Recently discovered stone walls in southern Indiana, their possible relationship to documented ancient structures, and possible purposes.

1. Curious Stone Walls in Southern Indiana Rick Osmon

3. Known Fortress Indiana State Geologist, E.T. Cox, recorded this survey report in 1870, supposedly discovered by Gen. George Rogers Clark in about 1799

4. The New Site Landowner in erosion & friend atop largest of at least six exposed wall segments I call it the “East Fork Site”

5. Site Medium Context

6. Site Large Context Cox /Clark Site Charlestown Deam Wilderness Site Merom Bluff Site East Fork Site

7. Finer Context

8. 10 O’clock Line Curious coincidence?

10. Satellite View Wall Spring/Cave Excavated stone steps Second cave entrance (vertical) Grade ca. 1:2

16. Various Waterwheel Designs

18. One of the Signs at Rio Tinto 5,000 Years of Mine Pollution

21. No Joy in the Ironton

24. Gravity Balance In a gravity balance system two parallel tracks are employed with ascending trains on one and descending trains on the adjacent track. A single cable is attached to both trains, wound round a winding drum at the top of the incline to provide braking. The weight of the loaded descending cars is used to lift the ascending empties. This form of cable railway can only be used to move loads downhill and requires a wider space than a stationary engine -driven incline, but has the advantage of not requiring external power, and therefore costs less to operate.

25. Gravity Balance

26. Water balance This is a variant of the gravity balance incline that can be used to move loads uphill . The weight of the unloaded descending train is increased using water until it is greater than the train traveling uphill. At this point gravity allows the uphill train to ascend. The water is either carried in an additional water wagon attached to the descending train, or is carried in a platform on which the train descends. This form of incline has the advantages of a gravity balance system with the added ability to haul loads uphill. It is only practical where a large supply of water is available at the top of the incline. An example of this type of cable railway is the passenger carrying Lynton and Lynmouth Cliff Railway .

27. Lynton and Lynmouth Cliff Railway

28. Lynton and Lynmouth Cliff Railway Two cars, each capable of transporting 40 passengers, joined by a continuous cable running around a 5 ft 6 in (1.7 m) pulley at each end of the incline. Water feeds through 5-inch (130 mm) pipes from the West Lyn River — over a mile away — into tanks under the floor of the upper car. Each car has a 700 gallon tank mounted between the wheels. Water is discharged from the lower car, until the heavier top car begins to descend, with the speed controlled by a brakeman travelling on each car. The parallel tracks (which bow out at the centre point, to allow the cars to pass) rise 500 feet (150 m) and are 862 feet (263 m) long, giving the line a gradient of 1:1.75 .

29. Where exactly is this gravity balance railway?

30. Wales

31. Speculative Hypotheses Truly ancient Fortress Water balance cable tram to deliver supplies, wooden rails Multi-purpose mill & power source Euro or Middle Eastern, but far from certain

32. Next Step Dig

33. Digging for…? Evidence of a palisade Any artifacts Skeletal remains, including livestock Tooled stone

34. Also… Attempt to enter closed room in cave Core sample the old beech tree.

35. Rick Osmon, aka Oz http:// oopaloopacafe .com to find great info about guests and previous shows http:// blogtalkradio .com/ oopa - loopa -cafe to listen to the live shows and join the chat Call in during show (646) 652-2720 Mobile (not during live show, please) (812) 259-1102 oz@ oopaloopacafe .com Thanks for listening Feedback