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Schmall crim today8e_ppt_ch7
1.
Criminology Today An Integrated
Introduction CHAPTER Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Copyright © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Social Structure Theories 7
2.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Major Principles of Sociological Theories • Social structure theories examine: Institutional arrangements within a social structure Social processes as they affect socialization and have an impact on social life • Macro focus Stress types of behavior likely to be exhibited by group members
3.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Figure 7–1 Major Principles of Sociological Theories of Crime Source: Schmalleger, Frank, Criminology. Printed and Electronically reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
4.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Key Sociological Explanations For Crime • Social structure theories Crime is the result of an individual's location within the structure of society. • Social process and social development theories Crime is the end product of various social processes. • Conflict theories Crime is the product of class struggle.
5.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Social Structure Theories • See formal and informal economic and social arrangements of society as the root causes of crime and deviance • See negative aspects of social structure as producers of criminal behavior • Highlight arrangements within society that contribute to low SES of identifiable groups as significant causes of crime
6.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Social Disorganization Theory • Associated with the ecological school of criminology • W.I. Thomas and Florian Znaniecki Found crime rates rose among displaced persons Suggested cause was social disorganization due to immigrants' inability to transplant norms and values from home cultures into the new one
7.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger The Chicago School • Social ecology Links structure, organization of human community to interactions with its localized environment Social pathology-based disease model • Robert Park and Ernest Burgess Viewed cities as having five concentric zones, each with unique characteristics and populations
8.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Figure 7–2 Chicago’s Concentric Zones
9.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Shaw and McKay • Applied concentric zone model to study of juvenile delinquency • Found offending rates remained constant over time within zones of transition • Cultural transmission Traditions of delinquency transmitted through successive generations in the same zone
10.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger The Chicago School • Research demonstrated tendency for crime to be associated with urban transitional zones. • Key contribution of ecological school Society has a major influence on human behavior.
11.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger The Criminology of Place • Environmental criminology • Emphasizes importance of geographic location and architectural features in terms of prevalence of victimization continued on next slide
12.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger The Criminology of Place • Sherman "Hot spots" of crime Place-based crime prevention • Stark Theory of deviant neighborhoods continued on next slide
13.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger The Criminology of Place • Broken windows theory Wilson and Kelling Neighborhood physical deterioration lead to increased crime, delinquency, vandalism Led to increase in "order maintenance policing" and crackdown on quality-of- life offenses continued on next slide
14.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger The Criminology of Place • Defensible space Oscar Newman The range of mechanisms that combine to bring an environment under the control of its residents continued on next slide
15.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger The Criminology of Place • Criminology of place holds that location can be as predictive of crime as the lifestyles of victimized individuals or social features of victimized households.
16.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Collective Efficacy and Crime • Order maintenance policies may be less effective in reducing crime than empowering residents to exert positive social control in their neighborhoods. • Collective efficacy Collective ability of residents to produce social action to meet common goals and preserve shared values
17.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Strain Theory • Strain The pressure that individuals feel to reach socially determined goals • Anomie (Robert K. Merton) A disjunction between socially approved means to success and legitimate goals continued on next slide
18.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Strain Theory • Merton said legitimate goals are desirable to all but acceptable means to achieve them are not equally available. continued on next slide
19.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Strain Theory • Crime becomes an alternative means to success for those lacking the tools necessary to succeed in socially approved ways. • Not everyone accepts legitimacy of socially approved goals.
20.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger TABLE 7-1 GOALS AND MEANS DISJUNCTURE
21.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Relative Deprivation • Messner and Rosenfeld blame crime on inconsistencies in the American Dream. • Relative deprivation Economic and social gaps between rich and poor living in close proximity continued on next slide
22.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Relative Deprivation • Distributive justice People's perceptions of their rightful place in reward structure of society Culturally dependent continued on next slide
23.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Relative Deprivation • Types of relative deprivation Personal • Individual feels deprived compared with others Group • Communal sense of injustice shared by members of a group
24.
Copyright © 2017
by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger General Strain Theory (GST) • Robert Agnew reformulated strain theory into a comprehensive perspective. • Sees crime as a coping mechanism to help people deal with socioemotional problems generated by negative social relations
25.
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by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Figure 7–4 The Six Central Propositions of General Strain Theory Source: The Six Central Propositions of General Strain Theory by Robert Agnew from Pressured Into Crime: An Overview of General Strain Theory (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006).
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by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger General Strain Theory • Expands upon traditional strain theory Widens focus Strain may have cumulative effect on delinquency. More comprehensive account of adaptations to strain More fully describes wide variety of factors affecting choice of delinquent adaptations to strain continued on next slide
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by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger General Strain Theory • Agnew says chronic or repetitive strain creates predisposition for delinquency. May manifest as negative affective states continued on next slide
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by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger General Strain Theory • Strain theories share two features. Focus on negative relationships with others Argue that adolescents pressured into delinquency by negative affective states
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by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Culture Conflict Theory • Root cause of crime found in clash of values over acceptable or proper behavior • Thorsten Sellin Conduct norms provide valuative basis for human behavior, are acquired early in life through childhood socialization Clash of norms between variously socialized groups results in crime continued on next slide
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by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Culture Conflict Theory • Primary culture conflict A fundamental clash of cultures • Secondary culture conflict Smaller cultures within the primary one clash
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by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Subcultural Theory • Subculture A collection of values and preferences communicated to participants through a process of socialization • Subcultural theory Sociological perspective emphasizing the contribution made by variously socialized cultural groups to the phenomenon of crime
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by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Focal Concerns • Walter Miller identified a lower class subculture with its own values and norms. • Behaviors upholding these norms may violate those of middle-class culture. • Crime is not a consequence of poverty and lack of opportunity but emanates from values characteristic of these subcultures. continued on next slide
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by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Focal Concerns • Trouble Getting in, staying out, dealing with trouble • Toughness Concern with masculinity • Smartness Ability to outsmart or con others and avoid being duped continued on next slide
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by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Focal Concerns • Excitement Search for thrills: fighting, gambling, picking up women, etc. • Fate The concept of luck, being lucky • Autonomy Taking care of oneself, not getting pushed around
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by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Delinquency and Drift • Gresham Sykes and David Matza • Members of delinquent subcultures also participate in the larger culture, understand conventional values, know their offending is wrong. • Use neutralizing self-talk to mitigate shame and guilt associated with violating social norms.
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by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Figure 7–5 Techniques of Neutralization Source: Schmalleger, Frank, Criminology. Printed and Electronically reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
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by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Delinquency and Drift • Delinquents drift between crime and conventional action, choosing the most expedient. • Use neutralization techniques to overcome guilt, keep from being alienated from larger society • Drug dealers, street robbers, carjackers, hackers all use techniques of neutralization
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by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Violent Subcultures • Franco Ferracuti and Marvin Wolfgang • Violence is a learned form of adaptation to problematic life circumstances. • Learning to be violent takes place within the context of a subculture emphasizing violence over other forms of adaptation. • Group's value system constitutes a subculture of violence. continued on next slide
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by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Violent Subcultures • Southern subculture of violence Explains geographic differences in violent crime in U.S. Some forms of violence more acceptable in southern U.S. • Black subculture of violence Explains high rate of black under-class homicide in U.S.
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by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Differential Opportunity Theory • Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin Blended subcultural and strain theory • Two types of socially structured opportunities for success Legitimate • Access may be denied to members of lower class subcultures continued on next slide
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by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Differential Opportunity Theory • Two types of socially structured opportunities for success Illegitimate opportunity structure • Subcultural paths to success not approved of by wider culture continued on next slide
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by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Differential Opportunity Theory • Delinquent behavior results from: Ready availability of illegitimate opportunities Replacement of cultural norms with expedient subcultural rules • Two necessary parts to delinquent act Behavior violates basic social norms. When officially known, criminal justice agents agree norms were violated. continued on next slide
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by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Differential Opportunity Theory • Crime and deviance are as normal as any other form of behavior supported by group socialization. • Deviance is an effort to conform to subcultural norms and expectations. • Conventional behavior conforms to norms of wider society.
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by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Types of Delinquent Subcultures • Criminal subcultures Criminal role models readily available • Conflict subcultures Status through violence • Retreatist subcultures Drug use and withdrawal from wider society
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by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Types of Lower Class Youth • Type I: Desire entry into middle class by improving economic position • Type II: Desire entry to middle class but not improvement in economic position • Type III: Desire wealth without entry to middle class • Type IV: Dropouts who retreat from mainstream via drug and alcohol use
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by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Reaction Formation • Albert Cohen Associated with both strain theory and subcultural perspective • Youth held accountable to norms of wider society through "middle class measuring rod" of expectations • Not everyone is prepared to effectively meet such expectations. continued on next slide
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by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Reaction Formation • Juveniles experience status frustration when judged according to middle-class standards they cannot achieve. • Reaction formation Process by which a person openly rejects that which he wants, or aspires to, but cannot obtain or achieve Juveniles develop hostility toward middle-class values.
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by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger The Code of the Street • Elijah Anderson Contemporary street code stresses a hyperinflated notion of manhood resting on the idea of respect. Street culture's violent nature means a man cannot back down from threats. • Decent vs. street families
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by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Gangs Today • Modern gangs are involved in serious and violent crimes. • Gangs can be big business. Traditional criminal activities Drug dealing • Distinctions between gangs and violence • Co-offending especially prevalent in the lives of gang members
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by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Policy Implications of Social Structure Theories • Chicago Area Project (Clifford Shaw) Tried to reduce social disorganization in slum neighborhoods by creating community committees • Mobilization for Youth Based on differential opportunity theory Provided new opportunities, tried to change fundamental arrangements of society, address root causes of crime continued on next slide
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by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Policy Implications of Social Structure Theories • War on Poverty Kennedy and Johnson Administrations Programs designed to reduce crime rates by redistributing wealth in American society
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by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Critique of Social Structure Theories • Some argue the inverse of the "root causes" argument. Suggest poverty and social injustices are produced by crime • If so, addressing poverty and social inequity as the root causes of crime is and ineffective crime prevention strategy.
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by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Critique of Ecological Theories • May give too much credence to the notion that spatial location determines crime • Seems unable to differentiate between social disorganization and the things it is said to cause • Many crimes occur outside of socially disorganized areas.
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by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Critique of Strain Theories • Original formulation less applicable to modern society • Delinquents do not report being more distressed than other youth.
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by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Critique of Subcultural Theories • Seen as lacking in explanatory power • Seen as tautological (circular) • Has been criticized or being racist
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by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8e Frank Schmalleger Other Critiques of Social Structure Theories • Link low SES to high delinquency Not supported by empirical studies • Overemphasis on environments creates bias against looking elsewhere for possible causes. • Cannot predict which individuals, or which proportion of given population, will turn to crime
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