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Intro to ir umd talk
- 1. Introduction To Interventional Radiology Examples: Liver Cancer, Blood Clots, and Infection October, 23, 2013 Karun Sharma Children’s National Health System, Washington DC
- 2. What is Interventional Radiology? – Image guided Therapy: Combines patient care with cutting-edge technology, tools and techniques. – A subspecialty of radiology that uses imaging guidance (X-ray, Ultrasound, CT Scan and MRI) to perform minimally invasive procedures (less invasive than surgery) using needles and catheters rather than scalpels – www.sirweb.org
- 3. Uses Anatomy and Imaging to Navigate Inside the Body
- 4. Tools of the Trade: Where we work
- 5. Tools of the Trade: What we use 3 Fr=1mm
- 6. IR Procedures • Vascular – Open up narrowed arteries (angioplasty & stenting) – Close off bleeding arteries (embolization: coils and particles) – Put chemotherapy directly into tumors using arteries • Chemoembolization (Liver Cancer) – Remove blood clots in arteries and veins • DVT Thrombolysis • Non Vascular – Image guided Biopsy (Liver, Kidney, other organs) – Image guided Tumor Ablation – Image guided Abscess Drainage • Treatment of life threatening Infection
- 7. IR Tools - Hands On Session • • • • • Catheters Multipurpose Drains Infusion Catheter Embolic Agents (coils and particles) Trellis device
- 8. Patient with Liver Cancer: Treatment with Chemoembolization
- 9. Liver Cancer: Hepatocellular Carcinoma • 530,000 new cases in the world • Very hard to treat – The best chemotherapy prolongs life for only 3 months – Surgery or Liver Transplant are best “cure” BUT many patients can’t have these: too sick for surgery or too many tumors or tumors are too big • Interventional Radiology offers a minimally invasive treatments – Needle ablation: heat and kill the tumor – Chemoembolization: deliver chemotherapy to tumor – Radioembolization - deliver radiation to tumor
- 10. Chemoembolization: Rationale • Discrepancy in blood supply to liver and tumor – Normal Liver (20% artery : 80% portal vein) – Liver Tumors (80% artery : 20% portal vein) • Use catheter to deliver (chemo) therapeutic into artery feeding the tumor and block it off to reduce blood supply (embolization) – First described in Japan in 1970’s – Increases local drug concentration and dwell time
- 11. Chemoembolization: As easy as 1,2,3 1) Gain access 2) Select tumor feeding artery Tumor Catheter Portal vein 3) Administer drug & embolic Liver Hepatic artery Objective: Deliver a high dose of chemotherapy to the tumor and shut off the blood supply
- 12. Chemoembolization Get the catheter into tumor feeding artery Delivery chemotherapy (Lipiodol or Beads) Shut off blood supply High chemotherapy concentration in the tumor with lower systemic exposure
- 13. Patient Example • 62 year old man • Hepatitis C cirrhosis • New 5.6 X 4.5 cm liver tumor - tennis ball
- 14. Pre-procedural Imaging - MRI Early Arterial Enhancement Less enhancement in Later (Portal Vein) phase Contrast wash out in later phase
- 15. Procedural Steps 1. Define anatomy Superior Mesenteric Artery Celiac Artery Portal Vein 2. Isolate tumor supply 3. Position Catheter 4. Deliver chemotherapy and embolic material 5. Follow- up angiography to monitor progress 6. Remove catheter and Sheath
- 16. Fluoroscopic Findings After TACE No Residual Blood Flow to the tumor following TACE Lipiodol Deposited in the tumor following TACE
- 17. CT scan and MRI after treatment Tumor Marker Decreased (AFP: 59012) Doing well 3 years after Liver Transplant
- 18. Patient with Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Treatment with Thrombolysis
- 19. Blood Clots (VTE) Disease: A Public Health Crisis • Up to 2 million Americans suffer from blood clots annually • Approximately 600,000 experience blood clots in lungs (PE) • Almost 300,000 die from PE (majority from DVT) • Post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) results in: • Chronic leg pain and swelling • Skin ulcers American Public Health Association. Presented at: Public Health Leadership Conference: February 26, 2003: Washington, DC. Heit et al., on behalf of the VTE impact assessment group. Poster #68. Presented at: 47th Annual Meeting and Exposition, American Society of Hematology; December 10-13, 2005; Atlanta, Ga.
- 20. DVT Treatment • Treatment Options: Blood Thinners - Heparin and Coumadin (STANDARD TREATMENT) Clot Busters - TPA - approved for Heart Attack, Stroke and PE • IR Option: Combine Pharmacomechanical Thrombolysis (Local Device + Drug)
- 21. Local Thrombolytic Delivery: Drug + Devices
- 22. DVT Case • 47 year old woman with left leg pain and swelling from DVT • Tried blood thinning for two weeks but pain and swelling got worse – couldn’t walk
- 26. During Treatment – 8 mg tPA
- 27. Patient with abdominal abscess: Treatment with percutaneous drain placement
- 28. What is an abscess? • Infected fluid collection (pus) – Surrounding Wall – Antibiotics may not help – Seen with Ultrasound – Seen with CT • Clinical Signs – Pain and Fever – High WBC count – Sepsis can lead to death
- 29. Why drain an abscess? • Symptoms – Infection (sepsis) – Pain and Fever – Very sick and in the ICU • Common Causes – – – – – Appendicitis Surgery/Trauma Pneumonia Pancreatitis Diverticulitis
- 30. Case: AR • 11 yo girl with appendicitis • Had surgery but developed fever and pain – CT: pelvic fluid collection – US shows pelvic collection – CT guided abscess drain placed and 400 mL of pus was drained – 1000 mL drained over the next two days – Symptoms resolved – Drain removed
- 31. Post OP CT: 11.30.12
- 32. US 12.05.12
- 33. CT guided Abscess Drain: 12.06.12
Notas do Editor
- Obligatory Clinical Significance slide
- DVT, along with pulmonary embolism (PE), is a major public health crisis (NQF, JCAHO, Surgeon Generals Office) have made it a priority Take a look at the figures: up to 2 million Americans suffer from DVT each year and about 600,000 experience PE Nearly 300,000 people die from PE annually, the majority of these cases resulting from DVT Studies show that complications from DVT kill more Americans each year than AIDS and breast cancer combined
- Initial venogram, Note the extensive filling defect and lack of collateral channels in the left femoral and common iliac veins.
- The thrombus has been traversed. The proximal and distal balloons have been inflated and tPA has been administered. Now the device is activated for about 10 minutes. At the end, the thrombus fragments and lytic are aspirated and the device is removed.
- Here is a follow up venogram. Notice that the filling defects are gone and there is good flow in the femoval and external iliac veins. Because of the underlying etiology (May Thurner), a stent was placed in the damaged segment of the common Iliac vein. This is not necessary in most patients.