Schmalleger ch02 lecture

Criminal JusticeCriminal Justice
A Brief IntroductionA Brief Introduction
CHAPTER
Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction, 11e
Frank Schmalleger
ELEVENTH EDITION
The Crime Picture
2

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The Collection of Crime DataThe Collection of Crime Data
• Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR)
Program
 A statistical reporting program run by
the FBI and publishes Crime in the
United States annually
• National Crime Victimization Survey
(NCVS)
 An annual survey of selected American
households

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The UCR/NIBRS ProgramThe UCR/NIBRS Program
• Development of the UCR Program
 Approximately 18,000 law enforcement
agencies provide crime information to
the program.
 Original UCR Program included a Crime
Index which permitted comparisons over
time.
continued on next slide

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The UCR/NIBRS ProgramThe UCR/NIBRS Program
• Development of the UCR Program
 Murder, forcible rape, robbery,
aggravated assault, burglary, larceny-
theft, motor vehicle theft, arson (Arson
was added to the index in 1979)

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FIGURE 2-1 The Criminal Justice Funnel
Source: Derived from Brian A. Reaves, Felony Defendants in Large Urban Counties, 2009 (Washington, DC:
Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2013), and updated with estimates by the author.

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The National Incident-BasedThe National Incident-Based
Reporting SystemReporting System
• Development initiated in 1988
• A significant redesign of the original
UCR Program
• Incident-driven, not summary-based
• Gathers many details about each
criminal incident

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The National Incident-BasedThe National Incident-Based
Reporting SystemReporting System
• Includes 22 general offenses
• FBI began accepting crime data in
NIBRS format in January 1989.
• The NIBRS format has not been fully
adopted.
• Attempting to enhance the quantity,
quality, and timeliness of crime-data
collection by law enforcement agencies

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Differences between Traditional UCR andDifferences between Traditional UCR and
Enhanced UCR/NIBRS ReportingEnhanced UCR/NIBRS Reporting
UCR
• Consists of monthly
aggregate crime
counts
Enhanced UCR/NIBRS
• Consists of individual
incident records for
the 8 major crimes
and 38 other offenses,
with details on
offense, victim,
offender, and property
involved

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Differences between Traditional UCR andDifferences between Traditional UCR and
Enhanced UCR/NIBRS ReportingEnhanced UCR/NIBRS Reporting
UCR
• Records one offense
per incident, as
determined by the
hierarchy rule, which
suppresses counts of
lesser offenses in
multiple-offense
incidents
Enhanced UCR/NIBRS
• Records each offense
occurring in anincident

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Historical TrendsHistorical Trends
• The first shift occurred in the early
1940s.
 There was a decrease in crime due to
the large number of young men who
entered military service during World
War II.

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• The second shift was between 1960
and the early 1990s.
 Postwar baby boomers reaching crime-
prone age
 Growing professionalization of some
police departments resulted in greater
and more accurate data collection

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• The second shift was between 1960
and the early 1990s.
 Increase in drug-related criminal activity
 Crime rates peaked during the early
1990s

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• The third shift was between 1991 and
2009.
 Decrease in crime
 Sentencing reform
 Growth in the use of incarceration
 "War on drugs"
 Advances in forensic science technology

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• A fourth shift in crime trends seems to
be starting now.
 PERF reports
 "The reentry explosion"
 "The lengthening shadow of illegal
immigration"
 "The sprawling parentless neighborhood
of the Internet"

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UCR/NIBRS in TransitionUCR/NIBRS in Transition
• Violent crimes
 (Also called personal crimes) include
murder, forcible rape, robbery, and
aggravated assault
• Property crimes are motor vehicle theft,
burglary, arson, and larceny-theft.
• Clearance rate
 Proportion of reported crimes that have
been "solved"

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Part I OffensesPart I Offenses
• Murder
 The unlawful killing of a human being
 Smallest numerical category in Part I
offenses
 Firearms are the weapons most often
used.
 The offender is usually at least an
acquaintance.

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• Forcible Rape
 The carnal knowledge of a female
forcibly and against her will
• Sexual battery
 The intentional and wrongful physical
contact with a person, without consent

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• Date Rape
 Forced sexual intercourse that occurs
within the context of a dating
relationship
• Most rapes are committed by
acquaintances.

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• Robbery
 The unlawful taking or attempted taking
of property that is in the immediate
possession of another by force or
violence and/or by putting the victim in
fear
• Individuals are the most common target
of robbers.

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• Robbery
of property that is in the immediate
possession of another by force or
violence and/or by putting the victim in
fear
• UCR/NIBRS Program scores a robbery as
one robbery, even if multiple victims in
one event.

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• Assault
 Inflicting injury upon the person of
another

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• Aggravated Assault
 Inflicting serious injury upon the person
of another
• Most frequent in the summer months
• Most aggravated assaults are committed
with blunt objects or objects near at
hand.

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• Burglary
 The unlawful entry of a structure to
commit a felony or a theft
• Burglars usually do not know their
victims.

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• Larceny-Theft
of property from the possession of
another
• The most common of the eight major
offenses

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• Motor Vehicle Theft
 Self-propelled vehicles that run on the
ground and not on rails
• Most insurance companies require police
reports before they will reimburse car
owners for their losses

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• Arson
 Any willful or malicious burning, with or
without intent to defraud, a dwelling,
public building, motor vehicle, etc.

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Part II OffensesPart II Offenses
• Less serious than Part I offenses
• Include a number of social-order (a.k.a.
"victimless") crimes

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The National Crime VictimizationThe National Crime Victimization
SurveySurvey
• Designed to estimate the occurrence of
all crimes, whether reported or not
• First conducted in 1972
• Dark figure of crime
 Crimes that are not reported to the
police

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Comparisons of the UCR and theComparisons of the UCR and the
NCVSNCVS
• Problems with the UCR/NIBRS
 Not all people report when they are
victimized.
 Certain kinds of crimes are reported
rarely, if at all.
 Victims' reports may not be entirely
accurate.
 Inaccuracies may enter the data as it is
filtered through a number of levels.

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Comparisons of the UCR and theComparisons of the UCR and the
NCVSNCVS
• Issues with the NCVS
 Respondents relate events which may or
may not have been crimes.
 Some victims are afraid to report
crimes, even to non-police interviewers.
 Details about the crimes come directly
from the victim with no attempt to
validate the information against police
records or any other source.

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Special Categories of CrimeSpecial Categories of Crime
• Crime Typology
 A classification of crimes along a
particular dimension
• Crime against women
 Men are more often the victims of
violent crime.
 However, when women are victims of
violent crime, they are more likely than
men to be injured.

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Violence against Women ActViolence against Women Act
(VAWA)(VAWA)
• Violence against Women Act (VAWA)
1994
 Educate police, prosecutors, and judges
about the special needs of female
victims
 Encourage pro-arrest policies in cases of
domestic abuse

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Violence against Women ActViolence against Women Act
(VAWA)(VAWA)
• Violence against Women Act (VAWA)
1994
 Provide specialized services for female
victims
 Fund battered women's shelters

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Crime Against the ElderlyCrime Against the Elderly
• In general, elderly crime victims are
more likely than younger victims to:
 Be victims of property crime.
 Report their victimization to the police.
 Be physically injured.

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Hate CrimeHate Crime
• Hate Crime
 A criminal offense committed against a
person that is motivated by the
offender's bias against a race, religion,
disability, sexual orientation, or
ethnicity/national origin

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Corporate and White-Collar CrimeCorporate and White-Collar Crime
• Identification doctrine
 Corporations treated as separate legal
entities
• Can be convicted of violations of criminal
law

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Organized CrimeOrganized Crime
• Organized Crime
 The unlawful activities of the members
of a highly organized, disciplined
association engaged in supplying illegal
goods or services
• Transnational Organized Crime
 Unlawful activity undertaken and
supported by organized criminal groups
operating across national boundaries

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Gun CrimeGun Crime
• Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act
1994
• Violent Crime Control and Law
Enforcement Act 1994
• Domestic Violence Offender Gun Ban
1996
• Protection of Lawful Commerce in
Firearms Act 2005

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Drug CrimeDrug Crime
• White House Office of National Drug
Control Policy (ONDCP) estimates
annual illicit drug sales in the United
States of around $65 billion.
• Drug law violations continue to
increase.

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High-Technology and ComputerHigh-Technology and Computer
CrimeCrime
• Computer Crime
 Any crime perpetuated through the use
of computer technology
 Information piracy and forgery
 Dissemination of offensive materials

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TerrorismTerrorism
• A violent act or an act dangerous to
human life in violation of the criminal
laws of the U. S. or of any state,
committed to intimidate or coerce a
government, the civilian population, or
any segment thereof in furtherance of
political or social objectives

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