Development of Individual

GROWTH
• An increase in physical size of
whole or any of its part and can be
measured in inches, centimeters
and in pounds or kilograms.
(Marlow)

• Growth of full size or maturity, as in
the progress of an egg to the adult
stage. (Taber)

DEVELOPMENT
• Progressive increase in skill and
capacity. (Marlow)

• Development, maturation or
expansion of physical structures or
cognitive & psychological abilities.
The process may be normal, as in
the development of a fetus or a
child, or pathological, as in a cyst or
a malignant tumor. (Taber)

FACTORS AFFECTING THE
DEVELOPMENT OF INDIVIDUAL
BIOLOGICAL
factors

HEREDITY
• The passing of traits to offspring (from its
parent or ancestors). This is the process by
which an offspring cell or organism acquires
or becomes predisposed to the
characteristics of its parent cell or
organism. Through heredity, variations
exhibited by individuals can accumulate
and cause some species to evolve. The
study of heredity in biology is
called genetics.

HEREDITY
• Modern genetics had its beginnings in an
abbey garden, where a monk named
Gregor Mendel documented a particulate
mechanism of inheritance. He discovered
the basic principles of heredity by breeding
garden peas in carefully planned
experiments.

1. Reproduction

principles of
HEREDITY
2. Variation
3. Chance
4. Dominance and
Recessiveness
5. Sex-linked characteristics

principle of
REPRODUCTION
• Heredity produces similarities among those
who come from the same family, same
race, and same species.

principle of
VARIATION
• Heredity produces not only similarities; it
also produces differences among those
who come from different families, different
races and different species.

principle of
CHANCE
• The combination of genes that go into the
single cell which results from fertilization is
a matter of chance.

principle of
DOMINANCE &
RECESSIVENESS
• Dominant traits are assured of appearing in
the offspring whenever they are present.
• Recessive traits do not appear in the
offspring whenever the opposite is present;
they manifest themselves only in the
absence of the opposite dominant trait that
is when they are carried by both parents.

principle of
SEX-LINKED
CHARACTERISTICS
• These are the traits that are carried by the
chromosomes which determine sex of the
individual. Therefore are found only in one
sex.

PRINCIPLES OF

GROWTH
AND DEVELOPMENT

DEVELOPMENT FOLLOWS A PATTERN
The process of development is not
haphazard but gradual and regular.
We will find a particular pattern or
sequence of development. In the
cephalo-caudal sequence i.e.
development proceeds from head to
toe and proximo-distal sequence in
this pattern direction of development
proceeds from centre to periphen.

GROWTH IS CONTINUOUS AND GRADUAL
Growth always brings about certain change in the
organism. But these changes do not take place
suddenly. It is a continuous process. All the parts of
body continue to grow gradually until they reach
their maximum through infancy early childhood,
late childhood.

GROWTH PROCEEDS MORE RAPIDLY DURING
EARLY YEARS
The rate of growth is not uniform. The child grows
more rapidly during early years and slowly during
the later years. Growth during early years is so
rapid that it is easily noticeable and growth
becomes slow at the later stages.

DEVELOPMENT PROCEEDS FROM
GENERAL TO SPECIFIC
The child first shows general responses as a whole.
Then gradually he gives specific response to specific
stimuli. The child moves his whole hand to indicate
certain thing instead of one finger. In the emotional
aspect he responds through only general response
like crying and smile to denote, hunger, pain and joy
and the baby produces general babbling sounds,
before he can speak words.

DEVELOPMENT IS A PRODUCT OF HEREDITY
AND ENVIRONMENT
Heredity and environment have considerable
impact on the growth and development of
the child. The child is born with some
genetically endowments and develops by
interacting with his environment. Nutrition,
home climate and school environment
regulate social, emotional and intellectual
development while child inherits physical
stature and different traits from his parents.

MOST OF THE TRAITS ARE CORRELATED

The physical and the mental development
of the child are mostly correlated to each
other. A child who has a good physical
health is also above average in
intelligence. A child whose intelligence is
above average is also so in health size,
sociability, attitudes and aptitudes. But
this may not be always true.

GROWTH IS NOT UNIFORM

Different parts of body grow at
different rates. All parts of body can
never grow at the same rate. At
birth, head is one fourth of the
body in length. Later other parts of
body grow very fast till it reaches
maturation.

DEVELOPMENT IS PREDICTABLE

In many cases it is possible to predict the type of probable
development a child will follow, because the rate of
development follows a Pattern. As it is possible to predict
intelligence of a person with the help of an intelligence
test given in earlier years. 'X'-rays of the
bones of different parts of the body will
tell approximately what will be the
ultimate size.

ENVIRONMENTAL
factors

ENVIRONMENT
includes all the conditions inside and outside
an organism that in any way affect or
influence its behavior, growth, development,
or life processes except the genes.

EXTERNAL
ENVIRONMENT
CULTURE
• The effects of a particular culture on a child
begin before birth .
• The behavior expected of the child at each
stage of growth & development is culturally
defined.
• Methods of child bearing and infant feeding in
the community are determined by cultural
habits
• Some religious taboos also affect the growth
and development.

EXTERNAL
ENVIRONMENT
SOCIO ECONOMIC STATUS
• The environment of the lower socio economic
groups may be less favorable than that of the
middle and upper groups.
• Parents in unfortunate financial circumstances.
• However public health & health education
programs are gradually assisting such parents to
provide better care for their children

EXTERNAL
ENVIRONMENT
NUTRITION
• Nutrition is related to both the quantitative and
qualitative supply of food elements such as
proteins, fats, carbohydrates, minerals and
vitamins.
• During periods of rapid growth such as prenatal
period, infancy, puberty & adolescence need high
amount of proteins & calories are needed
• An inadequate nutrition intake both qualitatively
& quantitatively. It can be physical hyper activity or
lack of adequate rest.

EXTERNAL
ENVIRONMENT
NUTRITION
• A physical illness that causes an increase in
nutritional needs but at the same time results in
poor appetite and poor absorption.
• An emotional illness that causes decreased food
intake or inadequate absorption because of
vomiting or diarrhea.
• Growth of children from Protein Energy
Malnutrition (PEM), anemia and vitamin deficiency
status is retarded.
• Overeating and obesity accelerates somatic
growth.

EXTERNAL
ENVIRONMENT
CLIMATE AND SEASON
• Climatic variations influence the infant’s health.
• It is important that parents are able to provide
adequate refrigeration and extermination of flies
are other insects.
• The season of the year influences growth rates in
height & weight, especially in older children.
• Weight gains are lowest in summer & autumn. The
greatest gains in height among children occur in
spring. The differences are mainly due to seasonal
variations.
• Infections and infestations are common in hot
humid climates.

EXTERNAL
ENVIRONMENT
ACTIVITIES
• Exercise, increases the circulation, promotes
physiologic activity and stimulates muscular
development.
• Fresh air and moderate sun shine favor health and
growth.
• Prolonged exposure to sunlight may cause tissue
damage of the skin and even more consequences if
the child is unprotected from the rays of the sun

EXTERNAL
ENVIRONMENT
FAMILY ORDINAL POSITION
• The first born child in the family is receives all the
parental attention until the second child is born.
• The parents of the first born child are unusually
inexperienced and may not know the successive stages
of growth and development.
• Only child develop rapidly and intellectually than other
children with siblings.
• The youngest child gets less achievement
oriented, less intellectually inclined but
develops good nature, friendly, warm
personality and high self-esteem.

INTERNAL
ENVIRONMENT
INTELLIGENCE
The child of high intelligence is likely to be
taller and better developed than is the less
gifted child. Also, intelligence influences mental
and social development.

INTERNAL
ENVIRONMENT
HORMONAL INFLUENCE
There is evidence that all the hormones in the
body effect growth in some manner. Although
three hormones are very important others also
influence growth to an extent.

INTERNAL
ENVIRONMENT
HORMONAL INFLUENCE
Somatotropic hormone (STH) or growth
hormone
• Its major effect is on linear growth in height
because it is essential in the proliferation of
cartilage cells at the epiphyseal plates. The
growth hormone stimulates skeletal and
protein anabolism through the production of
somatomedins or intermediary hormones.
• An excess of growth hormone causes gigantism and lack
results in dwarfism.

INTERNAL
ENVIRONMENT
HORMONAL INFLUENCE
Thyroid hormone
• Produced by adenohypophysis stimulates the thyroid
gland to release Thyroxin (T4), Tri Iodothyronine (T3)
and Thyrotrophic hormone (TH). These thyroid
hormones stimulate the general metabolism &
therefore are necessary for advanced linear growth.
• Whereas a deficiency produces cretinism with
stunted physical growth & mental retardation.

INTERNAL
ENVIRONMENT
HORMONAL INFLUENCE
Adenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
• ACTH is produced by the adenohypophysis, stimulate the
hypothalamus, which in turn causes the adenohypophyses to
secrete gonadotrophic hormones. The gonadotrophic hormone
stimulate the interstitial cells of the testes to
produce testosterone & the interstitial cells
of the ovaries produce estrogen.

INTERNAL
ENVIRONMENT
HORMONAL INFLUENCE
Adenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
• Testosterone stimulates the development secondary sexual
characteristics and the production of spermatozoa in young man.
Estrogen stimulates the development of secondary sexual
characteristics and the results in precocious
puberty, whereas the deficiency results in
delay in development.
• Other hormones that less directly
influence the process of growth
and development include insulin,
parathormone, cortisol, & calcitonin.

INTERNAL
ENVIRONMENT
EMOTIONS
• Relationships with significant other persons,
mother, father, sibling, peers and teachers play a
vital role in the emotional, social, and intellectual
development of the child.
• If the child is given the necessary care & love that promotes
healthy development, otherwise growth & development
retardation may occur.

INTERNAL
ENVIRONMENT
EMOTIONS
• Emotionally deprived children may receive
adequate nutrition but do not gain weight as
expected and are pale and unresponsive. If
emotional deprivation continues and loving care is
not given over a period of time, the children may
have repeated illness, become emotionally ill, or die
at an early age.

interaction of
BIOLOGICAL and
ENVIRONMENTAL
factors

People are not and cannot be equal in development, because
they are biologically unequal to begin with, and the
resulting interplay with environmental forces makes for still
greater differentiation (Hildreth, 1972).

• Each person is a result of the interaction of our biological and our
social environment
• The significant difference between the low-class and middle-class
mothers was in the diet considered ordinary and normal in their
respective neighborhoods.
• Even after a person is born, different diets can result in great
bodily differences

CORRE-
CORRE-
LATION OF ENVIRON-
HEREDITY RELATIONSHIP LATION OF
INTELLI- MENT
HEIGHT
GENCE
Same Identical twins .88 .93)
Fraternal twins ) Very
(same sex) .63 .64) similar
Similar Siblings .51-.53 .54-.60)
(Parents and ) Similar
children) )
Grandparents .49 .51 )
and grandchild
Somewhat Uncles (aunts) .34 .32)
similar and nephews )
Slightly (nieces) ) Slightly
similar Cousins .35 .29) similar
.29 .24)

Table Correlation of Intelligence Scores (IQs) and Heights for Pairs
of Individuals with Different Degree of Relationship

Development of Individual

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