The document discusses embedded systems and microcontrollers. It provides introductions to embedded systems, their applications, and microcontrollers. Specifically, it describes the 8051 microcontroller, its architecture including RAM, ROM, timers, ports, and registers. It also discusses interfacing the 8051 with common devices like LEDs, LCDs, motors, and 7-segment displays. Finally, it proposes a metro train prototype project using an 8051 to control stepper motors for train movement and door opening/closing, with an LCD for passenger information.

1. Presentation on
The 8051 Microcontroller and
Embedded Systems

2. • An embedded system is some combination of
computer hardware and software that is
specifically designed for a particular function.
• Embedded systems employ the use of a RTOS .
(Real-Time Operating System).
• RTOS sets the rules during execution of
application processes to enable finishing of a
process within the assigned time interval and
with assigned priority.
INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM

3. • Consumer electronics
• Telecommunications
• Automobiles
• Medical Instruments
• Industrial control equipment
• Defense
• Banking & Finance
• Entertainment
• Office automation
APPLICATIONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM

4. • A microcontroller is a computer-on-a-chip.
• Micro suggests that the device is small, and controller tells
you that the devise might be used to control objects,
processes, or events.
• Another term to describe a microcontroller is embedded
controller, because the microcontroller and its support
circuits are often built into, or embedded in, the devices they
control.
INTRODUCTION TO MICROCONTROLLER

5. MICROPROCESSOR
• Microprocessor is heart of
Computer system
• It is just a processor. Memory and
I/O components have to be
connected externally.
• Since memory and I/O components
are all external,it is relatively
slower.
• Microprocessors are based on von
Neumann model/ architecture.
• Cost of the entire system increases.
• Microprocessor have less number
of registers
• Micro Controller is a heart of
embedded system.
• Micro controller has internal
memory and I/O components.
• Since memory and I/O components
are all internal, it is relatively
faster.
• Micro controllers are based on
Harvard architecture.
• Cost of the entire system is low.
• Micro controller have more
number of registers
MICROCONTROLLER
MICROPROCESSOR Vs MICROCONTROLLER

6. A DESCRIPTIVE BLOCK DIAGRAM OF
MICROPROCESSOR & MICROCONTROLLER

7. • The 8051 is an 8-bit processor
• 128 bytes of RAM
• 4K bytes of on-chip ROM
• Two timers each of 16 bits
• One serial port
• Four I/O ports, each 8 bits wide
• 8 bits program status word (PSW)
• Oscillator and clock circuits
• 4 register banks where each has 8 registers
• 21 SFRs ( Special Function Register)
8051 ARCHITECTURE

8. PIN DIAGRAM OF 8051

9. • The four 8-bit I/O ports P0, P1, P2 and P3 each uses 8 pins.
• PORT 0: It can be used for input or output, each pin must be
connected externally to a 10K ohm pull-up resistor.
• PORT 1,2 & 3: these ports do not need any pull-up resistors since
they already have pull-up resistors internally.
• To reconfigure it as an input, a 1 must be sent to the port.
• To reconfigure it as an output, a 0 must be sent to the port.
• All the ports upon RESET are configured as input, ready to be
used as input ports.
• Sometimes we need to access only 1 or 2 bits of the port, then
we use ‘sbit’ to use these pins separately.
INPUT / OUTPUT PORTS

10. PSW (Program Status Word)

11. • Interfacing of LEDs with 8051 microcontroller.
• Interfacing of LCD with 8051 microcontroller.
• Interfacing of DC motor with 8051 microcontroller.
• Interfacing of 7-segment with 8051 microcontroller.
INTERFACING WITH 8051

12. PROJECT
WORK

13. • This project is designed to demonstrate the technology used in
now a day’s driver less metro trains.
• These trains are equipped with the CPU, which controls the
train.
• The train is programmed for the specific path.
• Every station on the path is defined; stoppage, timing of the
train and distance between the two stations is predefined.
To be continued…
INTRODUCTION TO METRO TRAIN
PROTOTYPE USING 8051

14. …
• Here we are using 2 stepper motors. One represents the motion
of the train and the other represents the opening and closing of
the doors.
• We are using an LCD display to provide information.
• Before stopping at station, the LCD will display the up next
station’s name, then the indication of opening/closing of the
doors.

15. Proposed Circuit for Metro Train Prototype