2. OBJECTIVES
Participants should be able to demonstrate:
– How to assess the collapsed victim
– How to perform chest compression and
rescue breathing
– How to place an unconscious breathing
victim in the recovery position.
2
3. How many times does the human
Heart beat in a day ?
1,00,800 beats per day
(70 beats x 60 minutes x 24
hours = 1,00,800 beats)
4. BRAIN TISSUE = ?
HEART TISSUE =?
KIDNEY TISSUE=?
CPR=CPCR
CARDIO PULMONARY CEREBRAL RESUSCITATION
Death of Tissue after cutoff oxygen
4
6. DEFINITIONS
CARDIAC ARREST: Abrupt cessation
of cardiac pump function which may
be reversible by a rapid intervention
but will lead to death in its absence.
DEATH: Irreversible cessation of all
biologic functions
7. Introduction:
Lack of resuscitation skills of nurses and doctors
in basic life support (BLS) and advanced life
support (ALS) has been identified as a contributing
factor to poor outcomes of cardiac arrest victims.
The hypothesis was that nurses’ knowledge on
BLS and ALS would be related to their
professional background as well as their
resuscitation training.
7
8. Introduction...
Approximately 700,000 cardiac arrests per year
in Europe
Survival to hospital discharge presently
approximately 5-10%
Bystander CPR vital intervention before arrival of
emergency services – double or triple survival
from sudden cardiac arrest (SCA).
Early resuscitation and prompt defibrillation
(within 1-2 minutes) can result in >60% survival
8
10. BASIC LIFE SUPPORT
Sequences of procedures performed to restore
the circulation of oxygenated blood after a
sudden pulmonary and/or cardiac arrest
Chest compressions and pulmonary ventilation
performed by anyone who knows how to do it,
anywhere, immediately, without any other
equipment
Protective devices
10
11. BLS
Its Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR).
Combines rescue breathing and chest
compressions
Revives heart (cardio) and lung
(pulmonary) functioning
– Use when there is no breathing and no pulse
Provides O2 to the brain until ACLS
arrives
11
12. How CPR Works
Effective CPR provides 1/4 to
1/3 normal blood flow
Rescue breaths contain 16%
oxygen (exhaled).
12
13. Start CPR Immediately
Better chance of survival
Brain damage starts in 4-6
minutes
Brain damage is certain after
10 minutes without CPR
13
14. Do Not Move the Victim Until CPR is
Given and Qualified Help Arrives…
unless the scene dictates
otherwise
– threat of fire or explosion
– victim must be on a hard surface
– Place victim level or head slightly
lower than body
14
15. Even With Successful CPR, Most
Won’t Survive Without ACLS
ACLS (Advanced
Cardiac Life
Support)
ACLS includes
defibrillation,
oxygen, drug
therapy
15
17. Basic Life Support (BLS)
ABCs - Airway, Breathing, Circulation
Steps to follow in BLS
– Approach Safely
– 1. Check the responsiveness of the victim
– 2. Call for Help
– 3. Position victim on his or her back
– 4. Open the airway
– 5. Assess breathing
– 6. Assess circulation
– 7. Stay with the victim until help arrives.
17
20. CHECK RESPONSE
– Shake shoulders gently
– Ask “Are you all right?”
– If he responds
• Leave as you find him.
• Find out what is wrong.
• Reassess regularly.
20
22. Open the airway with the head tilt-
chin lift method to check for
breathing.
Check for Breathing
22
23. OPEN AIRWAY
Head tilt and chin lift
- lay rescuers
- non-healthcare rescuers
No need for finger sweep
unless solid material can be
seen in the airway
23
24. Look, listen and feel for breathing
for not over 10 seconds.
Check for Breathing
24
28. Use a barrier device of some type
while giving breaths.
Giving Breaths
28
29. Give 2 breaths, each for about 1
second, watching the chest rise
and fall.
Giving Breaths
29
30. RESCUE BREATHS
Pinch the nose
Take a normal breath
Place lips over mouth
Blow until the chest rises
Take about 1 second
Allow chest to fall
Repeat
30
31. RESCUE BREATHS
RECOMMENDATIONS:
- Tidal volume
500 – 600 ml
- Respiratory rate
give each breaths over about 1s with enough
volume to make the victim’s chest rise
- Chest-compression-only
continuously at a rate of 100 min
31
32. Pocket mask vs bag-valve mask
• Easy to use and
easily available
• One way valve
• Can give O2 up to
50%
Pocket
mask
• Takes more skill and
requires 2 people in
most cases
• Can give O2 up to
85%
Bag-
valve
Mask
33. Give 30 chest compressions, hard
and fast, positioning hand
midway between breasts.
Giving Chest Compressions
33
34. Use cycles of 2 breaths and 30
compressions.
Cycles of
Breaths/Compressions
2 breaths +
30 compressions
34
35. • Place the heel of one hand in the
centre of the chest
• Place other hand on top
• Interlock fingers
• Compress the chest
– Rate 100 min-1
– Depth 4-5 cm
– Equal compression : relaxation
• When possible change CPR
operator every 2 min
CHEST COMPRESSIONS
35
38. Date
East of England Ambulance Service
NHS Trust
BLS & AED
12/02/201538
Understanding Defibrillation
The heart’s pumping
action controlled by
electrical system
Electrical rhythm normally
very organized
Normal heart’s rhythm is
called “Sinus Rhythm”
Normal heart rate of 60 -
100 beats per minute
Sinus Rhythm
39. Date
East of England Ambulance Service
NHS Trust
BLS & AED
12/02/201539
Understanding Defibrillation:
Ventricular Fibrillation (VF)
VF is the most common
rhythm in Sudden
Cardiac Arrest (90%)
Electrical Problem in
Nature
Chaotic rhythm results in
“quivering of heart” and
results in loss of pulse
VF will result in brain
damage within 5 minutes
and death in 10-15
minutes
40. Date
East of England Ambulance Service
NHS Trust
BLS & AED
12/02/201540
Understanding Defibrillation
Defibrillation may correct VF
Uses DC current delivered
across the heart
A successful defibrillation
“depolarizes” the heart’s
cells
Depolarization allows the
cells to “reorganize”
Defibrillation is the ONLY
effective cure for VF!
41. DC Shock: Joules
AED OR Defibrillation Machine
150-360 Joules: Monophasic
150-270 Joules: Biphasic
41
42. Use the AED as soon as it is
available and ready to use.
Use of an AED
Automated External Defibrillator42
43. Follow the AED prompts to give a
shock, then give CPR again
while the AED is analyzing the
victim’s rhythm.
Using AED and CPR
43
44. First turn it on.
Then simply follow instructions.
Using an AED
44
53. DEFIBRILLATION SAFETY !
THE PATIENT.
5 point check
Pacemaker
Jewellery
Hair on chest
Damp/Wet skin
Patches (GTN)
THE AED.
In good working order
Do Not use in Heavy
rain
Do Not use if they lay in
a pool of water
Do Not use in an
explosive environment !
54. If the victim responds, position him
in the recovery position and
monitor breathing until help
arrives.
The Recovery Position
Infant Recovery Position
54
55. Complications of CPR
Skeletal injuries especially rib#
Visceral injuries- myocardial and pulmonary
contusions, blood in pericardial sac,
pneumothorax, liver and spleen rupture, gastric
perforation
Airway injuries- tracheal & laryngeal injuries
Skin and integument damage
56. Immediately after CPR…
Laryngoscopy; 100% oxygen
Urinary catheter
NG tube
establish or verify existing intravenous
access; start with NS
Transfer to a special care unit for
continuous monitoring and therapy.
57. After CPR…
Complete exam including
– serial vitals
– urine output
– 12-lead ECG
– Chest x-ray
– Blood glucose
– Serum urea,
creatinine
– serum electrolytes
(+Mg++ and Ca++)
– Cardiac markers
58. Atropine, Adrenaline, CaCl2,
Digoxin
Atropine: 5 amp (3 mg) single bolus dose to
increase heart rate
Adrenaline: 1 ml=1mg, 1amp=1:1000 dilution,
1gm=1000mg, 1000mg=1000ml 1mg every 2-3
min till B P is maintained
Cacl 2= 5-10 mmol
Digoxin = 0.5 mg stat then 0.25 mg 6hrly
59. Factors contributing to cardiac arrest or complicating
resuscitation or post-resuscitation care
H’s
Hypovolemia
Hypoxia
H+ (acidosis)
hyper-/hypokalemia
Hypoglycemia
hypothermia
T’s
Toxins
tamponade (cardiac)
tension pneumothorax
thrombosis of coronary or
pulmonary vasculature
trauma
60. Prognosis
5 clinical signs strongly predicting death or
poor neurological outcome:
No corneal reflex at 24 hours
No pupillary response at 24 hours
No withdrawal response to pain at 24hours
No motor response at 24 hours
No motor response at 72 hours
61. Stroke (first 2 hours are critical)
Asthma (check for inhalers)
Fainting (look for injuries from fall)
Seizures (check for medication)
Diabetic emergencies
Chocking
Poisoning
First Aid Management for Common Problems:
61
62. CONTINUE RESUSCITATION UNTIL
– Qualified help arrives and takes over
– Victim revives: The victim starts
breathing normally
– Rescuer becomes exhausted
– Cardiac arrest of longer than 30 minutes
(controversial)
62
68. Circulation by cardiac compression
Airway management by equipments
Breathing by advanced techniques
Defibrillation by manual defibrillator
Drugs.
68
ALS includes:
70. Thank you
70
The woods are lovely dark and
deep but, I have promises to keep
and miles to go before I sleep and
miles to go before I sleep
-Robert Frost