This document provides information on different types of aircraft. It discusses the main categories of aircraft as being aerostats and aerodynes, with aerostats being lighter than air and aerodynes being heavier than air. It then describes various types of fixed wing aircraft, including those classified by number of wings (monoplane, biplane, triplane), wing position (low wing, mid wing, high wing), wing shape, tail configuration, and motion. It also discusses aerodynamic forces, control surfaces like flaps, ailerons, and elevators, as well as components like the fuselage and aerofoils. In summary, the document categorizes and describes different types of aircraft based on factors like

2. AIRCRAFTS
 An aircraft is a machine which can derive it’s
support in the atmosphere from the reaction of
air against earth surface, either heavier or lighter
than air which includes balloons (fixed or free),
airships, kites, gliders and other flying machines.

3. AIRCRAFTS
Aerostates Aerodynes
Lighter than air.
Aerostat is a craft that
remains aloft primarily
through the use of
buoyant lighter than
air gases, which impart lift
to a vehicle with nearly
the same overall density
as air hot air balloons.
Heavier than air.
Any heavier-than-air craft
that derives its lift in flight
chiefly from aerodynamic
forces, such as the
conventional airplane,
glider, or helicopter. e. g.-
airships.

4. AERODYNES
Fixed dynes Rotor dynes
The wings are fixed and
hence called FIXED WING
AIRCRAFTS.
The wings are rotary and
hence called ROTOR WING
AIRCRAFTS.

5. FIXED WING AIRCRAFTS
Powered aircrafts Unpowered aircrafts
Unpowered aircraft are a group of
aerial vehicles that can fly
without onboard propulsion.
They can be classified
as gliders, balloons and kites.
A powered aircraft is
an aircraft that uses
onboard propulsion with mechanical
power generated by an aircraft
engine of some kind.
Aircraft propulsion nearly always
uses either a type of propeller, or a
form of jet propulsion. Other
potential propulsion techniques such
as ornithopters are very rarely used.

6. Fixed wing aircrafts
A fixed wing aircraft, typically called an
aeroplane, airplane or simply plane, is an aircraft,
capable of flight using forward motion that
generates lift as the wing moves through the air.
 Most fixed wing aircrafts are flown by a pilot or
board the aircraft, but some are designed to be
designed remotely or computer controlled.

7. Fixed wing aircrafts based on sets of wing
According to sets of wing, fixed aircrafts are of
three types.
a) Monoplane
b) Biplane
c) Tri plane

8. MONOPLANE
o A monoplane is a
fixed wing aircraft of
one main set of wing
surface.

9. BIPLANE
 A biplane is a fixed
wing aircraft with two
main wings stacked
one above other.

10. Triplane
 A tri plane is a fixed
wing aircraft
equipped with three
vertical stacked wing
surfaces.

11. Types of fixed wing aircrafts based
on position of wing
According to position of wing fixed wing aircrafts
are of three types.
a) Low wing aircrafts
b) Mid wing aircrafts
c) High wing aircrafts

12. Low wing aircraft
o This category is for
aircrafts with the
wings mounted at the
bottom or below the
fuselage.
• Dihedral wing at the
lower position gives
the aircraft more
stability.

13. Mid wing aircrafts
This category is for
aircrafts with the
wings mounted at the
mid point of the
fuselage.

14. High wing aircrafts
This category is for the
aircrafts with the
wings mounted above
the fuselage.
• Anhedral wings gives
the aircraft less
stability.

15. Aircrafts based on types of wing
I. Straight wing
II. Tapered wing
III. Elliptical wing
IV. Sweep back wing
V. Sweep forward wing
VI. Delta wing( triangular or arrow )

16. Aircrafts based on tail configuration
a) T- tail
b) H-tail
c) V-tail
d) Canard design (horizontal tail plane is ahead of
main plane.)
e) No tail( fly wing or delta wing. )

17. Motion of aircraft
 The aircraft has three axes such as
A. Longitudinal axis
B. Lateral axis
C. Normal axis or transverse axis
 about these three axes it has six degrees of
freedom.

18. PITCHING MOTION
 Nose up or nose down movement of the aircraft
is called pitching. It is a rotational motion of
aircraft about it’s lateral axis. The pitching
motion is controlled by the elevator. For
operating the elevator there is a control stick
provided at the cockpit.
 Pitching is positive when nose up & tail down and
vice versa.

19. ROLLING MOTION
 It is a rotational motion of aircraft about it’s
longitudinal axis. During rolling ,one wing goes
up and other goes down. It is controlled by
aileron.
 Rolling is positive when it is clockwise negative
when it is anti clock wise.( towards left )

20. YAWING MOTION
 It is a rotational motion of aircraft about the
normal axis. The movement of aircraft towards
right or left is called yawing. It is controlled by
rudder.
 Rudder deflects to right , nose moves to left and
tail moves to right.

21. AERODYNAMIC FORCES
1) WAIGHT- It is the force caused by the gravitational
attraction of earth.
2) LIFT- It is a mechanical force generated by a solid
object moving through a fluid.
3) DRAG- It is the component of a resultant
aerodynamic force which is parallel to the motion of
aircraft and act in the direction of relative wind or
opposite to the direction of motion of the aircraft.
4) THRUST- It is a propulsive force which is generated
to make the aircraft moving forward.

22. FLAP
 These are the inward
hinged portion of the wing
towards the trailing edge.
They can only deflects
downwards. In some cases,
they can be outward and
rearward. Flaps are used or
deployed only during low
speed flight to increase the
lifting capacity of the wing.
It is a high lift device.

23. Aileron
 An aileron is a flight
control surface usually
attached to the trailing
edge of each wing of
a fixed-wing aircraft.
Ailerons are used in pairs
to control the aircraft
in roll, or movement
around the
aircraft's longitudinal axis,
which normally results in a
change in heading due to
the tilting of the lift vector
is a hinged .

24. Rudder
 A rudder is a device used to steer
a aircraft that moves through a
medium (generally air or water). On an
aircraft the rudder is used primarily to
counter adverse yaw and is not the
primary control used to turn the
airplane. A rudder operates by
redirecting the fluid past the hull or
fuselage, thus imparting a turning or
yawing motion to the craft. In basic
form, a rudder is a flat plane or sheet of
material attached with hinges to the
craft's stern, tail, or after end. Often
rudders are shaped so as to minimize
hydrodynamic or aerodynamic drag.

25. Elevons
 Elevons are aircraft control
surfaces that combine the functions
of the elevator (used for pitch
control) and the aileron (used for
roll control), hence the name. They
are frequently used on tailless
aircraft such as flying wings. An
elevon that is not part of the main
wing, but instead is a separate tail
surface, is a stabilator (but
stabilators are also used for pitch
control only, with no roll function,
as on the Piper Cherokee series of
aircraft). The word "elevon" is
a portmanteau of elevator and
aileron.

26. Flaperons
 A flaperon is a type of
aircraft control surface that
combines aspects of
both flaps and ailerons. In
addition to controlling
the roll or bank of an
aircraft, as do
conventional ailerons, both
flaperons can be lowered
together to function
similarly to a dedicated set
of flaps. Both ailerons
could also be raised, which
would give spoilerons.

27. Ruddervators
 In aircraft, a V-tail (sometimes
called a Butterfly tail or
spelled Vee-tail) is an
unconventional arrangement
of the tail control surfaces that
replaces the traditional fin and
horizontal surfaces with two
surfaces set in a V-shaped
configuration when viewed
from the front or rear of the
aircraft. The rear of each
surface is hinged, and these
movable sections, sometimes
called ruddervators, combine
the tasks of the elevators and
rudder.

28. Aerofoil
 An aerofoil is the shape of
a wing or blade (of
a propeller, rotor,
or turbine) or sail as seen
in cross-section.
 An airfoil-shaped body
moved through
a fluid produces
an aerodynamic force. The
component of this
force perpendicular to the
direction of motion is
called lift. The component
parallel to the direction of
motion is called drag.

29. Types of aerofoil

Semi-symmetrical Airfoil: Most of the full size planes have this type
installed. Its thinner than the symmetrical airfoil and has lesser drag. It
has a fully curved top and a half curved bottom.
 Symmetrical Airfoil: They are curved on both sides, equally. Generate
high lifts with change in speed and power. They are generally thick and
hence are very strong. The plane maintains its altitude with change in
speed.
 Flat Bottom Airfoil: Flat bottoms are usually seen in trainer flights. They
look extremely thin. Its bottom is flat and top is curved. Flat bottom's
are speed sensitive. They are similar to symmetrical airfoils. When
power and speed is added it produces great lift
 Supersonic Airfoil: A supersonic airfoil is used to generate lift at
supersonic speeds. Its need arises when an aircraft is operated
consistently in supersonic range.
 Supercritical Airfoil: A supercritical is designed to delay the drag in the
transonic speed rangeare a few to name. A supercritical is designed to
delay the drag in the transonic speed range. They have a flat upper
surface, a highly cambered aft and a greater leading edge radius.

31. Fuselage
 A fuselage is a long, thin body, usually with tapered
or rounded ends to make its shape aerodynamically
smooth. The fuselage may contain the flight crew,
passengers, cargo or payload, fuel and engines. The
pilots of manned aircraft operate them from a cockpit
located at the front or top of the fuselage and
equipped with controls and usually windows and
instruments. A plane may have more than one
fuselage, or it may be fitted with booms with the tail
located between the booms to allow the extreme
rear of the fuselage to be useful for a variety of
purposes.

32. Structure of fixed wing
 Kites and some light weight gliders and aeroplanes have flexible wing
surfaces which are stretched across a frame and made rigid by the lift
forces exerted by the airflow over them. Larger aircraft have rigid wing
surfaces which provide additional strength.
 Whether flexible or rigid, most wings, have a strong frame to give them
their shape and to transfer lift from the wing surface to the rest of the
aircraft. The main structural elements are one or more spars running
from root to tip, and many ribs running from the leading (front) to the
trailing (rear) edge.
 Early aeroplane engines had little power and light weight was very
important. Also, early aerofoil sections were very thin, and could not
have strong frame installed within. So until the 1930s most wings were
too light weight to have enough strength and external bracing struts
and wires were added. When the available engine power increased
during the 1920s and 1930s, wings could be made heavy and strong
enough that bracing was not needed any more. This type of unbraced
wing is called a cantilever wing.

33. Function of fixed wing
 A fixed-wing aircraft increases or decreases the lift
generated by the wings when it pitches nose up or down
by increasing or decreasing the angle of attack (AOA). The
roll angle is also known as bank angle on a fixed-wing
aircraft, which usually "banks" to change the horizontal
direction of flight. An aircraft is usually streamlined from
nose to tail to reduce drag making it typically
advantageous to keep the sideslip angle near zero,
though there are instances when an aircraft may be
deliberately "sides lipped" for example a slip in a fixed-
wing aircraft
.Fixed-wing transport aircraft are defined in terms of their
range capability as strategic airlift or tactical airlift to
reflect the needs of the land forces which they most often
support. These roughly correspond to the commercial flight
length distinctions needed.

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