2. The complex of physical, chemical and biotic
factors that act upon an organism or an
ecological community and ultimately
determine its form and survival
3. Have intrinsic value of their own
Have value for the longer term
sustainability
Elements of the Human Environment
‘Intangible’ in Nature
Scarce in Absolute Terms
4. Environmental Resources
Based on Source of Origin Based on Renewability Based on Stage of Development
1. Biotic Resources 1. Renewable
Resources
1. Potential Resources
2. Actual Resources
2. Non-biotic
Resources
2. Non-Renewable
Resources
3. Reserve Resources
4. Stock Resources
5. Economic Growth:
“an increase in what an economy can produce if it is using all
its scarce resources”
8. Balance between Economic Growth and
Environmental Degradation by:
1. Less Energy Intensive and More Environmentally
Sound Models of Development
2. Breakdown of the Cycle of Poverty and
Environmental Destruction in LDCs
3. New Environmentally Safe Technologies
9. Total Greenhouse Emissions across the Globe
60.4% done by China, United States, Russia,
Japan, Germany, South Korea and Canada
Heavy Deforestation by Developed Countries
In the name of Industrialization
10.
11. United States:
2% Global Population Holding
25 % of Global Resources Use
Generating More Wastes
Unethical disposal of wastes by Developed
Countries through:
1. Shifting of Dirty Industries
2. Chemical Wastes dumplings
3. Electronic-Wastes dumplings
12. Global welfare through
Cooperation among Countries
Economic theory defines two types of goods:
1. Private goods: Principle of competition among
agents for good Consumption
2. Public goods:
Do not follow this principle
Limitless Consumption of Goods
13. No Contribution for the use of Public Resources
Initially individuals Better-off
Ultimately Everyone Worse-off
Failure to
Monetize Environmental Service
Quantify their economic value
Possibility of Solvency
Cooperative Game theory
14.
15. Cooperation at Local level brings Better result for Human and Environment
Difficult to achieve International Cooperation
International Cooperation: Possible with Enforceable Agreements
Application of Cooperative Game Theory: Achievement of Global Welfare