE
PRECIPITATIONS
5 degrees = What separates us from the last glacial era (-15 000 BC)
Source : IPCC/SRESA2
Models’ forecasts : +1,4 to +5,8 degrees by 2100.

6. Visual impact of Climate Change

8. Less visual but with major impact
Consequences of
climate change:
Agriculture and food security
Crop yields, irrigation demands...
Forest
Composition, health and productivity...
Water resources
Water supply, water quality...
Coastal areas
Erosion, inundation, cost of prevention...
> Temperature increase
> Sea level rise
> More rain
Species and natural areas
Biodiversity, modification of ecosystems...
Human health
Infectious diseases, human settlements...

9. Climate Changes in
India
• Cooling trend in northwest
India and parts of South
India.
• Regional monsoon
variations: increased
monsoon seasonal rainfall
along the west coast,
northern Andhra Pradesh
and North-western India,
decreased monsoon
seasonal rainfall over
eastern Madhya Pradesh,
North-eastern India, and
parts of Gujrat and Kerala.

10. Climate Changes in India
• Observed trends of multidecadal periods of more
frequent droughts, followed
by less severe droughts.
• Studies have shown a rising
trend in the frequency of
heavy rain events and
decrease in frequency of
moderate events over
central India from 1951 to
2000.
10

12. Mean annual rainfall (mm) variation in Andhra Pradesh (1960-2009)
1300
1200
1000
900
800
700
600
19
60
19
63
19
66
19
69
19
72
19
75
19
78
19
81
19
84
19
87
19
90
19
93
19
96
19
99
20
02
20
05
20
08
Rainfall (mm)
1100

13. Rainfall (mm) departure in recent twenty five years (1985-09) over past
twenty five years (1960-84) in different districts of Telangana region of
Andhra Pradesh
150.0
102
Rainfall departure (mm)
100.0
75
50.0
6
WGL
KRM
-17
MDK
MHB
NLG
-15
HYD
0.0
ADB
KMM
NZB
-24
-50.0
-74
-100.0
-150.0
-99
-60

14. Rural Livelihoods - Resources
The livelihoods of the rural poor are directly
dependent on environmental resources.
land
Water
Forests
Energy
Are vulnerable to weather and climate variability
water stress
increases
groundwater
levels recede
soil fertility
declines
forest habitats
disappear.

16. Drought classification systems
Meteorological :• Normal precipitation below 25%.
Hydrological :• Prolonged meteorological drought and drying of
reservoirs, lakes, streams and rivers, cessation of spring
flows and fall in groundwater levels.
Agricultural :• Depletion of soil moisture during the growing season. A
dry situation with 20% probability and rainfall deficiency
of more than 25% in drought-prone states of India.
Indian National Commission on Agriculture (1978)

17. Drought 2009 cause and what can be done?!
The drought is rare of this magnitude and for many
people it is a one generation memory.
Meteorological and information factors are
responsible for this situation. Other cumulative
factors are:
· Global recession
· Increase in commodity prices
· Occurrence of diseases
· Increase and decrease in real estate prices
· Up and down of stock market
· Availability of credit is low
· National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme
– Deviation of labor for indirect natural resources
enhancement activities rather contributing to the
direct production activities. This has lead to Non
availability of labor or uneconomical to hire them.
Link

18. The drought-prone areas are confined mainly to the
peninsular and western parts of the country.
These regions suffer drought mostly due to the
cumulative effects of changing precipitation pattern,
excessive water utilization and ecologically
unsuitable agriculture practices
About 107 mha of the country spread over
administrative districts in several states is affected by
drought

19. Climate Change / Variability
in Semi-arid regions
Precipitation is less than
potential
evapotranspiration.
Low annual rainfall of 25
to 60 centimeters and
having scrubby vegetation
with short, coarse grasses;
not completely arid.

20. Freshwater management in India
Water Conservation
Watershed management
Water quality conservation
Inter basin water transfer
GW management
Recycle and reuse of water
Public involvement and capacity building
Anupma Sharma

21. Watershed activities focus on vulnerability reduction
Livelihood support
enforcing rights
Productivity of
natural resources
Enhancement of
knowledge

22. MGNREGA
'National Rural Employment Guarantee Act'2005 (NREGA)
Act guarantees 100 days of employment in a financial year to every household
a social safety net for the vulnerable groups and an opportunity to combine growth with
equity
Structured towards harnessing the rural work-force, not as recipients of doles, but as
productive partners in our economic process
assets created result in sustained employment for the area for future growth employment
and self-sufficiency
Operationalised from 2nd February, 2006 in 200 selected districts, extended to 130 more
districts in 2007-08.
The remaining districts (around 275) of the country under the ambit of NREGA from 1st of
April, 2008

23. Nature of Works
Water based
• » Water conservation
• » Water harvesting
• » Micro and minor
irrigation works
• » Provision of irrigation
facilities
• » Desilting of tanks
• » Renovation of traditional
water bodies
• » Flood control and
protection works
Land based
• » Land development
Forest/ Agro--Forestry
• » Afforestation
• » Horticulture
Infrastructure
• » Rural roads

24. Agriculture
India ‘s population is 1.21
billion in 2011. 67% are
rural. Majority are in
agriculture.
Importance of agriculture in
Indian economy. Although it
contributes only 15% of
GDP, the share of workers is
about 55%.
Marginal and small farmers
dominate
Major crops are rice, wheat,
maize, coarse cereals,
groundnut, cotton,
sugarcane, fruits and
vegetables
60% of cultivated area is
rainfed as only 40% of area
is under irrigation.
Rural poverty is 41%in
2004-05.
Agriculture is a ‘State
Subject’. In other words, the
policies of provinces are
also important

25. Area ( '000' ha ) under different pulse crops in Andhra
Pradesh (2000-01 to 2010-11)
Area ('000' ha) under cotton and jowar in Andhra Pradesh
(2000-01 to 2010-11)
2000
800
1800
700
Area {'000 ha)
1600
Area {'000 ha)
600
1400
500
1200
1000
400
300
200
Cotton
Jowar
Greengram
Redgram
Blackgram
800
600
400
100
200
0
0
00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04 04-05 05-06 06-07 07--08 08-09 09-10 10-11
00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04 04-05 05-06 06-07 07--08 08-09 09-10 10-11
Years
Years
Area ('000 ha) under groundnut in Andhra Pradesh
(2000-01 to 2010-11)
2000
1900
1800
1700
1600
1500
1400
1300
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
900
Area ('000 ha) under Maize in Andhra Pradesh
(2000-01 to 2010-11)
800
700
Area {'000 ha)
Area {'000
ha)
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04 04-05 05-06 06-07 07--08 08-09 09-10 10-11
Years
00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04 04-05 05-06 06-07 07--08 08-09 09-10 10-11
Years
Source: Dr. D. Raji Reddy, ANGRAU

26. Assessment of Vulnerability of Agriculture to climate change
Climate Change
Direct effects on
crop growth
•Physiology
•Phenology
•Morphology
Indirect effects
Socio economic
•Soil fertility
•Irrigation availability
•Pests
•Floods and droughts
•Sea level rise
•Food demand
•Costs and benefits
•Policy
•Trade
•Farmers response
•Human intervention
•Adaptation strategies
•Mitigation strategies
Agricultural production
and vulnerability
Source: Dr. D. Raji Reddy, ANGRAU

27. Climate Change / Variability in Semi-arid regions
Climate Variability and extremes are an
expected characteristic of semi-arid lands.
The people vulnerable to droughts, which
trigger frequent subsistence crises
Increasing crop
failures, dislocation, famine, poverty, increases
stratification and the social inequities.

28. Major challenges of Agriculture
Climate change variability extremes
Soil fertility
Water
management
Impact of
hazardous
pesticides and
nitrogen fertilizers
Burning of crop
residue
Alkalinity of soils

29. Vulnerability of poor in rural areas
Two-thirds of households derive income directly
from natural sources
Natural resources are threatened by stresses
Biotic & Abiotic
Agriculture & natural resource based livelihoods
at immediate risk
Rural poor do not have resources to cope

30. Adaptation Practices
•
•
Diversifying the livelihood sources
Changing cropping patterns
–
–
–
–
–
Stress-tolerant, climate-resilient varieties of seeds,
drip irrigation
zero-tillage
raised-bed planting
laser-levelling, Systems of Rice Intensification (SRI), can build adaptive capacities
to cope with increasing water stress, providing “more crop per drop”.
•
•
•
•
•
Planting more drought tolerant crops
Increased share of non-agricultural activities
Increased Agro-forestry practices
Improved on farm soil & water conservation
Change to a mixed cropping pattern
•
Access to information

31. Crop Insurance
•
•
•
•
A2.1. The National Agriculture Insurance Scheme has been implemented in Andhra
Pradesh since 1999-2000. The schemes are a mix of voluntary and compulsory
participation. They are voluntary at the state level in terms of specific areas and
crops. Once the specific area-crop combinations have been notified, participation
is compulsory for farmers in those areas cultivating the specific crops and taking
agricultural loans. In the case of loanee farmers the sum insured may be at least
equal to the crop loan advanced. All farmers can insure to the value of the
threshold yield of the insured crop.
A2.2. Eighteen crops are currently insurable under NAIS during Kharif season
(e.g., rice, maize, sunflower, groundnut, sugarcane, and cotton) and ten crops
during Rabi season (e.g., rice, maize, sunflower, and groundnut). The standard area
yield insurance scheme has recently been extended to farm income insurance and
rainfall insurance.
A2.3. The XI Finance Commission noted the need to strengthen the crop insurance
scheme as a supplementary measure to what is done by the government for
providing relief at the time of natural calamity.
WEATHER BASED CROP INSURANCE SCHEME [WBCIS]

32. CARBON
SEQUESTR
ATION
SPIRITUAL
CREMATIO
N
INCREASED
PRODUCTI
ON
SOIL
TEMPERAT
URE
REGULATE
D
BELIEFS
TERMITES /
ANTS
REPULSION
CULTURAL
ALTARS
ENERG
Y
RITUALS
MOISTURE
RETENTION
EARTHWO
RMS
INCREASE
FESTIVALS
WATER
CONSERVA
TION
SOIL
AMENDMENT
BIOCH
AR
BIOMASS
INSECT
REPELLE
NT
FOOD
BIOCHAR
COMPOST
PRESERV
ING
FOOD
FILTERIN
G MEDIA
NITROGEN
/
PHOSPHOR
OUS
RETENTION
SOIL
MICROBES
DENSITY
INCREASE
CLEANIN
G
NURSERIES
PESTICIDES
ADBSORBTI
ON
GOOD
STOVES
SOAK
PITS
MEDICIN
E
•TLUDs
•Other
stoves
POULTRY CH4
REDUCTION
PRACTICES
BIOCHAR
URINALS
MATTRE
SS
WASTE
MANAGEM
ENT
SOURCES
(BIOMASS)
CROP
RESIDUE
•Sludge
BIOCHAR
BRICKS
TOOTH
POWDER
AQUARI
UM /
TERRARI
UMS
AIR
QUALITY
WATER
TREATM
ENT
• CO2 /
CH4
ANIMALS
POULTRY
LITTER
Dr. N. Sai Bhaskar Reddy, GEO
http://e-geo.org | http://biocharculture.com
FYM /
COMPOST
LIVESTOCK URINE AND
DUNG

33. SOIL
AGRICUTURE
ANIMALS
ENERGY
PADDY
METHANE
EMISSIONS
REDUCTION
APPLICATION IN
ANIMAL PLACES
TO TAP
URINE, SANITAT
ION AND
EMISSIONS
REDUCTION
SOURCE FROM
EFFICIENT TLUD
COOK STOVES
BIOCHAR
PESTICIDE &
COMPLEX
CHEMICALS
AFFECTS
MITIGATION
EMMISIONS
REDUCTION
FROM FARM
YARD
MANURES AND
COMPOSTS
BIOCHAR
COMPOST
CROP RESIDUE
MANAGEMENT
HABITAT
BIOCHAR
BRICKS
SANITATION
HEALTH
WATER
BIOCHAR
URINALS
RITUAL /
SPIRITUAL /
RELIGIOUS /
PRACTICES
FIRE / ALTAR /
YAGNAS /
AGNIHOTRA
CLEANING
TEETH
BIOCHAR
TOILETS
BIOCHAR IN
AQUARIUMS
RUMINANT
ANIMALS
METHANE
EMISSIONS
REDUCTION AS
FEED ADDITIVE
SOAKING IN
WITH ANIMALS
URINE AND
EXCRETA VALUE
ADDITION
AS BY PRODUCT
FROM GASIFIER
STOVES, BOILER
S ETC
BIOCHAR IN
CATTLE SHEDS
BIOCHAR IN
POULTRY
FARMS
CHARCOAL
PRODUCTION
FROM BIOMASS
/ WASTE
MANAGEMENT
FIRE DURING
FESTIVALS
BIOCHAR IN
FRIDGES, MATT
RESSES, ETC.
BIOCHAR
TABLETS
WATER
PURIFICATION –
COLOR, ODOR,
REMOVAL OF
HARMFUL
ELEMENTS, ETC.
CREMATIONS
CLEANING
PLATES /
UTENSILS
BATHING
BIOCHAR IN
FOOD AS PART
OF FOOD
PREPARATIONS
NATURAL /
ARTIFICIAL
FIRES IN
FORESTS /
FIELDS, ETC.

34. Biocharculture
Biocharculture is the process of using Biochar,
including cultivation of crops
• Biochar is the charcoal produced from carbonaceous source
material. Sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide in terrestrial
ecosystems
• Biocharculture is one of the means to integrate for sustainable
cultivation and carbon sequestration.
• Biochar is usually produced at around temperatures 300 to 600
degrees centigrade for example as found in the common biomass
cook stoves.
• Because of its macromolecular structure dominated by aromatic
C, Biochar is more recalcitrant to microbial decomposition than
uncharred organic matter

35. Biocharculture Adaptation benefits
water conservation,
Lessen the impact
of hazardous
pesticides and
complex chemicals
& to reduce plant
uptake.
Conversion of crop
residue into Biochar
an option and
address carbon
sequestration
Increase in crop
yield
increases in
C, N, pH, and
available P to the
plants
Temperature
regulation in the
soil
Reduction in
leaching of the bio /
chem fertilizers
applied
Increase in the soil
microbes / worms
at the biochar and
soil interface
Securing the crop
from drought and
climate variabiiity
Reclaim the
degraded soils,
reducing emissions
and increasing the
sequestration of
greenhouse gases
Impacts of Biochar
last more than 1000
years.

36. CONTROL AND BIOCHAR - OKRA
Farmers focus
80% ON CROP
20% ON SOIL

37. BIOCHAR COMPOST

38. APPLICATION IN THE FIELDS

39. OKRA - CONTROL AND BIOCHAR PLOTS
CONTROL
4 KGS
BIOCHAR COMPOST
8 KGS
12 KGS

40. BIOCHAR
CONTROL
1.5 FEET
6 FEET

41. BIOCHAR
RESULTS
GSBC PROJECT, 2009 (DORUGHT
PREVAILED DURING THE GROWING
SEASON)

42. Methane Emissions from paddy fields

43. Biochar – livestock urine

44. Ref: http://...