Python Notes for mca i year students osmania university.docx
How to make friends with False Friends
1. Who are “False friends”andhow to make friends with them? Konov Mark, a pupil of the 4th form, lyceum 4, Ryazan Korotkova Irina Ivanovna, an English teacher, doctor of science http://www.deti-66.ru
2. The main aim of my project: To study the phenomenon of “False friends” by the example of Russian and English, to find out its sources and to decide how to avoid mistakes dealing with them. http://www.deti-66.ru
3. The hypothesis: ? Though “False friends” are a very difficult phenomenon and can be translated incorrectly, there are some special features, which can help us to recognize them. http://www.deti-66.ru
4. The goals of my project: 1. To find and select the necessary information on my topic; 2. To analyze and systematize this information; 3. To test if it is possible to find out the difference between unfamiliar “False Friends” and “True Friends”; http://www.deti-66.ru
5. The goals of my project: 4. To make conclusions; 5. According to the conclusions to decide how we can avoid mistakes. http://www.deti-66.ru
6. Misleading words (false friends – (Fr. Faux amis), interlinguistic homonyms) are words from different languages, similar or almost similar in spelling and pronunciation, but completely different in meaning. The term was created in 1928 by M. Koessler. http://www.deti-66.ru
8. КОМПОЗИТОР The first type: These are homonyms which have absolutely different meanings. They can be confused only because of their similar pronunciation. Compositor наборщик http://www.deti-66.ru
9. АНГИНА The second type: These are homonyms which have related meanings, or meanings belonging to one sphere of use. Angina (quinsy) стенокардия http://www.deti-66.ru
10. The third type: Some scientists (linguists) call polysemantic words (multiple-meaning words) “False friends” as they also cause a lot of mistakes in translation. Monitor монитор староста класса http://www.deti-66.ru
11. A special case of “Misleading words”: Pseudo-international words are interlinguistic homonyms which are confused with international words (because of their spelling or pronunciation). Occupation род занятий, профессия оккупация оккупация (invasion) http://www.deti-66.ru
12. Why do “False friends” appear? There are several reasons: http://www.deti-66.ru
13. 1. Coincidence:similar forms of words are purely accidental Replica – точная копия (а не реплика - retort) Crest – гребень, грива или шлем (а не крест – cross) More – более (а не море – sea) http://www.deti-66.ru
14. 2. Independentdevelopment of languages: The similarity of words is caused by a common word existing in the ancestor language of the two. There are no such cases among Russian – English misleading words as they have different ancestor languages. ARTISTA (from It.) мастер своего дела (художник) ARTIST АРТИСТ http://www.deti-66.ru
15. 3. Some words change their meaning after borrowing: The word «док» was borrowed to name dockage facility (помещение для ремонта кораблей), though in English it means the whole wharf. Poem (стихотворение) and поэма; Sympathy (сочувствие) and симпатия. http://www.deti-66.ru
16. 4. Parallel borrowing: Two different languages can borrow the same words from one language but in different meanings. In case of Russian – English “False friends” the ancestor language is mainly Latin. DARE Latin word (to given) DATUS (given) DATUM (a thing given) ДАТА (date) DATA (данные) http://www.deti-66.ru
31. fabric = фабрика.To prove the difficulty of misleading words and to find probable special features of “False Friends” I offered my classmates to test their intuition and say whether these words have similar meanings: http://www.deti-66.ru
33. Conclusions: 1. Every translator (interpreter) has “friends” and “enemies” in English. These are words which can help to translate or mislead. 2. False friends are words from different languages, similar or almost similar in spelling and pronunciation, but completely different in meaning. 3. False friends can be of different types (according to the most frequent mistakes). http://www.deti-66.ru
34. Conclusions: 4. Sometimes even the whole idioms may be misleading. 5. False friends appear because of: coincidence, independent development of related languages, change of meaning after borrowing or parallel borrowing. 6. There are no bright signs which can help to tell the difference, between “true” and “False friends” of a translator. But there is some advice how to make it easier. http://www.deti-66.ru
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36. Take into account the word’s form (English adjective can’t correspond to a Russian noun: electric ≠ электрик);
37. Think of possible words which contain the same root and can show you the true meaning of the word under question (multiplication ≠ мультипликация, multiple = множественный -> multiplication = умножение);
38. If you are not sure, consult a dictionary. This will guarantee you the correctness of your translation.http://www.deti-66.ru
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40. А к у л е н к о В. В., “Существует ли интернациональная лексика? "Вопросы языкознания", 1961, № 3
