1. BIOLOGY
Unit 1 Notes:
Enzyme Details
& Cellular
Reactions

2. (1) Enzymes
• Type of protein.
• Have a very specific structure (like a key + lock) to
fit with their substrate (the molecule they are
binding to).
• Used in cells to catalyze chemical reactions:
– Make reactions go faster.
– Lower the activation energy requirement, allowing the
reaction to happen with less energy payment.

5. (2) Enzyme Denaturing
• The substrate must bind exact at a special structure on
the enzyme called the Active Site.
• Denaturing 
– Occurs when enzymes are exposed to extreme heat /
chemicals.
– Causes enzyme to unravel.
• Why Is Denaturing a Problem?
– Unravel = Change in structure
– Change in structure = Messed up Active Site
– Messed up Active Site = No Catalyzing the Reaction

8. (3) Cell Energy
• Cells need to do a lot of work to maintain
homeostasis.
• Work requires energy!!
• ATP = Adenosine Triphosphate
– Energy storing molecule for cells!
• Draw A Picture:

9. ATP = Adenosine + 3 Phosphates
ADP = Adenosine + 2 Phosphates

10. Add a Phosphate
+ Store Energy In
Bonds
Remove a
Phosphate +
Release Energy
From Bonds

11. (4) Cellular Reactions
• Cells use chemical reactions to:
– Break molecules into smaller pieces.
– Make larger molecules.
– Store and Release Energy
• 2 Common Reactions
– Hydrolysis
– Deyhydration Synthesis

12. (5) Hydrolysis
• Hydro = Add Water
Lysis = To Explode / Break Apart
• What Happens?
– Add water to a larger polymer.
– Break it apart into smaller monomers.
– Release energy.
• Draw A Picture:

13. Energy
Add Water
Release Energy
Polymer
Monomers

15. (6) Dehydration Synthesis
• Dehydrate = Remove Water
Synthesis = To Put Together
• What Happens?
– Remove water from smaller monomers.
– Put together (bond) smaller monomer units.
– Store energy.
• Draw A Picture:

16. Monomers
Remove Water
Energy
Store Energy
Polymer