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A  Randomized Controlled Study of the Effects of PopCap Games on Mood and Stress  Carmen V. Russoniello, Ph.D, LRT, LPC, BCIAC,  Jennifer M. Parks, CTRS Psychophysiology Lab and Biofeedback Clinic  East Carolina University  The study was underwritten by PopCap games
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Results from surveys indicated that people played PopCap video games because the games reduced their stress and improved their mood. Therapies such as board games, card games, biofeedback, meditation and massage have been useful in helping people change brain and autonomic nervous system activity from areas associated with depression and stress to areas associated with relaxation and alertness.
The purpose of the study therefore was to  determine whether PopCap games did indeed improve mood and/or decrease stress in players using psychological and physiological measures.
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The Profile of Mood States or POMS is a factor analytically derived inventory that measures six subscales: tension, depression, anger, vigor, fatigue, and confusion. In addition it calculates a “Total Mood Disturbance”. Internal consistency for the POMS has been reported at .90 or above. Test re-test reliability is reported between .68 and .74 for all factors.
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Heart rate variability (HRV) provides an accurate assessment of autonomic nervous system stress based upon variability in the inter-beat interval of heart beats ( Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology, 1996) . A robust HRV is associated with balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system (ANS).   HRV was recorded during the entire session using a small ear clip sensor. HRV changes indicated by decreases in very low frequency (sympathetic) norms and high frequency (para-sympathetic) norms were used as specific indicators of stress .   HRV Device and Ear Clip Sensor Physiological Measurement of Stress
The spheres on the following slides list the mean difference and standard error after comparing 5 minutes of baseline with control or game changes. Differences between individual games and the control group are also presented with related confidence intervals. The level of confidence was set at p. <.1 due to the similarity of the control group activity to the game groups and the exploratory nature of the study .
 
Subjects under the age of 25 had a  significant reduction in tension  after playing Peggle  (p=.09).
 
 
 
 
Subjects younger than 25 reported significant reductions in confusion after BWA (p=.04); Bejeweled (p=.002); Peggle (p=.002). Subjects older than 25  did not significantly differ.
 
 
 
 
Schiesel, S. A Graying Audience Discovers Video Games. The International Herald Tribune. Retrieved July 16, 2007from the Internet  www.iht.com Anderson, Craig A. and Brad J. Bushman.  “Effects of Violent Video Games On Aggressive Behavior, Aggressive Cognition, Aggressive Affect, Physiological Arousal, and Prosocial Behavior:  A Meta-Analytic Review of the Scientific Literature.”  American Psychological Society  12 (2001): 353-359. Lee, Joanne E. and Vessey, Judith A.  “Violent Video Games Affecting Our Children.”  Pediatric Nursing .  26.6  (November/December 2000) 607-610. Marjut Wallenius,  Raija-Leena Punamäki,  Arja Rimpelä. Digital Game Playing and Direct and Indirect Aggression in Early Adolescence: The Roles of Age, Social Intelligence, and Parent-Child Communication. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, (2007):  36 (3), 325-336. Retrieved July 6, 2007, from Research Library Core database. Calvert, Clay and Robert D. Richards.  “Violence and Video Games 2006:  Legislation and Litigation.”  Texas  Dekanter, Nike.  “Gaming Redefines Interactivity for Learning.”  TechTrends  49 (2005): 26-31. Funk, J. B. Video games.  Adolescent Medicine Clinics , (2005): 16 (2), 395-411. Hutchison, David.  “Video Games and the Pedagogy of Place.”  The Social Studies .  98.1 (January/February 2007) 35-40. Simpson, E. S. Evolution in the classroom: What teachers need to know about the video game generation.  Tech Trends , (2005):  49 (5), 17-22. Agosto, Denise E. “Girls and Gaming: a study of the research with implications for practice.”  Teacher Librarian 31.  (2004): 8-15 Flores, Alfredo. “Using Computer Games and Other Media to Decrease Child Obesity.”  Agricultural Research 54.  (2006): 8-10.
Monastra, V. Clinical applications of electroencephalographic biofeedback. In Biofeedback: A practitioner’s guide. Schwartz, M. A. & Andrasik, F. (Eds.). 2003;438-470. Hope Lab. Re-Mission™ Outcomes Study: A Research Trial of a Video Game Shows Improvement in Health-Related Outcomes for Young People with Cancer. Retrieved July 14, 2007 from   http://www.hopelab.org/docs/HopeLab%20-%20Re-Mission%20Outcomes%20Study.pdf   Axelrod, S. Gordon, Ubel, F. A. Shannon, D. C., Berger, A.C. Cohen, R. J. Power spectrum analysis of heart rate fluctuation: a quantitative probe of beat to beat cardiovascular control.  Science , 1981; 213: 220-22. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use.  Circulation  1996, 93(5): 1043-1065. Wilkinson, D. J. C., Thompson, J. M., Lambert, G. W., Jennings, G. L., Schwarz, R. G., Jefferys, D., Turner, A. G., and Esler, M. D. Sympathetic activity in patients with panic disorder at rest, under laboratory mental stress and during panic attacks.  Arch Gen Psychiatry  1998,  55: 511-520 Mussleman, D. L., Evans, D. L., and Nemeroff, C. B. The relationship of depression to cardiovascular disease.  Arch Gen Psychiatry  1998, 55: 580-592 Biocom Technologies. HRV Live Measuring and Monitoring System. Retrieved from  www.biocomtech.com  July 14, 2007. Nexus 32 Physiological Measuring System. The Stens Corporation.  http://www.stens-biofeedback.com/products/nexus32.htm Davidson, R. J. EEG measures of cerebral activation: Conceptual and methodological issues. International Journal of Neuroscience, 1988: 39, 71-89.
Marshall PJ, Fox NA: Emotion regulation, depression, and hemispheric asymmetry, in Stress, Coping, and Depression. Edited by Johnson SL, Hayes AM. Mahwah, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2000, pp 35-50 Field, T., Grizzle, N., Scafidi, F., Abrams, S., Richardson, S., Kuhn, C., & Schanberg, S. Massage therapy for infants of depressed mothers. Infant Behavior and Development, 1996: 19, 107-112. Field, T., Grizzle, N., Scafidi, F., & Schanberg, S. Massage and relaxation therapies' effects on depressed adolescent mothers. Adolescence, 1996: 31, 903-911. Field, T., Ironson, G., Scafidi, F., Nawrocki, T., Goncalves, A., Pickens, J., Fox, N. A., Schanberg, S., & Kuhn, C. Massage therapy reduces anxiety and enhances EEG patterns of alertness and math computations. International Journal of Neuroscience, 1996: 56, 197-205. Fox, N. A. If it's not left, it's right: Electroencephalogram asymmetry and the development of emotion. American Psychologist,1991:  46, 863-872. McNair, D. M., Lorr, M. & Droppleman, L. F. Profile of mood states. San Diego: Educational and Testing Industrial Testing Service, 1981.  Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., Mermelstein, R. A global measure of perceived stress.  Journal of Health and Social Behavior , 1983:  24 , 385-396. Cohen, S., & Williamson, G. Perceived stress in a probability sample of the United States. In S. Spacapam & S. Oskamp (Eds.),  The social psychology of health: Claremont Symposium on applied social psychology.  Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1988.
Carmen V. Russoniello, Ph.D., Director  Psychophysiology Lab and Biofeedback Clinic East Carolina University Belk Building Suite 2501 Greenville, NC 27858 [email_address] 252-328-0024 www.ecu.edu/biofeedback

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Games For Health 050908final

  • 1. A Randomized Controlled Study of the Effects of PopCap Games on Mood and Stress Carmen V. Russoniello, Ph.D, LRT, LPC, BCIAC, Jennifer M. Parks, CTRS Psychophysiology Lab and Biofeedback Clinic East Carolina University The study was underwritten by PopCap games
  • 2.
  • 3. Results from surveys indicated that people played PopCap video games because the games reduced their stress and improved their mood. Therapies such as board games, card games, biofeedback, meditation and massage have been useful in helping people change brain and autonomic nervous system activity from areas associated with depression and stress to areas associated with relaxation and alertness.
  • 4. The purpose of the study therefore was to determine whether PopCap games did indeed improve mood and/or decrease stress in players using psychological and physiological measures.
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7. The Profile of Mood States or POMS is a factor analytically derived inventory that measures six subscales: tension, depression, anger, vigor, fatigue, and confusion. In addition it calculates a “Total Mood Disturbance”. Internal consistency for the POMS has been reported at .90 or above. Test re-test reliability is reported between .68 and .74 for all factors.
  • 8.
  • 9. Heart rate variability (HRV) provides an accurate assessment of autonomic nervous system stress based upon variability in the inter-beat interval of heart beats ( Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology, 1996) . A robust HRV is associated with balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). HRV was recorded during the entire session using a small ear clip sensor. HRV changes indicated by decreases in very low frequency (sympathetic) norms and high frequency (para-sympathetic) norms were used as specific indicators of stress . HRV Device and Ear Clip Sensor Physiological Measurement of Stress
  • 10. The spheres on the following slides list the mean difference and standard error after comparing 5 minutes of baseline with control or game changes. Differences between individual games and the control group are also presented with related confidence intervals. The level of confidence was set at p. <.1 due to the similarity of the control group activity to the game groups and the exploratory nature of the study .
  • 11.  
  • 12. Subjects under the age of 25 had a significant reduction in tension after playing Peggle (p=.09).
  • 13.  
  • 14.  
  • 15.  
  • 16.  
  • 17. Subjects younger than 25 reported significant reductions in confusion after BWA (p=.04); Bejeweled (p=.002); Peggle (p=.002). Subjects older than 25 did not significantly differ.
  • 18.  
  • 19.  
  • 20.  
  • 21.  
  • 22. Schiesel, S. A Graying Audience Discovers Video Games. The International Herald Tribune. Retrieved July 16, 2007from the Internet www.iht.com Anderson, Craig A. and Brad J. Bushman. “Effects of Violent Video Games On Aggressive Behavior, Aggressive Cognition, Aggressive Affect, Physiological Arousal, and Prosocial Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Review of the Scientific Literature.” American Psychological Society 12 (2001): 353-359. Lee, Joanne E. and Vessey, Judith A. “Violent Video Games Affecting Our Children.” Pediatric Nursing . 26.6 (November/December 2000) 607-610. Marjut Wallenius,  Raija-Leena Punamäki,  Arja Rimpelä. Digital Game Playing and Direct and Indirect Aggression in Early Adolescence: The Roles of Age, Social Intelligence, and Parent-Child Communication. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, (2007): 36 (3), 325-336. Retrieved July 6, 2007, from Research Library Core database. Calvert, Clay and Robert D. Richards. “Violence and Video Games 2006: Legislation and Litigation.” Texas Dekanter, Nike. “Gaming Redefines Interactivity for Learning.” TechTrends 49 (2005): 26-31. Funk, J. B. Video games. Adolescent Medicine Clinics , (2005): 16 (2), 395-411. Hutchison, David. “Video Games and the Pedagogy of Place.” The Social Studies . 98.1 (January/February 2007) 35-40. Simpson, E. S. Evolution in the classroom: What teachers need to know about the video game generation. Tech Trends , (2005): 49 (5), 17-22. Agosto, Denise E. “Girls and Gaming: a study of the research with implications for practice.” Teacher Librarian 31. (2004): 8-15 Flores, Alfredo. “Using Computer Games and Other Media to Decrease Child Obesity.” Agricultural Research 54. (2006): 8-10.
  • 23. Monastra, V. Clinical applications of electroencephalographic biofeedback. In Biofeedback: A practitioner’s guide. Schwartz, M. A. & Andrasik, F. (Eds.). 2003;438-470. Hope Lab. Re-Mission™ Outcomes Study: A Research Trial of a Video Game Shows Improvement in Health-Related Outcomes for Young People with Cancer. Retrieved July 14, 2007 from http://www.hopelab.org/docs/HopeLab%20-%20Re-Mission%20Outcomes%20Study.pdf Axelrod, S. Gordon, Ubel, F. A. Shannon, D. C., Berger, A.C. Cohen, R. J. Power spectrum analysis of heart rate fluctuation: a quantitative probe of beat to beat cardiovascular control. Science , 1981; 213: 220-22. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use. Circulation 1996, 93(5): 1043-1065. Wilkinson, D. J. C., Thompson, J. M., Lambert, G. W., Jennings, G. L., Schwarz, R. G., Jefferys, D., Turner, A. G., and Esler, M. D. Sympathetic activity in patients with panic disorder at rest, under laboratory mental stress and during panic attacks. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998, 55: 511-520 Mussleman, D. L., Evans, D. L., and Nemeroff, C. B. The relationship of depression to cardiovascular disease. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998, 55: 580-592 Biocom Technologies. HRV Live Measuring and Monitoring System. Retrieved from www.biocomtech.com July 14, 2007. Nexus 32 Physiological Measuring System. The Stens Corporation. http://www.stens-biofeedback.com/products/nexus32.htm Davidson, R. J. EEG measures of cerebral activation: Conceptual and methodological issues. International Journal of Neuroscience, 1988: 39, 71-89.
  • 24. Marshall PJ, Fox NA: Emotion regulation, depression, and hemispheric asymmetry, in Stress, Coping, and Depression. Edited by Johnson SL, Hayes AM. Mahwah, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2000, pp 35-50 Field, T., Grizzle, N., Scafidi, F., Abrams, S., Richardson, S., Kuhn, C., & Schanberg, S. Massage therapy for infants of depressed mothers. Infant Behavior and Development, 1996: 19, 107-112. Field, T., Grizzle, N., Scafidi, F., & Schanberg, S. Massage and relaxation therapies' effects on depressed adolescent mothers. Adolescence, 1996: 31, 903-911. Field, T., Ironson, G., Scafidi, F., Nawrocki, T., Goncalves, A., Pickens, J., Fox, N. A., Schanberg, S., & Kuhn, C. Massage therapy reduces anxiety and enhances EEG patterns of alertness and math computations. International Journal of Neuroscience, 1996: 56, 197-205. Fox, N. A. If it's not left, it's right: Electroencephalogram asymmetry and the development of emotion. American Psychologist,1991: 46, 863-872. McNair, D. M., Lorr, M. & Droppleman, L. F. Profile of mood states. San Diego: Educational and Testing Industrial Testing Service, 1981. Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., Mermelstein, R. A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior , 1983: 24 , 385-396. Cohen, S., & Williamson, G. Perceived stress in a probability sample of the United States. In S. Spacapam & S. Oskamp (Eds.), The social psychology of health: Claremont Symposium on applied social psychology. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1988.
  • 25. Carmen V. Russoniello, Ph.D., Director Psychophysiology Lab and Biofeedback Clinic East Carolina University Belk Building Suite 2501 Greenville, NC 27858 [email_address] 252-328-0024 www.ecu.edu/biofeedback