This document discusses exception handling in C++ and Java. It defines what exceptions are and explains that exception handling separates error handling code from normal code to make programs more readable and robust. It covers try/catch blocks, throwing and catching exceptions, and exception hierarchies. Finally, it provides an example of implementing exception handling in a C++ program to handle divide-by-zero errors.
Java abstract class & abstract methods,Abstract class in java
Abstract classes are classes that contain one or more abstract methods. An abstract method is a method that is declared, but contains no implementation. Abstract classes may not be instantiated, and require subclasses to provide implementations for the abstract methods.
Selection Statements
Using if and if...else
Nested if Statements
Using switch Statements
Conditional Operator
Repetition Statements
Looping: while, do, and for
Nested loops
Using break and continue
In the Java programming language, the final keyword is used in several different contexts to define an entity that can only be assigned once. Once a final variable has been assigned, it always contains the same value.
Java abstract class & abstract methods,Abstract class in java
Abstract classes are classes that contain one or more abstract methods. An abstract method is a method that is declared, but contains no implementation. Abstract classes may not be instantiated, and require subclasses to provide implementations for the abstract methods.
Selection Statements
Using if and if...else
Nested if Statements
Using switch Statements
Conditional Operator
Repetition Statements
Looping: while, do, and for
Nested loops
Using break and continue
In the Java programming language, the final keyword is used in several different contexts to define an entity that can only be assigned once. Once a final variable has been assigned, it always contains the same value.
Java - Exceptions. An exception (or exceptional event) is a problem that arises during the execution of a program. When an Exception occurs the normal flow of the program is disrupted and the program/Application terminates abnormally, which is not recommended, therefore, these exceptions are to be handled.
unit 4 msbte syallbus for sem 4 2024-2025AKSHAYBHABAD5
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The Intel 8086 microprocessor, designed by Intel in the late 1970s, is an 8-bit/16-bit microprocessor and the first member of the x86 family of microprocessors1. Hereâs a brief overview of its internal architecture:
Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) Architecture: The 8086 microprocessor is based on a CISC architecture, which supports a wide range of instructions, many of which can perform multiple operations in a single instruction1.
Bus Interface Unit (BIU): The BIU is responsible for fetching instructions from memory and decoding them, while also managing data transfer between the microprocessor and memory or I/O devices1.
Execution Unit (EU): The EU executes the instructions1.
Memory Segmentation: The 8086 microprocessor has a segmented memory architecture, which means that memory is divided into segments that are addressed using both a segment register and an offset1.
Registers: The 8086 microprocessor has a rich set of registers, including general-purpose registers, segment registers, and special registers
System Security:
1. Security problem & User Authentication
2. Program, network And system Threats
3. Handling the Security problem
CONTACT ME AT: reddhisb@gmail.com
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
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As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an âinfrastructure container kubernetes guyâ, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefitâs both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
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After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more âmechanicalâ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
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In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
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Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But thereâs more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, youâll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the âApproveâ button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
Butâif the âRejectâ button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
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Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
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Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
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The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. Whatâs changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
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Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
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Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as âpredictable inferenceâ.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
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In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
âą The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
âą Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
âą Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
âą Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
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Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
2. Introduction What is an Exception?
An exception is an unexpected event that occurs during
runtime and causes normal program flow to be disrupted.
Some common examples:
ï§ Divide by zero errors
ï§ Accessing the elements of an array beyond its range
ï§ Invalid input
ï§ Hard disk crash
ï§ Opening a non-existent file
ï§ Heap memory exhaustion
3. Introduction Exception Handling
The way of handling anomalous situations in a program-run is
known as Exception Handling.
Its advantages are:
ï§ Exception handling separates error-handling code from
normal code
ï§ It clarifies the code and enhances readability
ï§ It stimulates consequences as the error-handling takes
place at one place and in one manner
ï§ It makes for clear, robust and fault-tolerant programs
4. 1
âą Write code such that it raises an error flag every
time something goes wrong
âą [throw exception]
2
âą Error flag is raised, then
3
âą Call the Error-handling routine
âą [catch exception]
Concept of Exception Handling
5. Exception An unexpected error that occurs during runtime
Throwing
The process by which an exception is generated and
passed to the program
Catching
Capturing an exception that has just occurred and
executing statements that try to resolve the problem
Catch
clause or
catch
block
The block of code that attempts to deal with the
exception
Stack
trace
The sequence of method calls that brought control to
the point where the exception occurred
Terminology
6. Java: Categories of Exception
Checked Exception
Checked exceptions are inherited from the core Java class Exception.
They represent exceptions that are frequently considered ânon fatalâ to
program execution
Checked exceptions must be handled in your code, or passed to parent
classes for handling
Unchecked Exception
Unchecked exceptions represent error conditions that are considered
âfatalâ to program execution.
You do not have to do anything with an unchecked exception. Your
program will terminate with an appropriate error message
7. If the method contains code that may cause a checked
exception, we MUST handle the exception OR pass the
exception to the parent class (every class has Object as the
ultimate parent)
âȘ To handle the exception, we write a âtry-catchâ block.
âȘ To pass the exception âup the chainâ, we declare a
throws clause in our method or class declaration.
How do we handle exceptions?
8. import java.io.*;
public class ExcepTest
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
try
{
int a[] = new int[2];
System.out.println("Access element three :" + a[3]);
}
catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e)
{
System.out.println("Exception thrown :" + e);
}
System.out.println("Out of the block");
}
}
Java: Try-Catch MechanismWherever the code may trigger
an exception, the normal code
logic is placed inside a block of
code starting with the âtryâ
keyword:
After the try block, the code to
handle the exception should it
arise is placed in a block of
code starting with the
âcatchâ keyword.
9. try
{
//Protected code
}
catch(ExceptionType1 e1)
{
//Catch block
}
finally
{
//The finally block always executes.
}
finally keyword
The finally keyword is used to create a block of code that follows a try
block. A finally block of code always executes, whether or not an exception
has occurred.
Using a finally block allows you to run any cleanup-type statements that
you want to execute, no matter what happens in the protected code.
10. C++: General form of try and catch
try
{
// try block
}
catch (type1 arg)
{
// catch block
}
catch (type2 arg)
{
// catch block
}
catch (type3 arg)
{
// catch block
}
...
catch (typeN arg)
{
// catch block
}
Note: The try can be as
short as a few
statements within one
function or as all -
encompassing
as enclosing the main()
function code within a
try block.
11. The throw keyword
Note:
âș If an exception is thrown for which there is no applicable catch statement, an
abnormal program termination may occur.
âș Throwing an unhandled exception causes the standard library function terminate() to
be invoked.
âș By default, terminate() calls abort() to stop the program, but we can specify our own
termination handler.
General Form:
throw exception;
â throw generates the exception specified by exception
â throw must be executed within a try block
â throw can also be executed within a function called from a try block
12. import java.io.*;
public class className
{
public void deposit(double amount)
throws Exception
{
// Method implementation
}
//Remainder of class definition
}
Java: Passing the Exception
In any method that
might throw an
exception, you may
declare the method as
âthrowsâ that
exception, and thus
avoid handling the
exception yourself
14. Java: Creating Exceptions
class WordContainsException extends Exception
{
//Parameterless Constructor
public WordContainsException(){}
//Constructor that accepts a message
public WordContainsException(String message)
{
super(message);
}
}
try
{
if(word.contains(" "))
{
throw new WordContainsException();
}
}
catch(WordContainsException ex)
{
//Process message however you would like
}
Usage:
15. C++: A Simple Example
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout << "Startn";
try
{ // start a try block
cout << "Inside try blockn";
throw 100; // throw an error
cout << "This will not execute";
}
catch (int i)
{ // catch an error
cout << "Caught an exception --
value is: ";
cout << i << "n";
}
cout << "End";
return 0;
}
Output:
Start
Inside try block
Caught an exception -
- value is: 100
End
(double i)
Output:
Start
Inside try block
Abnormal program
termination
16. #include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void Xtest(int test)
{
cout << "Inside Xtest, test is: " << test << "n";
if(test)
throw test;
}
int main()
{
cout << "Startn";
try
{
cout << "Inside try blockn";
Xtest(0);
Xtest(1);
Xtest(2);
}
catch (int i)
{
cout <<"Caught an exception -- value is: ";
cout << i << "n";
}
cout << "End";
return 0;
}
Output:
Start
Inside try block
Inside Xtest, test is: 0
Inside Xtest, test is: 1
Caught an exception --
value is: 1
End
C++: Throwing an exception from outside try block
17. Catching Class Types: An Example
#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;
class MyException
{
public:
char str_what[80];
int what;
MyException()
{
*str_what = 0;
what =0;
}
MyException(char *s, int e)
{
strcpy(str_what, s);
what = e;
}
};
int main()
{
int i;
try
{
cout << "Enter a positive
number: ";
cin >> i;
if(i<0)
throw MyException("Not
Positive", i);
}
catch (MyException e)
{
cout << e.str_what << ": ";
cout << e.what << "n";
}
return 0;
}
Sample run:
Enter a positive
number: -4
Not Positive: -4
18. Handling Derived-Class Exceptions
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class B
{};
class D: public B
{};
int main()
{
D derived;
try
{
throw derived;
}
catch(B b)
{
cout << "Caught a base class.n";
}
catch(D d)
{
cout << "This won't execute.n";
}
return 0;
}
Note:
Here, because derived
is an object that has B
as a base class, it
will be caught by the
first catch clause and
the second clause will
never execute.
Some compilers will
flag this condition
with a warning message.
Others may issue an
error. Either way, to
fix this condition, we
should reverse the
order of the catch
clauses.
19. Exception Handling Options
There are several additional features and nuances to C++ exception handling that
make it easier and more convenient to use. These attributes are discussed here.
20. Catching All Exceptions
In some circumstances we want an exception
handler to catch all exceptions instead of just a
certain type.
This is easily accomplished by using this form of
catch:
catch(...)
{
// process all exceptions
}
21. Restricting Exceptions
A throw clause is added to a function definition to specify
which types of exceptions it can throw as shown below:
ret-type func-name(arg-list) throw(type-list)
{
//âŠ
}
Note:
âș only those data types contained in the comma-separated type-list may be thrown by
the function
âș throwing any other type of expression will cause abnormal program termination
âș if we don't want a function to be able to throw any exceptions, then we use an
empty list
22. Restricting Exceptions (continuedâŠ)
What happens when an unsupported exception is thrown?
Standard library function
unexpected() is called
By default, unexpected()
calls abort(), that
abnormally terminates the
program
However, we can specify our
own unexpected handler, as
discussed later.
Note:
â» a function can be
restricted only in what
types of exceptions it
throws back to the try
block that called it.
â» a try block within a
function may throw any
type of exception so
long as it is caught
within that function.
23. #include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void Xhandler()
{
try
{
throw "hello";
}
catch(const char *)
{
cout << "Caught char * inside
Xhandlern";
throw ;
}
}
int main()
{
cout << "Startn";
try
{
Xhandler();
}
catch(const char *)
{
cout << "Caught char * inside mainn";
}
cout << "End";
return 0;
}
Output:
Start
Caught char * inside
Xhandler
Caught char * inside main
End
C++: Rethrowing an exception
Note:
âȘ this causes the current
exception to be passed on
to an outer try/catch
sequence
âȘ when we rethrow an
exception, it will be caught
by the next catch statement
in the hierarchy
24. terminate() and unexpected()
void terminate() and void unexpected() are standard C++ library functions that are
called when something goes wrong during the process of exception handling.
Note:
âȘ In general, terminate() is the handler of last resort when
no other handlers for an exception are available. By
default, terminate() calls abort().
terminate() is called in the following circumstances:
âȘ whenever the exception handling subsystem fails to find
a matching catch statement for an exception.
âȘ It is also called if our program attempts to rethrow an
exception when no exception was originally thrown.
âȘ is also called under various other, more obscure
circumstances.
The unexpected() function
is called when a function
attempts to throw an
exception that is not
allowed by its throw list.
By default, unexpected()
calls terminate() .
25. Setting the Terminate and Unexpected Handlers
To change the terminate handler, we use set_terminate() , shown here:
terminate_handler set_terminate(terminate_handler newhandler) throw( );
Here, newhandler is a pointer to the new terminate handler. The function returns a pointer to
the old terminate handler. The new terminate handler must be of type
terminate_handler, which is defined like this:
typedef void (*terminate_handler) ( );
To change the unexpected handler, use set_unexpected() , shown here:
unexpected_handler set_unexpected(unexpected_handler newhandler) throw( );
Here, newhandler is a pointer to the new unexpected handler. The function returns a pointer
to the old unexpected handler. The new unexpected handler must be of type
unexpected_handler, which is defined like this:
typedef void (*unexpected_handler) ( );
27. The uncaught_exception( ) Function
The C++ exception handling subsystem supplies one useful function:
uncaught_exception(). Its prototype is shown here:
bool uncaught_exception( );
This function returns true if an exception has been thrown but not yet caught. Once
caught, the function returns false.
The exception and bad_exception Classes
When a function supplied by the C++ standard library throws an exception, it will be
an object derived from the base class exception.
An object of the class bad_exception can be thrown by the unexpected handler.
These classes require the header <exception>.
Miscellaneous
28. Implementing in a program: An Example
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void divide(double a, double b);
int main()
{
double i, j;
do
{
cout << "Enter numerator
(0 to stop): ";
cin >> i;
cout << "Enter denominator: ";
cin >> j;
divide(i, j);
}
while(i != 0);
return 0;
}
void divide(double a, double b)
{
try
{
if(!b) throw b;
cout << "Result: " << a/b
<< endl;
}
catch (double b)
{
cout << "Result: Infinity";
}
}
This presentation demonstrates the new capabilities of PowerPoint and it is best viewed in Slide Show. These slides are designed to give you great ideas for the presentations youâll create in PowerPoint 2010!For more sample templates, click the File tab, and then on the New tab, click Sample Templates.