Master of Arts in Communication Design History

Mater of Arts in Communication Design

WEB DESIGN
Interaction

Interaction

WEB DESIGN NABA 2014 Roberto DADDA

2

1960

Jan

Dec
1966

Nov
1973

Oct
1980

Sep
1987

Aug
1994

Jul
2001

Jun
2008

2015
Today

Teletype
Video terminal

PC
Tablet & Smartphone
Browser e cloud
Augmented reality

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Like in volley!

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Paradigms
• User’s has control
• Command languages
• Query languages
• Line editors
• Adventure game

• Computer has control
• Q&A
• Advisory system

• Conversations
• Eliza
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Command languages
$pwd
/usr/roberto
$ls
filea fileb filec
$rm filea
$
(Unix)

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Query languages
GIVE THE NAMES OF ALL EMPLOYEES WHO HAVE
JOBS WORKING AS A SECRETARY IN THE CITY OF
CHICAGO.
PRINT THE NAME OF ANY EMPLOYEE WITH
CITY=CHICAGO AND JOB=SECRETARY
THE NUMBER OF RECORDS TO RETRIEVE IS 30
SMITH
JONES
BROWN
...

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Adventure games
You are standing at the end of a road before a
small brick building. Around you is a forest.
A small stream flows down a gully.
ENTER BUILDING
You are inside a building, a well house for a
large spring. There are some keys on the
ground here. There is a shiny brass lamp
nearby. There is a bottle of water here.
GET WATER
Okay
GET KEYS
Okay
(Adventure, 1975)

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Expert systems
(1) Patient’s name: (first-last)
**FRED SMITH
(2) Sex:
**MALE
(3) Age:
**55
(4) Have you been able to obtain positive
cultures
from a site at which Fred
Smith has an infection?
**YES
(5) What is the infection?
**PRIMARY-BACTEREMIA
(6) Please give the date and approximate time
when signs of symptoms first appeared

(Mycin)
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Eliza (anni ’70)

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Interaction, a definition
Mutual and simultaneous
activity on the part of both
participants usually
working towards some goal
but not necessarily.

Andy Lippman, MIT

Stewart Brand, The Media Lab: Inventing the Future at M.I.T. (Penguin, 1988), p. 46

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Lippman on Interactivity, corollaries
• Interruptibility
• Graceful degradation
• Limited look ahead
• No default
• Impression of infinite database

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Interruptibility
• Lippman contrasts the ability of any
participant to interrupt the others with
alternating (turn taking). He proposes a
model of interaction closer to a conversation
than a lecture. He refers to the granularity of
the interactive system to raise the question
of the human interval where participants
understand they are not being ignored (e.g.
word, sentence, paragraph). See phatic
function in Jakobson's model of
communication.
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Graceful degradation
• Something the system cannot
handle crops up. An example:
a system responds to a
question without an
immediate answer with a
promise to come back to the
point later. The interaction
continues; it does not
collapse. Lippman asks "in
what manner does it degrade,
productively or not?"
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Limited look ahead
• Everything is not precomputed. Related concept "on the fly."

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No default
• Lippman suggests avoiding default paths. He considers them boring.

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Impression of infinite database
• The distinction between "interactive and selective" gets looped back
into that of "granularity".

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Eliza
GOOD MORNING MY NAME IS GAINES AND I WISH TO
TALK TO YOU
I AM NOT INTERESTED IN NAMES
SORRY PERHAPS YOU COULD LET ME KNOW YOUR
INTERESTS
PLEASE DON’T APOLOGIZE
THANK YOU WHAT INTEREST YOU MOST?
WHY DO YOU ASK?
BECAUSE I HAVE TO DEMONSTRATE YOUR INEFFABLE
CAPABILITIES
IS THAT THE REAL REASON?
YES YOUR CAPABILITIES INTEREST ME
YOU SEEM QUITE POSITIVE
...

(Wizenbaum, 1966)

http://www-ai.ijs.si/eliza/eliza.html
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1960

Jan

Dec
1966

Nov
1973

Oct
1980

Sep
1987

Aug
1994

Jul
2001

Jun
2008

2015
Today

Teletype
Video terminal

PC
Tablet & Smartphone
Browser e cloud
Augmented reality

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IBM 3270

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Keyboard

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IBM CUA Common User Access

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1960

Jan

Dec
1966

Nov
1973

Oct
1980

Sep
1987

Aug
1994

Jul
2001

Jun
2008

2015
Today

Teletype
Video terminal

PC
Tablet & Smartphone
Browser e cloud
Augmented reality

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Olivetti Programma 101
1965!

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1960

Jan

Dec
1966

Nov
1973

Oct
1980

Sep
1987

Aug
1994

Jul
2001

Jun
2008

2015
Today

Teletype
Video terminal

PC
Tablet & Smartphone
Browser e cloud
Augmented reality

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IBM PC (1981)

•
•
•
•
•
Interaction

Low cost standard components
Low cost
MS DOS
Huge commercial success
Command line interface

37

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Xerox
Star (1981)
Double page WYSIWYGET
Direct manipulation
Desktop metaphor

mouse

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WYSIWYG
Same image on
screen and
printed pages
For the first time!
• Square pixels
• Good video resolution (72 dpi)
• Even better printers
(300, 600, 1200 dpi)

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Xerox star: the philosophy.
Familiar user’s conceptual model
Seeing and pointing versus remembering and typing
What you see is what you get
Universal commands
Consistency
Simplicity
Modeless interaction
User Tailorability
(Smith et al., Designing the Star User Intreface, 1982)

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• Pointing
• Selecting
• Dragging

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Mouse and Fitts law

d
t 1,03 0,96 * log 2(
s

0,5)

t Time in second to position mouse
D Distance from object in pixels
S Object dimension in pixels

Constants (1.03 and 0.96) are almost the same of manual movements.
The mouse is a optimal pointing device

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D. Enghelbart (1964)

(D.Engelbart)
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Direct Manipulation
• Visibility of Object and Actions
• Rapid, reversible, incremental
actions
• Replacement of complex commandlanguage syntax with direct, visual
manipulation of the object of
interest.
Schneiderman (1983)

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Desktop metaphor

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Apple Macintosh (1984)

“The computer for the rest of us”
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Windows (1985)

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1.0

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2.0

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3.1

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95

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7

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8

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1960

Jan

Dec
1966

Nov
1973

Oct
1980

Sep
1987

Aug
1994

Jul
2001

Jun
2008

2015
Today

Teletype
Video terminal

PC
Tablet & Smartphone
Browser e cloud
Augmented reality

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August 6, 1991

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WEB: point and click
• Hypertext
• Active text, bottons, links
• Forms
• Multimedia

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Vannevar Bush (July 1945)

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Hypertext: link

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Talmud

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1960

Jan

Dec
1966

Nov
1973

Oct
1980

Sep
1987

Aug
1994

Jul
2001

Jun
2008

2015
Today

Teletype
Video terminal

PC
Tablet & Smartphone
Browser e cloud
Augmented reality

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Roberto Dadda
www.dadda.it
roberto@dadda.it
+39 338 775 22 03
Twitter, facebook, linkedin: robertodadda

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Master of Arts in Communication Design History

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