Reducing vulnerability of urban lowland areas
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Presentation presented at 11icud conference in eEdinburgh in 2008. 4 components to reduce vulnerability are presented: 1) Threshold capacity, 2) coping capacity 3) recovery capacity and 4) adaptive capacity. For a comprehensive approach to reduce vulnerability and increase resilience, all 4 capacities need to be taken into account.
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Reducing vulnerability of urban lowland areas
- 1. ‘Reducing vulnerability of urban lowland areas’ Rutger de Graaf
- 3. The concept of vulnerability • Why is it important: • Objective of society to become less vulnerable to environmental variation such as variation of water resources and variation of water levels • Future variation is uncertain
- 4. The concept of vulnerability • A common definition of vulnerability: ‘sensitivity of a system for exposure to shocks, stresses and disturbances, or the degree to which a system is susceptible to adverse effects’ (Leurs, 2003; Turner et al., 2003; IPCC, 2001; Schiller et al, 2001) • Disturbances or can be both exogenous or endogenous. (eg. A drought can be caused by low precipitation, bad water management or both)
- 5. The concept of vulnerability • Possible responses towards environmental variation that reduce vulnerability: • Reduce (or control!) environmental variation Building a threshold, example: • Reduce damage if this threshold is exceeded Develop ability to cope with impacts • Recover quickly and effectively after damage has occurred Develop ability to recover • If future variation is uncertain and potential impacts are large Develop ability to adapt
- 6. Type Time orientation Responsibility Threshold Capacity Damage prevention Past Clear Coping Capacity Damage reduction Instant Not clear Recovery Capacity Damage reaction Instant/ future Not clear Adaptive Capacity Damage anticipation Future Undefined The concept of vulnerability
- 7. Flood control Flood control Water supply Water supply Threshold Capacity Higher dikes Increase river capacity Increased reservoir capacity More efficient supply infra Coping Capacity Improve risk perception Emergency plan & warning Backup supply facilities Individual storage Recovery Capacity Disaster funds & Insurance Recovery plans Multi-source water supply Disaster funds & Insurance Adaptive Capacity Flood proof & flexible urbanization Small scale pilot projects Flexible portfolio of sources Small scale pilot projects The concept of vulnerability
- 8. The concept of vulnerability • Vulnerability of a system is difficult to assess because components of vulnerability are strongly interrelated. • Example: Increased flood defense (threshold capacity) leads to increased urbanization and a decreased flood risk perception (coping capacity).
- 9. Dutch vulnerability lock in Coping Capacity Adaptive Capacity Threshol d Capacity Recovery Capacity Urbanization Increased flood risk Higher dikes & pumping capacity Urbanization Vulnerable delta Land subsidence Increased vulnerability Lock-in
- 11. Coping capacity
- 14. Concluding remarks • If we accept that we cannot completely control environmental variation, developing threshold capacity only will make us vulnerable for rarely occurring, high impact flood events and drought events • 4 components of vulnerability framework may assist in developing more comprehensive strategies • Governance mechanisms to successfully introduce the 4 capacities in everyday practice of citizens and professionals are still lacking
- 15. Questions r.e.degraaf@tudelft.nl Literature: • Water Science and Technology, Vol 56 No 4, pp 165-173 • Natural Hazards, 2008 • Urban Water in Japan, Taylor& Francis Urban Water Series vol 11