6. Effects of embalming
Alters the appearance of the body,
tissues and organs, making it difficult
to interpret any injury or disease.
Proteins are coagulated
Tissues are fixed
Organs are bleached and hardened
Blood converted in to a brownish mass
7. it completely destroys cyanide, alcohol
and many other substances
;determination of presence of many other
alkaloids and organic poisons become
very difficult.
Blood grouping can’t be done ; thrombi
and emboli will be dislocated and washed
away.
Produces a chemical stiffening similar to
rigor mortis and normal rigor doesn’t
develop; embalming rigidity is permenant
9. Indications
when the body has to be transported to distant
places
For public or private viewing as part of funeral
ceremony
Preserved for medical purposes in anatomical
laboratory
Embalming should be done within 6 hrs of death to
get desired effect
A dead body of 70kg requires 10 L of embalming
fluid of which 10% will be lost through various
drain and purging
16. Arterial embalming
Place body supine on table
Remove clothing and surgical dressing if
any and the body washed with an
antiseptic soap and warm water
Rigor mortis, if present should be broken
by bending, massaging, rotating the head
etc.
The nostrils are cleaned and plugged with
a wad of cotton soaked in arterial solution
17. Cheek may be filled out with cotton
soaked in arterial solution
Mouth and eyelid should be closed
If eyeball is sunken arterial solution
should be injected into the orbit and
eyeball
Head should be elevated 8-10cm and
placed on head rest and feet raised to
facilitate drainage
Anal orifice and vagina plugged similarly
18. Choice of vessels
The nearer the vessel to the heart, the
better the result specially for drainage
Single point injection leave the patches
of areas unfixed by the embalming
fluid
Multiple site injection used in
traumatic death, autopsied case and
postmortem mutilation
19. ‘six point injection involve
R/L common carotid A for head and
neck
R/L axillary A for upper limb
R/L femoral A for lower limb
On completion the vessel should be
ligated to prevent leakage of
embalming fluid
20. Each side of face injected seperately to
prevent distortion of face due to over
injection
After injection of one A it should be
ligated before injecting to other A
All drainage point should be ligated
after completion to prevent leak
22. Arterial injection
Forcing of fluid in an artery to reach
the tissues through the arteioles and
capillaries.
Diffusion occurs into cells and tissues
at the capillary level.
25. Types
1 Hand/ Foot pump
2 Stirrup pump
3 Bulb syringe
A manual pump similar to Higginson’s
syringe
Bulb type rubber syringe and rubber
tubing at either end
Valves allow suction on one side and
ejection on other side
26. 4 Gravity injector
Simplest, safest, slowest of injection
method
Gravity bottle or percolater should
hold 10 L of fluid and raised above
body
A rise of 1 m gives a fluid pressure of
0.6kg/sq.cm and 2 m about 1 kg/sq.cm
Take longer time and distribution of
fluid is uneven
27. 5 Motorised injectors
Fluid from injection tank is forced into
the vascular system using air from a
compression tank
Pressure and flow rate are controlled
by devices
10 L of arterial solution injected within
30 min
Injection pressure is about 2 kg/sq.cm
29. Method of injection
1 continuous injection and drainage
2 Continuous injection with disrupted
drainage
3 Alternate injection and drainage
4 Discontinuous injection and
drainage
30. Continuous injection and
drainage
Arterial injection is given continuosly
Vein tube kept open throughout
injection
Embalming time much shorter
Venous drainage and tissue saturation
is poor
Least satisfactory
31. Continuous injection with
disrupted drainage
Injection is continuous with vein tube
closed
Blood in the vein build up a resistance for
arterial flow which help in better
diffusion of fluid
Thick blood is discharged when drain tube
is opened
Better than continuous discharge and
drainage
32. Alternate injection and
drainage
Arterial fluid is injected for sometime
with drain tube closed
Injection is stopped when superficial
veins swell, and drain is opened
When the flow of blood from the drain
tube stop, it is closed and injection
started
This process repeated several time
33. Discontinuous injection and
drainage
This consists of repeated arterial injection
of small quantities at 2 hrs interval
The total quantity of injection fluid is in
excess of ordinary injection done at a time
Injection is continued for ¾ time
Venous drain tube which is closed is
opened a little before and open a little
after starting another dose of injection
Best method
34.
35. Cavity embalming(closed
cavity treatment)
Cavity treatment should be done after ½-1
hrs, which allow for the hardening of the
viscera and facilitate piercing of the gut
A motorised aspirator if available is better
A 30cm long trocar is inserted in to the
abdomen through small incision 5-6cm
above umbilicus in midline
36. Trocar is first directed upward,
backward and to the left to pierce and
aspirate the stomach
Trocar is slightly withdrawn and
pushed up toward right to pierce right
side of heart
Next the right and left pleural sacs are
reached by piercing diaphragm and
aspirated
37. Next several puncture are made in
small intestine, caecum, colon to suck
out content
Urinary bladder, sigmoid colon and
rectum should be aspirated
1 L of cavity fluid should be injected
in abdominal and 1 L in thoracic
cavity distributing it evenly throughout
the cavities
39. Medico legal aspects
1. Embalming should never be allowed
before autopsy, it may include
artifact and poses difficult in
interpretting the finding
2. Embalming provides chemical
stiffening similar to rigor mortis, so
difficulty arise in estimating time
since death
40. 3. Embalming alter appearance of the body so
interpretation of injuries become difficult
4. Embalming destroys cyanide, alcohol, opiates,
CO thus toxological analysis become useless or
difficult
5. Embalming kills bacteria so bacteriologic
evaluation become useless
6. Due to embalming blood group cannot be
made out
7. Detection of thrombus or embolism are not
possible
8. The dimensions of wounds may be modified
by the embalmer or new wounds may be
produced due to use of trocher