Created for RWU Law Review training, Fall 2016.

1. Bluebook Bootcamp
for
Law Review
Created by: Raquel Ortiz
Roger Williams University Law Library
Fall 2016

2. Agenda
• Quick Review
• Bluebooking Checklist
• Source Gathering by the (Blue)book
Note: Italicized text generally reflects text copied
from the Bluebook.

3. Quick Review: The Structure of
the Bluebook
• Quick Reference: Law Review Footnotes
• General Standards of Citation & Style: Rules 1-9
• Authority specific rules: Rules 10-21
• Tables
• Index

4. Bluebooking Checklist
 Gather the sources
 Typefaces, abbreviations, and capitalization
 Internal Cross References & Short Citation Forms
 Signals
 [Page numbers and pinpoint citations]

5. Typefaces (Rule 2)
• Ordinary Roman type (aka plain text)
• Italics
• LARGE AND SMALL CAPITALS
• Underlining is NOT used in Law Review Citations!
• Location matters: text, footnote, text in footnotes

6. Typefaces in Footnotes = Clues
• Italics
• Articles
• Book chapters
• Hearings
• Newspaper articles
• Blog posts
• LARGE AND SMALL CAPITALS  Generally, catalog friendly
• Authors: Books
• Titles: Books, journals, codes, newspapers, websites, blogs
• Legislative materials (except hearings, bills)
• Plain text
• Names: Cases, statutes, bills
• Unpublished materials: manuscripts, letters, interviews
• Authors: journal articles, newspaper articles, blog posts

7. More Typeface Conventions
• Signals:
• see
• e.g.
• cf.
• Punctuation:
• See, e.g., Woonsocket Teachers' Guild v. Woonsocket
Sch. Comm., […]

8. Typeface Conventions for Textual
Material: When to use Italics (Rule 2.2)
• Case names:
• Main Text:
In Haslip, the Supreme Court cited with approval several
factors considered by the Alabama Supreme Court in
reviewing jury awards of punitive damages.
• Footnote Text:
The cited case, Waters-Pierce Oil Co. v. Texas, involved
criminal penalties assessed under anti-trust legislation.
212 U.S. 86, 96 (1909).

9. Typeface Conventions for Textual
Material: When to use Italics (cont’d)
• Exception--Citation embedded in Footnote Text:
• Food and Water Watch filed an interlocutory appeal to
the First Circuit Court of Appeals challenging the district
court's action, Locke v. Food & Water Watch, No. 11-
1303 (1st Cir. Mar. 21, 2011), but later withdrew it.

10. Typeface Conventions for Textual
Material: When to Use Italics (cont’d)
• Titles of publications, speeches, articles:
• James B. Sales and Kenneth B. Cole Jr., writing in a 1984
article entitled Punitive Damages: A Relic That Has Outlived
Its Origins, opined that "theoretical arguments mask the
archaic and destructive nature of the punitive damages
doctrine"
• Use italics for emphasis.
• Italicize punctuation only if it is part of the cited
material.

11. Abbreviations (Rule 6.1)
• Use only abbreviations provided in tables (T5
through T16)
• Avoid others, unless substantial space will be saved.
• Table 13 offers a general guide for citing
periodicals.

12. Capitalization (Rule 8)
• Capitalize
• All words in headings and titles, but see exceptions.
• Identifying specific persons, officials, groups,
government offices or government bodies
• Exceptions: Articles, conjunctions, or prepositions
of four or fewer letters, unless first word of a title
or subtitle.
• Sometimes: federal, act, court, constitution, etc.
• Modifier of a capitalized word OR part of a name

13. Examples: Capitalization
• STATUS OF WOMEN IN RHODE ISLAND: A MID-DECADE
REPORT
• Elinor Ostrom, A Diagnostic Approach for Going
Beyond Panaceas, 104 PROC. NAT’L ACAD. SCI. 15176,
15177 (2007).

14. Examples: Capitalization (cont’d)
• The PTU filed a complaint in federal court some
three months after the PPSD CBH Policy was put
into effect.
• In 2010, women head four out of the seven Rhode
Island courts: … and Judge Mary M. Lisi at the
Federal Court.
• This Court has already ruled on the Defendant’s
Motion to Dismiss.

15. Short Citation Forms & Internal
Cross References
• Id.
• Supra
• hereinafter
• Infra

16. Id. (Rule 4.1): Do not use if
• Multiple citations in the same/preceding footnote
(but see exception)
• When initial citation is to a shorter work within an
authority (e.g. chapter, article)
• For internal cross references
• Five-Footnote Rule applies (See Rules 10.9(a),
12.10(b), 14.5(b))

17. Using Id. (Rule 4.1)
• May use Id. if additional citations are to subsequent
history or within explanatory parentheticals/
phrases
• Use “Id. at” with page numbers, “Id. §” or “Id. ¶”
to correspond to document subdivisions

18. Example: Id. (Rule 4.1)
• [Text.] See Oceana, Inc., 2005 W.L. 555416, at *5.
Id. at *12.
• [Text.] See Oceana, Inc., 2005 W.L. 555416, at *5;
Am. Oceans Campaign v. Daley, 183 F. Supp. 2d 1, 3
(D.D.C. 2000).
Oceana, Inc., 2005 W.L. 555416, at *12.

19. Using hereinafter (Rule 4.2)
• Note that hereinafter is neither capitalized nor
italicized.
• Use instead of the short form, if the short form
would be cumbersome, confusing, or if multiple
authorities in same footnote that may be confused
with each other.

20. Examples: hereinafter
• New Eng. Fishery Mgmt. Council, FINAL
Amendment 16 to the Northeast Multispecies
Fishery Management Plan 7 (October 16, 2009),
http://www.nefmc.org/nemulti/planamen/Amendl
6/finalamendl6_oct09.html [hereinafter FINAL
Amendment 16].
• Tasini v. New York Times Co., 206 F.3d 161 (2nd Cir.
2000), amending Tasini v. New York Times Co., 192
F.3d 356 (1999), cert. granted sub nom. New York
Times Co. v. Tasini, 121 S. Ct. 425 (Mem) (2000)
[hereinafter Tasini II].

21. Using Supra (Rule 4.2)
• Do not use supra as a short form for
• cases, statutes, constitutions, legislative materials
(except hearings), restatements, model codes, or
regulations …
• Unless the name of authority is extremely long.

22. Example: Supra (Rule 4.2)
• FN 1. MARK KURLANSKY, COD: A BIOGRAPHY OF THE FISH
THAT CHANGED THE WORLD (1997).
• KURLANSKY, supra note 1, at 79.

23. Using infra and supra as internal
cross-references (Rule 3.5)
• Use infra and supra as internal cross-references to
refer to other material within the same document
• Use with: text, Part, Section, note, p./pp., Figure,
Table
• Never use infra with citations to authority.

24. Signals (Rules 1.2 – 1.4)
• Supportive: [no signal], E.g., Accord, See, See Also,
Cf.
• Comparative: Compare … with
• Contradictory: Contra, But see, But cf.
• Background: See generally

25. Source Gathering
• Before you start, remember preferred
sources:
• Check the rule for the authority
AND
• Table 1: Primary U.S. Materials

26. Statutes: Quick Review
• Session Laws
• Code

27. Generally, Cite to the Code
(Rule 12)
• Cite statutes currently in force to the current official
code or its supplement. Otherwise, cite
• a current unofficial code or its supplement,
• the official session laws,
• privately published session laws (…),
• a commercial electronic database,
• a looseleaf service,
• an Internet source,
• or a newspaper…

28. But, Use Session Laws for
(Rule 12.2.2)
• Scattered statutes: e.g. USA Patriot Act (amended
titles 8, 12, 15, 18, 20, 31, 42, 47, 49, 50)
• Historical fact: e.g. Copyright Act of 1976
• Materially different language

29. Citing Statutes
• Use the abbreviated name of the code from Table 1
• Add the appropriate subdivision (title, chapter, etc.)
• For unofficial codes, add the publisher, editor, or
compiler (see Table 1)

30. Citing Statutes (cont’d)
• Add the year of the code
• From the spine of the volume
• From the title page
• From the copyright page
• In that order of preference!
• If the material appears in a supplement, include it
in the citation!

31. Citing to Statutes on Lexis or
Westlaw (Rule 12.5)
• When citing a code contained in an electronic
database, give parenthetically the name of the
database and information regarding the currency of
the database as provided by the database itself
(rather than the year of the code according to
rule 12.3.2).
• In accordance with rule 12.3.1(d), also give the
name of the publisher, editor, or compiler unless the
code is published, edited, compiled by, or under the
supervision of, federal or state officials.

32. Citing to Statutes on Lexis or
Westlaw (cont’d)
• Practically speaking,
• Check the sources in Table 1.
• If the library doesn’t have it in print, check whether the
parenthetical is to LexisNexis or West.
• Retrieve the source from the appropriate online source.

33. ASIDE: Finding Statutes on Lexis &
Westlaw--When Citations Fail

34. Federal Statutes: Examples
• 16 U.S.C. §1854(a) (2006)
• Fishery Conservation and Management Act of
1976, Pub. L. No. 94-265, 90 Stat. 331, 332-33
(codified as amended at 18 U.S.C. §§1801-1891d
(2006)).

35. State Statutes: Codes
• Official, cited to book with cited section appearing
in the supplement:
• R.I. GEN. LAWS §§ 16-2-9(a)(18), (c) (Supp. 2011).
• Unofficial, cited to book:
• N.Y. EXEC. LAW § 63(15) (Consol. 2009).

36. State Statutes: Codes
• Unofficial, cited to Westlaw:
• IOWA CODE ANN. § 668A.1 (Westlaw through 2016 Reg.
Sess.)
• Click on the “Currentness” link to find the “Current
with/through” statement
• Unofficial, cited to Lexis:
• R.I. GEN. LAWS § 10-6-8 (LEXIS through Chapter 218 of the
January 2016 Session).
• “Current through” appears after the citation.

37. State Statutes: Session Laws
• Official, cited to book:
• Act Relative to the Uniform Probate Code, ch.
521, 2008 Mass. Acts. 1754-1915.
• Unofficial, cited to online source:
• 1979 R.I. Pub. Laws 1288-89 (LEXIS).

38. Constitutions (Rule 11)
• No preferred source listed.
• Examples
• U.S. CONST. amend. XIV, §1.
• R.I. CONST. art. X, §2; §39-5-1, §39-5-3.
• Where do I find these?
• Use the sources for statutes!

39. Legislative Materials (Rule 13)
• Preferred sources not listed. Cite to an official version:
online (PDF) or from microfiche
• Cite to Lexis or Westlaw
• Information you will need: 1) the title of the material (if
any); (2) the abbreviated name of the legislative body;
(3) the number assigned to the material; (4) the
number of the Congress and/or legislative session; and
(5) the year of publication.
• Under each type of material, a specific rule for state
materials.

40. Federal Legislative Materials:
Examples
• Reports:
• S. Rep. No. 94-711, at 50 (1976) (Conf. Rep.)
• Bills:
• H.R. 1646, 2304, 2772, & 3061, 112th Cong. (1st Sess.
2011)
• Debates:
• CONG. GLOBE, 39th Cong., 1st Sess. 2890-2902 (1866).

41. Federal Legislative Materials:
Examples (cont’d)
• Hearings:
• Terrorist Networks in Pakistan and the Proliferation of
IEDs: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Near Eastern
and South and Central Asian Affairs; S. Committee on
Foreign Relations, 112th Cong. (2012).
• House or Senate Documents:
• REPORT OF THE NATIONAL COMMISSION ON TERRORISM, H.R.
DOC. 106-250, at 15 (2000)

42. State Legislative Materials
• Extremely difficult to locate in print
• Lexis or Westlaw (Rule 13.7(a))
• Internet (Rule 13.7 (b))

43. Regulations: Quick Review
• Administrative Register
• Administrative Code

44. Administrative Regulations (Rule
14.2)
• Whenever possible, cite federal rules and
regulations to the Code of Federal Regulations
(C.F.R.)…
• The Federal Register (Fed. Reg.) publishes rules and
regulations before they are entered into the Code
of Federal Regulations.”
• Cite state materials by analogy to the federal
examples given in this rule.
• Use Table 1 for the preferred sources for state
regulations

45. Federal Administrative
Regulations: Examples
• Code: 50 C.F.R. § 600.310(f) (2009).
• Magnuson-Stevens Act Provisions; Annual Catch
Limits; Nat'l Standard Guidelines Proposed Rule, 73
Fed. Reg. 32,526, 32,533 (June 9, 2008) (to be
codified at 50 C.F.R. pt. 600).

46. State Administrative Regulations
• Sources are listed in Table 1
• However, may be difficult to locate in print
• RWU Law Library only collects R.I.
• Lexis or Westlaw (Rule 14.4)
• Internet (Rule 18.2)

47. Federal Administrative Decisions
(Rule 14.3)
• Cite the official reporter of the agency if the opinion
appears therein (See table T1.2 for reporters)
• If the opinion does not appear in an official
reporter, cite the official release or slip opinion
• Where an agency decision is only available from a
service or on the agency's website, cite according to
rule 19 (for services) or rule 18.2 (for Internet
sources).

48. Federal Administrative Decisions:
Examples
• Official Reporter:
• In re Monreal-Aguinaga, 23 I. & N. Dec. 56, 65 (BIA 2001)
• Official Agency Publication:
• In re WHX Corporation, 73 S.E.C. Docket 1259 (Oct. 6,
2000)
• Looseleaf service:
• e.b. Smith, Jr. v. American National Bank & Trust
Co., [1992-1993 Transfer Binder] Fed. Sec. L. Rep. (CCH)
¶ 97,273 (Dec. 17, 1992)

49. State Administrative Decisions
• Extremely difficult to locate in print
• Lexis or Westlaw (Rule 14.4)
• Internet (Rule 18.2)

50. Cases (Rule 10)
• The federal and state jurisdictions table (table T1)
indicates which reporters to cite for the decisions of
most courts. Note that many state court decisions
are published in two or more sources. (Rule 10.3.1)
• The elements of a case law citation are:
• Case name
• Reporter
• Court and Jurisdiciton
• Date or Year
• Parenthetical Information
• Prior and Subsequent History

51. Cases: Name of the Case (Rule
10.2)
• Omit all parties other than the first party listed on
each side of the “v.”
• For names of individuals, use only last names
• Omit words indicating multiple parties (“et al.”) and
alternative names ("a.k.a.“ “d/b/a”)
• Follow rules for abbreviations, noting that they are
used differently when in the text versus a footnote.

52. Cases: Name of the Case (cont’d)
• Full Name of the Case in Textual Sentences (ie. not
in a citation)
• Abbreviate only widely known acronyms under rule
6.1(b) and these eight words: “&,” “Ass’n,” “Bros.,” “Co.,”
“Corp.,” “Inc.,” “Ltd.,” and “No.” UNLESS the word
begins a party’s name.

53. Cases: Reporters
• Choice of source:
• For U.S. Supreme Court cases, use the United States
Reports (U.S.)
• For lower federal court cases (Courts of Appeals, District
Courts) use the appropriate West reporter (F. or F.Supp.)
• For state cases, cite the relevant regional reporter, if the
decision is found therein.
• Westlaw has the PDFs for all regional reporters and
for the lower federal cases (F., F.2d, F.3d, F.Supp.,
and F.Supp.2d)
• Lexis and Westlaw offer star pagination for all
reporters

54. ASIDE: Star Pagination in Lexis &
Westlaw, an example
• Goodridge v. Dep't of Pub. Health, 440 Mass. 309,
798 N.E.2d 941 (2003).
• Lexis defaults to the official pagination:
• Page numbers appear as: [312]
• Westlaw offers pagination for both reporters
• Page numbers appear as *312 (Mass. = official) and
**948 (N.E.2d = unofficial)

55. Cases: Court and Jurisdiction
• Table 1 lists the appropriate abbreviation for the
court
• Table 10 lists the correct abbreviation for the states
• Compare: R.I., Mass.
• For highest court, the court is not included in the
parenthetical

56. Cases: Parenthetical Information
• Weight of authority
• “Quoting” and “citing” parentheticals
• An explanatory parenthetical may also be added to explain
briefly the proposition for which the case stands
• Parenthetical phrases should be placed in the following
order: (i) weight of authority parentheticals; (ii) “quoting”
and “citing” parentheticals; (iii) explanatory parentheticals.
For more detailed information, see rule 1.5(b).

57. Cases: Prior and Subsequent
History
• Prior history:
• Give prior history only if significant to the point for which
the case is cited or if the disposition cited does not
intelligibly describe the issues in the case.
• Use abbreviated explanatory phrases listed in Table
8 to introduce the prior/subsequent history or
weight of authority, but see exceptions.
• Examples: aff’d, cert. denied, rev’d, etc.

58. Cases: Prior and Subsequent
History (cont’d)
• Subsequent history, exceptions:
• Omit denials of certiorari or denials of similar
discretionary appeals, unless < two years old or the
denial is particularly relevant.
• Omit also the history on remand or any denial of a
rehearing, unless relevant to the point for which the case
is cited.
• Omit any disposition withdrawn by the deciding
authority, such as an affirmance followed by reversal on
rehearing.

59. Briefs, Court Filings, and Transcripts,
aka Court Documents (Rule 10.8.3)
• Full name of the document, as it appears on the
filing, abbreviated according to rule 10.2.1(c),
• Pinpoint citation, if any.
• Full case citation and the docket number
• If no decision has yet been rendered on the filing cited,
cite the case according to rule 10.5(c),
• If a decision has been rendered, cite the case as you
otherwise would.
• Date in the parenthetical should be the date on
which the filing was made, regardless of disposition

60. Court Documents (cont’d)
• Always include the docket number,
• Parenthetically (when there is a reported citation)
• As the citation (when there is no reported citation)
• Document number assigned by the court optional,
unless it is essential to finding the document.
• Same rules apply to documents produced by the
court, e.g. oral argument transcripts and transcripts
of record.
• For amicus briefs, abbreviate signatories beyond
the first with “et al.”

61. Court Documents (cont’d)
• For short forms (rule 10.9), a citation to a court
document including a case citation suffices as a
citation to the case itself.
• If you use the short form for the case, you must still
provide the docket number
• May use supra or hereinafter

62. Court Documents (cont’d)
• Preferred sources not listed.
• U.S. Supreme Court materials are the easiest to
find.
• State materials may be difficult to find.

63. Court Documents: Examples
• Brief of Appellant at 46, Aetna Life Ins. Co. v. Lavoie,
475 U.S. 813 (1986) (No. 84-1601).
• Complaint, Providence Teachers Union v. Brady,
C.A. No. 11-cv-182 (D.R.I. 2011).

64. Books, Reports, and Other
Nonperiodic Materials (Rule 15)
• This rule governs the citation of books, treatises,
reports, white papers, dictionaries, encyclopedias,
and all other nonperiodic materials.
• Preferred sources not listed, but the original or a
PDF version would be acceptable.

65. Books, Reports, and Other
Nonperiodic Materials (cont’d)
• Include the following elements, although not in this
order:
• Full name(s) of the author(s), in LARGE AND SMALL CAPS, as
it appears in the publication;
• List only the first author if 3 or more, followed by et al.
• Editor or translator, if any, in parentheses
• Full main title, in LARGE AND SMALL CAPS, as it appears in
the title page
• Include subtitle only if particularly relevant
• Edition, if any, in parentheses
• Date of publication, in parentheses
• Pin cite

66. Books, Reports, and Other
Nonperiodic Materials (cont’d)
• Rule 15.5 covers Shorter Works in Collection, e.g. a
book chapter
• Rule 15.8 covers Special Citation Forms for certain
specified titles

67. Books: Examples
• LINDA L. SCHLUETER, PUNITIVE DAMAGES §§ 1.3(C),
1.3(D) (6th ed. 2010)
• Frederic S. Ury, Saving Atticus Finch: The Lawyer
and the Legal Services Revolution, in THE RELEVANT
LAWYER (Paul A . Haskins ed., 2015)

68. Periodical Materials (Rule 16)
• Preferred sources not listed, but the original or a
PDF version are both acceptable.
• Consecutively paginated (most law reviews)
• Non-consecutively paginated (many “magazines”)
• Also covers Newspapers

69. Journal Articles:
Consecutively paginated
• Include: author, title of work, volume number,
periodical name, first page of the work, page or
pages on which specific material appears (rule
3.2(a)), and year enclosed in parentheses at the end
of the citation.
• Consult tables T10 and T13 to abbreviate the names
of periodicals.

70. Journal Articles:
Non-consecutively paginated
• Include: author, title of work, periodical name, date
of issue as it appears on the cover, the word “at”
(rule 3.2(a)), first page of work, and, if applicable,
page or pages on which specific material appears. If
there is no author listed, begin the citation with the
title of the piece.
• Consult tables T10 and T13 to abbreviate the
names of periodicals

71. Journal Articles: Examples
• Consecutively Paginated:
• Peter Shelley et al., The New England Fisheries Crisis:
What Have We Learned?, 9 TUL. ENVTL. L.J. 221 (1996)
• Non-consecutively Paginated:
• Placek v. Sterling Heights, Civil Wrongs and the Rights
Revolution, 88 MICH. B. J., Mar. 2009, at 6, 10.

72. Journal Articles: More examples
• Angie Cannon, Looking for Answers in the Ashes,
U.S. NEWS & WORLD REP., Feb. 8, 2004, at 32, 32.
• Phyllis Coontz, Gender and Judicial Decisions: Do
Female Judges Decide Cases Differently than Male
Judges?, 18 GENDER ISSUES 59, 61 (2000).

73. Newspapers (Rule 16.6)
• Cited like nonconsecutively paginated periodicals with three
exceptions:
• (i) when appropriate, designate the work as an “Editorial,”
“Opinion,” or “Letter to the Editor,” in ordinary roman type, after the
author’s name but before the title, or at the beginning of the
citation if there is no author;
• (ii) after the date, give the designation of the section in which the
piece is found in a parenthetical if necessary to identify the page
unambiguously; and
• (iii) give only the first page of the piece and do not indicate the
location of specific material.
• Substitute “Letter to the Editor” or another designation for
the title when no separate title is provided.
• Citations to signed articles should include the author’s full
name; citations to unsigned pieces should begin with the
title of the piece.

74. Newspapers (Rule 16.6)
• News reports published in electronic databases may be
cited according to rule 16.8.
• Online newspapers (Internet) may be used in place of
print newspapers. Cite to the online source directly in
accordance with rule 18.2.2. Pagination can be included
if available but is not necessary. If the time of posting is
available, include it in the parentheses in accordance
with rule 18.2.2.
• The RWU Law Library will not request Interlibrary Loans
for newspapers given these two rules that allow for
electronic versions.

75. Newspapers: Examples
• Newspaper articled obtained on the Internet:
• Abby Goodnough, Scientists Say Cod Are Scant; Nets Say
Otherwise, N.Y. TIMES (Dec. 10, 2011),
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/11/us/conflicting-
indicators-on-gulf-of-maine-cod-stocks.html
• Print Newspaper:
• Linda Borg, Tentative Teachers Contract Reached,
PROVIDENCE J., August 3, 2011, at A1.

76. Newspapers: Examples (cont’d)
• Newspaper Article obtained on Lexis:
• Richard B. Schmitt, Staking Claims: A Las Vegas Lender
Tests Odds in Court, WALL ST. J., Sept. 15, 2000, at A1,
FACTIVA on LEXIS.
• Newspaper Article obtained on Westlaw:
• Claire Atkinson, Trio Drawn to Gawker Gamble, N.Y. POST,
Aug. 15, 2016, at 2, 2016 WLNR 24863295.

77. “On File With Author”: Example
• Letter from Peter McWalters, former R.I. Educ.
Commissioner, to Thomas M. Brady, former
Providence Sch. Superintendent at 3 (Feb. 17,
2009) (on file with author) [hereinafter CBH
Directive].

78. The Internet, Electronic Media, and
Other Nonprint Resources (Rule 18)
• The Bluebook requires the use and citation of
traditional printed sources when available, unless
there is a digital copy of the source available that is
authenticated, official, or an exact copy of the
printed source, as described in rule 18.2.1.
• Because of the reliability and authoritativeness of
LEXIS, Westlaw, Bloomberg Law, and other
commercial electronic databases such as Dialog,
cite such sources, if available, in preference to the
other sources covered by rule 18. (Rule 18.3)
• See table for directions to rules for specific types of
authority.

79. The Internet: Can I Use It?
• YES: Authenticated, Official, or Exact Copy (ie. PDF
or “page image”)
• URL not needed
• Use the appropriate rule for print
• YES, but: Obscure sources, sources with “print
characteristics” (ie. pagination)
• Must include the URL
• Use the appropriate rule for its print cousin OR Rule
18.2.2
• CAUTION: Documents in HTML format, other than
those that only exist in print.

80. The Internet: How do I Cite It?
• Use the rule for print, if it can be cited like print.
• Otherwise, follow rule 18.2.2

81. Examples: Internet Sources
• DEP'T OF HOMELAND SEC., REMOVALS INVOLVING ILLEGAL
ALIEN PARENTS OF UNITED STATES CITIZEN CHILDREN 1
(2009),
http://www.dhs.gov/xoig/assets/mgmtrpts/OIG-
09-15_Jan09.pdf
• The Plaintiffs' memo seeking expedited review is
available at
http://www.providenceschools.org/media/140345/
dja%20memo%20support.pdf

82. • Provides archiving of Internet sources for law
reviews
• Library = Registrar
• Law Review = Vesting Organization
• Law Review articles editors = Vesting Users

83. Finding a Title for a Strange
Abbreviation
• PRINCE'S BIEBER DICTIONARY OF LEGAL ABBREVIATIONS
Reference KF246 .B46 2009
• Cardiff's Index to Legal Abbreviations
• WORLD DICTIONARY OF LEGAL ABBREVIATIONS
Reference K89 .K38 1991
• ASK A LIBRARIAN!

84. Citing Difficult Sources /
Identifying Difficult Sources
• Try Lexis and Westlaw advanced searching!
• Use keywords for the title or author
• Add the field/segment for the publication name
• Search in the primary law review of the schools
responsible for the Bluebook: Harvard, Yale,
Columbia, U Penn (see BB title page for exact
titles)

85. Difficult Cite/Source:
Search on Lexis
• Select Advanced Search
• Click on “Select a specific content type”
• Select Law Reviews and Journals under
Secondary Materials
• Enter Publication: “Harvard law review”
• In the search bar, enter: [space] & [“search
terms”]

86. Difficult Cite/Source:
Search on Westlaw
• Select Advanced
• Enter in Exact Phrase or All of these Terms:
• Title or Author terms
• In the search bar, enter: [space] &
source(“Harvard law review”)

87. Still no luck?
•ASK A LIBRARIAN!
• In person
• lawlibraryhelp@rwu.edu
• 401-254-4547
• Chat:
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88. The End
• Credits: Many examples used were adapted from:
16 & 17 ROGER WILLIAMS U. L. REV. (2011-2012).