1. Life, Chemistry, and Water Chapter 2

6. Proportions of Elements Fig. 2-2, p. 23

11. Animation: Electron arrangements in atoms

15. Fig. 2-4a, p. 24 3 H (tritium) 1 proton 2 neutrons atomic number = 1 mass number = 3 Isotopes of hydrogen 1 H 1 proton atomic number = 1 mass number = 1 2 H (deuterium) 1 proton 1 neutron atomic number = 1 mass number = 2

16. Fig. 2-4b, p. 24 Isotopes of carbon 12 C 6 protons 6 neutrons atomic number = 6 mass number = 12 13 C 6 protons 7 neutrons atomic number = 6 mass number = 13 14 C 6 protons 8 neutrons atomic number = 6 mass number = 14

17. Animation: Isotopes of hydrogen

24. Animation: The shell model of electron distribution

26. Electron Orbitals Fig. 2-6, p. 27

27. Fig. 2-6, p. 27 Hydrogen (H) First energy level Neon (Ne) Lithium (Li) Beryllium (Be) Boron (B) Carbon (C) Nitrogen (N) Oxygen (O) Fluorine (F) Second energy level Third energy level Argon (Ar) Sodium (Na) Magnesium (Mg) Aluminum (Al) Silicon (Si) Phosphorus (P) Sulfur (S) Chlorine (Cl) Helium (He) Energy level 1 Energy level 2 Energy level 3 Elements not found Amount in living organisms Common elements Trace elements Number of electrons in energy levels Atomic number Number of electrons ( e – ) Number of protons ( p + )

28. Animation: Predicting the number of bonds of elements

34. Ionic Bond Fig. 2-7, p. 28

35. Fig. 2-7a, p. 28 a. Ionic bond formation between sodium and chlorine Cl – Electron loss Electron gain Sodium atom 11 e – 11 p + Na Sodium ion 10 e – 11 p + Na + Chlorine atom 17 e – 17 p + Chlorine ion 18 e – 17 p + Cl

36. Fig. 2-7a, p. 28 Stepped Art Cl – Sodium ion 10 e – 11 p + Na + Chlorine ion 18 e – 17 p + Electron loss Electron gain Sodium atom 11 e – 11 p + Na Chlorine atom 17 e – 17 p + Cl

37. Fig. 2-7b, p. 28 b. Crystals of sodium chloride (NaCl) Cl – Na +

40. Covalent Bonds Fig. 2-8, p. 30

41. Fig. 2-8a, p. 30 a. Shared orbitals of methane (CH 4 )

42. Fig. 2-8b, p. 30 b. Space-filling model of methane

43. Fig. 2-8c, p. 30 c. A carbon “building block” used to make molecular models

44. Fig. 2-8d, p. 30 d. Cholesterol Hydrogen Carbon Oxygen

45. Animation: How atoms bond

53. Fig. 2-11, p. 32 d. Pads on a seta a. Gecko inverted on glass b. Gecko toe c. Setae on toe

58. Hydrogen-Bond Lattice of Water Fig. 2-12, p. 33

59. Fig. 2-12, p. 33 b. Hydrogen-bond lattice of ice a. Hydrogen-bond lattice of liquid water

60. Animation: Structure of water

62. Membranes: The Lipid Bilayer Fig. 2-13, p. 34

63. Fig. 2-13, p. 34 Membrane covering cell surface Water molecule Polar end of membrane molecule Nonpolar end of membrane molecule Polar water solution outside cell Nonpolar region inside membrane Polar water solution inside cell

66. Animation: Spheres of hydration

72. Fig. 2-15a, p. 36 H 2 O a. Air Water surface

73. Fig. 2-15b, p. 36

78. pH Scale Fig. 2-16, p. 37

79. Fig. 2-16, p. 37 Hydrochloric acid (HCl) Gastric fluid (1.0–3.0) Lemon juice, cola drinks, some acid rain Vinegar, wine, beer, oranges Tomatoes Bananas Black coffee Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) Bread Typical rainwater Urine (5.0–7.0) Milk (6.6) Pure water [H+] = [OH–] Blood (7.3–7.5) Egg white (8.0) Seawater (7.8–8.3) Baking soda Phosphate detergents, bleach, antacids Soapy solutions, milk of magnesia Household ammonia (10.5–11.9) Hair remover Oven cleaner

80. Animation: The pH scale

81. Acid Rain Fig. 2-17, p. 38

85. Fig. 2-18, p. 39 Adverse physiological effects, such as dizziness, visual impairment, fainting, seizures, or death Rapid breathing Blood CO 2 concentration decreases Blood carbonic acid level decreases Blood pH changes from normal levels

86. Fig. 2-18, p. 39 Stepped Art Adverse physiological effects, such as dizziness, visual impairment, fainting, seizures, or death Rapid breathing Blood CO 2 concentration decreases Blood carbonic acid level decreases Blood pH changes from normal levels

87. Video: Covalent bonds

88. Video: The wine of life

89. Video: Isotopes