Concept mapping for complexity management

Concept Mapping
for Complexity Management
Lawrie Hunter
National Graduate Research Institute for Policy Studies
http://lawriehunter.com
lawriehunter@gmail.com

Please don’t take notes!
This powerpoint is designed to be read later,
so as Hunter speaks,
please try to catch
the GESTALT of each slide
... and do download the file from
www.slideshare.net/rolenzo/presentations

Concept Mapping
for Complexity Management
To be knowledgeable in some area
is to understand the interrelationships among
the important concepts in that domain.
Goldsmith, T. E., Johnson, P. J., & Acton, W. H. (1991). Assessing structural
knowledge. Journal of Educational Psychology, 83(1), 88–96.

The research experience:
-extensive detailed knowledge
-high cognitive load

Why is writing so hard?
Writing is linear, like speech.
Information is not linear.

Example of complexity work
Abstract
The internationalisation of currencies is a topic that has received substantial attention
following the recent inclusion of the currency X in the International Monetary Fund’s Special
Drawing Rights. Although currency internationalisation is fundamentally an outward-oriented
policy goal, there is a tendency to link it exclusively to capital account liberalisation and
domestic financial deregulation; this has shifted debate on the subject in a more inward-
oriented direction.
The present paper seeks to reconcile these two perspectives by demonstrating how currency
internationalisation hinges critically on international liquidity provision. Proceeding on the
assumption that international currencies, both as a matter of historical experience and
macroeconomic logic, are associated with current account deficits, the argument is made here
that international liquidity provision depends crucially on economic structural and
international institutional conditions.
This paper demonstrates how an economy’s position within the international monetary system
and regional supply chains shapes its development path and mode of production, which in
turn become important determinants of its currency’s international profile. Then the historical
experience of the Japanese yen is applied to the case of internationalisation of currency X, and
the resulting analysis suggests that internal rebalancing towards greater domestic
consumption and external rebalancing towards higher imports will be required if the
international role of currency X is to expand.

Can you see the structure?
Abstract
The internationalisation of currencies is a topic that has received substantial attention
following the recent inclusion of the currency X in the International Monetary Fund’s
Special Drawing Rights. Although currency internationalisation is fundamentally an
outward-oriented policy goal, there is a tendency to link it exclusively to capital account
liberalisation and domestic financial deregulation; this has shifted debate on the subject
in a more inward-oriented direction.
The present paper seeks to reconcile these two perspectives by demonstrating how
currency internationalisation hinges critically on international liquidity provision.
Proceeding on the assumption that international currencies, both as a matter of historical
experience and macroeconomic logic, are associated with current account deficits, the
argument is made here that international liquidity provision depends crucially on
economic structural and international institutional conditions.
This paper demonstrates how an economy’s position within the international monetary
system and regional supply chains shapes its development path and mode of production,
which in turn become important determinants of its currency’s international profile. Then
the historical experience of the Japanese yen is applied to the case of internationalisation
of currency X, and the resulting analysis suggests that internal rebalancing towards
greater domestic consumption and external rebalancing towards higher imports will be
required if the international role of currency X is to expand.

Before

After

Joseph Novak: Concept mapping (Novakian mapping)
Morespecific
This slide courtesy of Ian Kinchin

Definition of Cmap
Readdown
Visual
metaphors

http://cmap.ihmc.us/
Default Novakian tool: Cmaps

Cross-platform: Win, Mac, Linux, iPad
Online platform too
Freeware (and thus clunky and inelegant)
Can make pdfs, web pages, images
Huge user group
Big cross discipline biennial conference
http://cmc.ihmc.us/
Default Novakian tool: Cmaps
Default software: Cmap Tools

Why do concept mapping?
1 Text analysis (finding structure)
2 Text summarization
(key concepts / relations between)
3 Text planning (creating structure)
4 Text shaping (imposing structure)
5 Discovering emergent structure

Concept mapping process
1. Input the text into your wetware
2. Identify all the main concepts
3. Identify all the core concepts
4. Arrange the concepts as a cmap
(max 12, top-down)
5. Name the link relations
6. Incubate, reconfirm.

3. Identify the core concepts (<12)
(max 12, top-down, dyads)

insects are
burned
found in the
straw
is actually
counterproductive
to protect them
from harmful insects
only 4%
harmful insects
spiders
burning the
mats in summer
traditional
tree wrapping
method
still employed
in famous placeslong suspected
to be low value
started in
the Edo period
Niiho
studywrapping pine trees
in straw
during winter
insects multiply
in the mats
55% beneficial
insects
prey on harmful
insects
each year for 4 years
examined the
insects in the mats
in the spring

3. Identify the core concepts
(<12)

let your
subconscious
mind
process it
let it sit
for a while
later
check the
links and the
top-down
arrangement show it to
your friends
(everyone’s
an expert)
INCUBATE
IT

Today’s task:
mapping a text

Mapping: input into your wetware
The mere presence of your smartphone reduces brain power, study shows
Your cognitive capacity is significantly reduced when your smartphone is within reach -- even if it's off. That's the takeaway finding from a new
study from the McCombs School of Business at The University of Texas at Austin.
McCombs Assistant Professor Adrian Ward and co-authors conducted experiments with nearly 800 smartphone users in an attempt to
measure, for the first time, how well people can complete tasks when they have their smartphones nearby even when they're not using them.
In one experiment, the researchers asked study participants to sit at a computer and take a series of tests that required full concentration in
order to score well. The tests were geared to measure participants' available cognitive capacity -- that is, the brain's ability to hold and process
data at any given time. Before beginning, participants were randomly instructed to place their smartphones either on the desk face down, in
their pocket or personal bag, or in another room. All participants were instructed to turn their phones to silent.
The researchers found that participants with their phones in another room significantly outperformed those with their phones on the desk, and
they also slightly outperformed those participants who had kept their phones in a pocket or bag.
The findings suggest that the mere presence of one's smartphone reduces available cognitive capacity and impairs cognitive functioning, even
though people feel they're giving their full attention and focus to the task at hand. "We see a linear trend that suggests that as the smartphone
becomes more noticeable, participants' available cognitive capacity decreases," Ward said. "Your conscious mind isn't thinking about your
smartphone, but that process -- the process of requiring yourself to not think about something -- uses up some of your limited cognitive
resources. It's a brain drain."
In another experiment, researchers looked at how a person's self-reported smartphone dependence -- or how strongly a person feels he or she
needs to have a smartphone in order to get through a typical day -- affected cognitive capacity. Participants performed the same series of
computer-based tests as the first group and were randomly assigned to keep their smartphones either in sight on the desk face up, in a pocket
or bag, or in another room. In this experiment, some participants were also instructed to turn off their phones.
The researchers found that participants who were the most dependent on their smartphones performed worse compared with their less-
dependent peers, but only when they kept their smartphones on the desk or in their pocket or bag.
Ward and his colleagues also found that it didn't matter whether a person's smartphone was turned on or off, or whether it was lying face up
or face down on a desk. Having a smartphone within sight or within easy reach reduces a person's ability to focus and perform tasks because
part of their brain is actively working to not pick up or use the phone.
"It's not that participants were distracted because they were getting notifications on their phones," said Ward. "The mere presence of their
smartphone was enough to reduce their cognitive capacity."
Journal Reference:
Adrian F. Ward, Kristen Duke, Ayelet Gneezy, Maarten W. Bos. Brain Drain: The Mere Presence of One’s Own Smartphone Reduces Available
Cognitive Capacity. Journal of the Association for Consumer Research, 2017; 2 (2): 140 DOI: 10.1086/691462
ScienceDaily · June 23, 2017

Analysis: find structure signal words
McCombs Assistant Professor Adrian Ward and co-authors conducted experiments with nearly 800
smartphone users in an attempt to measure, for the first time, how well people can complete tasks
when they have their smartphones nearby even when they're not using them.
In one experiment, the researchers asked study participants to sit at a computer and take a series
of tests that required full concentration in order to score well. The tests were geared to measure
participants' available cognitive capacity -- that is, the brain's ability to hold and process data at
any given time. Before beginning, participants were randomly instructed to place their
smartphones either on the desk face down, in their pocket or personal bag, or in another room. All
participants were instructed to turn their phones to silent.
The researchers found that participants with their phones in another room significantly
outperformed those with their phones on the desk, and they also slightly outperformed those
participants who had kept their phones in a pocket or bag.
The findings suggest that the mere presence of one's smartphone reduces available cognitive
capacity and impairs cognitive functioning, even though people feel they're giving their full
attention and focus to the task at hand. "We see a linear trend that suggests that as the
smartphone becomes more noticeable, participants' available cognitive capacity decreases," Ward
said. "Your conscious mind isn't thinking about your smartphone, but that process -- the process of
requiring yourself to not think about something -- uses up some of your limited cognitive
resources. It's a brain drain.”

Mapping a text: analyze content
PRE-MAPPING TEXT ANALYSIS
ScienceDaily · June 23, 2017
CORE CONTENT BACK-GROUND INFO
ENTERTAINMENT /
PERSUASION
Communication moves
(Not today!)
McCombs Assistant Professor Adrian Ward and co-authors conducted
experiments with nearly 800 smartphone users in an attempt to measure, for
the first time, how well people can complete tasks when they have their
smartphones nearby even when they're not using them.
o Tell the purpose of the study
In one experiment, the researchers asked study participants to sit at a
computer and take a series of tests that required full concentration in order to
score well. o Tell the methodology of the
study
The tests were geared to measure participants' available cognitive capacity --
that is, the brain's ability to hold and process data at any given time.
Before beginning, participants were randomly instructed to place their
smartphones either on the desk face down, in their pocket or personal bag, or
in another room.
All participants were instructed to turn their phones to silent.
The researchers found that participants with their phones in another room
significantly outperformed those with their phones on the desk, and they also
slightly outperformed those participants who had kept their phones in a
pocket or bag.
The findings suggest that the mere presence of one's smartphone reduces
available cognitive capacity and impairs cognitive functioning, even though
people feel they're giving their full attention and focus to the task at hand.
"We see a linear trend that suggests that as the smartphone becomes more
noticeable, participants' available cognitive capacity decreases," Ward said.
"Your conscious mind isn't thinking about your smartphone, but that process
-- the process of requiring yourself to not think about something -- uses up
some of your limited cognitive resources.
It's a brain drain."
Cool hint: in Word, make each sentence a paragraph;
then select all and paste into Excel: 1 sentence/cell!
No time for this today

smart phone
users
smart
phone
presence
available
cognitive
capacity
participants
with phones
in another room
smart phone
proximity
series of tests
Ward
et al.
cognitive
capacity
test scores
Mapping a text:
(max 12, top-down)
participants
with phones
in pocket/bag
participants
with phones
on the desk
hypothesis

Today’s work:
(max 12, top-down)

That’s it!
Now it’s up to you… with help.
Please share your maps with Hunter.
lawriehunter.com
lawriehunter@gmail.com
slideshare.net/rolenzo/presentations

How do we arrange text?
Rhetorical Structure Theory
http://ww.sfu.ca/rst/
IMRAD
Introduction
Method
Results
Analysis
Discussion
SPSE
Situation
Problem
Solution
Evaluation

Map
typology
by function
Novakian map
typology
by
link type

Concept mapping for complexity management

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