The presentation aiding the lecture Fundamentals of Geology for the course CE 8392 Engineering Geology handled by Prof. Rathnavel Pon for Akshaya College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore
This document summarizes the different grades of metamorphism: very low-grade, low-grade, medium-grade, and high-grade. Each grade is defined by the typical temperature and pressure conditions and indicator minerals present. Very low-grade occurs below 200°C and involves minerals like lawsonite. Low-grade occurs from 200-300°C and involves hydrous minerals. Medium-grade occurs from 400-550°C and involves minerals like staurolite and cordierite. High-grade occurs above 600°C and involves breakdown of minerals like muscovite. Isogrades are lines that indicate boundaries of metamorphic grade based on the appearance of indicator minerals.
This document classifies igneous rocks based on their visible crystal size, composition, and mineralogy. It divides rocks into phaneritic, aphanitic, porphyritic, fragmental, pegmatitic, and glassy categories based on crystal size. It further classifies rocks as felsic, intermediate, mafic, or ultramafic based on their silica and iron/magnesium content. Diagrams show classifications of specific rock types like plutonic rocks, volcanic rocks, gabbroic rocks, and ultramafic rocks based on their mineralogy and compositions.
Historical geology Is the branch which deals with the history of the rocks of the earth’s crust with special emphasis on their approximate time of formation and the climate changes they have undergone since their formation.
ELEMENTS OF CORRELATION, STRUCTURAL FEATURES, METHOD OF STRATIGRAPHIC CORRELATION ,
Three principle kinds of correlations
1.1 introduction of geology,Branches and Scope of GeologyRam Kumawat
This document discusses the branches and scope of geology. It outlines 15 branches of geology including physical geology, crystallography, mineralogy, petrology, structural geology, stratigraphy, paleontology, historical geology, economic geology, mining geology, civil engineering geology, hydrology, Indian geology, resources engineering, and photo geology. It then discusses the importance and scope of geology for civil engineering, including providing construction materials knowledge, helping with erosion and deposition projects, tunneling and foundations, and reducing engineering costs.
The document discusses the various geological criteria used in mineral exploration, including stratigraphic, structural, lithological, magmatogenic, metamorphogenic, geomorphological, paleogeographical, paleoclimatic, and historical criteria. Geological criteria are an indirect method of locating ore deposits to save time and money during exploration. Some examples of deposits associated with different criteria include stratigraphically-controlled coal and uranium, structurally-controlled porphyry copper deposits related to subduction zones, and lithologically-controlled tin deposits associated with granitic rocks.
Geological mapping involves systematically observing and recording rock exposures and structural features in the field to produce maps that show the spatial distribution and relationships of rock units. The document discusses different types of geological maps including reconnaissance, regional, detailed, and specialized maps. It also describes common mapping techniques such as traversing, exposure mapping, drilling, underground mapping, and photo-geology. Field equipment used in mapping includes hammers, chisels, compasses, clinometers, tapes, and notebooks.
Geochemical methods in mineral explorationPramoda Raj
This document discusses geochemical methods for mineral exploration. It covers general principles of geochemistry as they relate to mineral deposits. It also discusses optimizing exploration through proper planning, selection of areas and methods, and organization of field, lab, and supervisory operations. Geochemistry is described as an essential component of modern integrated exploration programs due to the low-grade, large-tonnage nature of most economic deposits and its effectiveness in weathered tropical environments.
This document summarizes fluvial depositional landforms. It begins with an introduction to stream deposition and fluvial landforms. It then discusses reasons for sediment deposition including changes in slope, flow obstructions, and sediment supply. Major landforms are classified and explained, including alluvial fans/cones, braided streams, meandering belts, point bars, backswamps, floodplains, natural levees, and river deltas. Specific features of each landform like bar formation and channel abandonment are described. The document concludes by noting the geological significance of these landforms and their use for cultivation.
This document summarizes the different grades of metamorphism: very low-grade, low-grade, medium-grade, and high-grade. Each grade is defined by the typical temperature and pressure conditions and indicator minerals present. Very low-grade occurs below 200°C and involves minerals like lawsonite. Low-grade occurs from 200-300°C and involves hydrous minerals. Medium-grade occurs from 400-550°C and involves minerals like staurolite and cordierite. High-grade occurs above 600°C and involves breakdown of minerals like muscovite. Isogrades are lines that indicate boundaries of metamorphic grade based on the appearance of indicator minerals.
This document classifies igneous rocks based on their visible crystal size, composition, and mineralogy. It divides rocks into phaneritic, aphanitic, porphyritic, fragmental, pegmatitic, and glassy categories based on crystal size. It further classifies rocks as felsic, intermediate, mafic, or ultramafic based on their silica and iron/magnesium content. Diagrams show classifications of specific rock types like plutonic rocks, volcanic rocks, gabbroic rocks, and ultramafic rocks based on their mineralogy and compositions.
Historical geology Is the branch which deals with the history of the rocks of the earth’s crust with special emphasis on their approximate time of formation and the climate changes they have undergone since their formation.
ELEMENTS OF CORRELATION, STRUCTURAL FEATURES, METHOD OF STRATIGRAPHIC CORRELATION ,
Three principle kinds of correlations
1.1 introduction of geology,Branches and Scope of GeologyRam Kumawat
This document discusses the branches and scope of geology. It outlines 15 branches of geology including physical geology, crystallography, mineralogy, petrology, structural geology, stratigraphy, paleontology, historical geology, economic geology, mining geology, civil engineering geology, hydrology, Indian geology, resources engineering, and photo geology. It then discusses the importance and scope of geology for civil engineering, including providing construction materials knowledge, helping with erosion and deposition projects, tunneling and foundations, and reducing engineering costs.
The document discusses the various geological criteria used in mineral exploration, including stratigraphic, structural, lithological, magmatogenic, metamorphogenic, geomorphological, paleogeographical, paleoclimatic, and historical criteria. Geological criteria are an indirect method of locating ore deposits to save time and money during exploration. Some examples of deposits associated with different criteria include stratigraphically-controlled coal and uranium, structurally-controlled porphyry copper deposits related to subduction zones, and lithologically-controlled tin deposits associated with granitic rocks.
Geological mapping involves systematically observing and recording rock exposures and structural features in the field to produce maps that show the spatial distribution and relationships of rock units. The document discusses different types of geological maps including reconnaissance, regional, detailed, and specialized maps. It also describes common mapping techniques such as traversing, exposure mapping, drilling, underground mapping, and photo-geology. Field equipment used in mapping includes hammers, chisels, compasses, clinometers, tapes, and notebooks.
Geochemical methods in mineral explorationPramoda Raj
This document discusses geochemical methods for mineral exploration. It covers general principles of geochemistry as they relate to mineral deposits. It also discusses optimizing exploration through proper planning, selection of areas and methods, and organization of field, lab, and supervisory operations. Geochemistry is described as an essential component of modern integrated exploration programs due to the low-grade, large-tonnage nature of most economic deposits and its effectiveness in weathered tropical environments.
This document summarizes fluvial depositional landforms. It begins with an introduction to stream deposition and fluvial landforms. It then discusses reasons for sediment deposition including changes in slope, flow obstructions, and sediment supply. Major landforms are classified and explained, including alluvial fans/cones, braided streams, meandering belts, point bars, backswamps, floodplains, natural levees, and river deltas. Specific features of each landform like bar formation and channel abandonment are described. The document concludes by noting the geological significance of these landforms and their use for cultivation.
The document outlines the key stages of mining exploration and prospecting. Prospecting uses direct methods like visual examination of rock exposures and indirect geophysical/geochemical techniques to locate potential mineral deposits. Exploration utilizes more advanced tools like drilling and geochemical analysis to determine the size and grade of identified deposits. Samples are analyzed and feasibility studies conducted to assess mining viability based on factors like reserves, costs, environment, and demand. If viable, projects then progress to the development and exploitation stages of mining.
Engineering geology is a branch of applied geology that deals with the application of geological knowledge and principles to civil engineering projects. It provides essential information for safe, stable, and economical design and construction of structures like buildings, dams, roads, and tunnels. Engineering geological studies are conducted during planning, design, construction, and post-construction phases of projects. The studies help understand site conditions, availability of construction materials, and how to mitigate geological hazards. Knowledge of geology is crucial for heavy construction projects and excavation works to plan realistically and design sound foundations.
Open pit mining, also called surface mining, involves excavating minerals or rock that are close to the surface. There are two main types of mining methods: underground mining, which excavates deeper deposits; and surface mining, where the deposits are closer to the surface. Open pit mining involves digging a pit on the surface to extract near-surface mineral deposits through horizontal benches. It is best suited for deposits that are no deeper than 300 meters and have a low ratio of overburden rock to ore. The process involves site preparation, drilling and blasting of overburden rock, removing overburden with heavy machinery, excavating and transporting ore, and reclaiming the land after mining is complete.
The presentation contains basic terms of Physical Geology which is related to Geology. It is a gross presentation including images and animated gif's for better understanding.
This document summarizes the key mechanical properties of rocks, including density, specific gravity, strength, strain, stress, porosity, and permeability. It defines each property, provides examples for common rock types, and notes that mechanics refers to how materials respond to applied loads. The conclusion restates that the document covered the mechanical characteristics of rocks according to these seven properties.
joints and its classification and its recognitionShivam Jain
Joints are fractures in rock without displacement. They form due to tension, shear, or compressive stresses. Joints can be classified based on their orientation relative to bedding, their geometry, genesis, and dip. Systematic joints are parallel while nonsystematic joints have irregular distributions. Joints influence groundwater flow, construction, and are important in mining and resource exploration. They provide pathways for fluid migration and impact slope stability.
The geological fieldwork conducted in Chobhar, Nepal aimed to provide practical geological knowledge to crisis management students. Key activities included observing landforms, structures, and rock types; gaining information from topographical maps; measuring geological orientations; and locating one's position on a map. The fieldwork helped students understand geological processes of the past that influenced landform development and how this knowledge can inform crisis management and planning.
This document provides an overview of geophysical methods used for site investigation and laboratory measurements. It discusses various methods including electrical resistivity, seismic methods, electromagnetic conductivity, gravity geophysical methods, and geothermal methods. For each method, it describes how the technique works and how tests are conducted to collect subsurface data on properties like density, conductivity, and elastic moduli. The document aims to explain different geophysical techniques that can be employed to characterize subsurface conditions.
Geology is the scientific study of the all constituents of planets, their internal and external forms and processes. More precisely, it is the study of nature, structure and history of the planet. Earth is the home to all life, well known to the humankind. Geology, itself, is a major part of The Earth and atmospheric sciences, which were born as twins . The subject of geology encompasses all aspects including the composition, structure, physical properties, and history of a planets'( like Earth's) inter-related components and the processes that are shaping the features on the surface. Geologists are the scientists who study the origin, occurrence, distribution and utilities of all materials(metallic, non-metallic, inorganic, etc), minerals, rocks, sediments, soils, water, oil and all other inorganic natural resources. It is a very vast subject covering a wide spectrum of scientific principles and holding hundred and fifty plus scientific branches. This report enumerates and highlights most of them, in a nutshell, for all those who intends to know for planning their career path.
This document discusses stress and strain ellipsoids in structural geology. It defines stress as a force applied over an area that causes rock deformation. Stress can be tensional, compressional, or shear. Strain is the response of rock to stress and describes the change in shape of an object under stress. Stress and strain are represented geometrically using ellipsoids. The relationship between stress and strain ellipsoids is that the greatest and least axes are opposite. The orientation of stress and strain ellipsoids provides information about the deformative forces acting on rocks.
The document summarizes the various processes of formation of ore deposits, which are grouped into three main types: magmatic, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Magmatic processes include magmatic concentration, hydrothermal processes, and sublimation. Sedimentary processes include sedimentary deposits, oxidation and supergene enrichment, residual and mechanical concentration, volcanogenic deposits, evaporation, and bacteriogenic processes. The key magmatic and sedimentary processes are described in further detail.
1. The document discusses concepts in geophysics including isostasy, density, susceptibility, and resistivity of rocks. Isostasy refers to equilibrium between the earth's lithosphere and asthenosphere. Density is a measure of how tightly packed molecules are in a material. Susceptibility measures a material's magnetization in response to an external magnetic field. Resistivity quantifies a material's opposition to electric current flow.
2. Igneous rocks generally have higher density, susceptibility, and resistivity compared to metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. This is because igneous rocks contain more mafic minerals and have undergone less alteration from their original state than other rock types. Factors like pore space,
Marine geology is the study of the Earth below the oceans and seas. It examines the character and history of ocean floors and coastal areas. Major developments in marine geology include the HMS Challenger expedition in the 1870s which made the first systematic survey of ocean basins, and the Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory founded in 1948 which advanced techniques like precision depth recording and piston coring. Deep-sea drilling projects from the 1960s-1980s using vessels like the Glomar Challenger confirmed theories of seafloor spreading and plate tectonics through ocean floor sampling and drilling.
This document defines and describes different types of unconformities in geology. It begins by defining an unconformity as a break or gap in the geological record representing a period of erosion or non-deposition. It then describes the major types of unconformities, including angular, disconformity, non-conformity, and local unconformities. Finally, it outlines several ways that unconformities provide significance, such as indicating time intervals missing from the geological record, structural discordances between rock layers, evidence of past topography, and signs of weathering at the contact surface.
This lecture includes the fold terminology and classification of folds based of different criteria.
Classification of folds based on:
Direction of closing
Attitude of axial surface
Size of interlimb angle
Profile
Ramsay Classification of folds
This document discusses metamorphic textures, which refer to the physical appearance or arrangement of minerals in metamorphic rocks at the microscopic level. There are several types of textures that can form during metamorphism due to factors like heat, pressure, and chemically active fluids. Typomorphic textures are characteristic of metamorphism and include porphyroblastic, mortar, and granoblastic textures. Relict textures are inherited from the original rock, such as ophitic or porphyritic textures. Reaction textures involve chemical reactions between minerals, forming textures like coronas or reaction rims. The document provides examples of different textures and concludes that textures provide information about the metamorphic conditions and original rock type.
This document discusses sedimentary structures, which are macroscopic features formed during sediment deposition. It classifies sedimentary structures based on their morphology and formation processes. The key types discussed are physical structures like bedding, cross-bedding, and ripple marks formed directly by sedimentation. Chemical structures like nodules and concretions are formed by precipitation. Biogenic structures such as stromatolites and trace fossils provide evidence of ancient life. Studying sedimentary structures can provide insight into depositional environments, paleocurrents, and stratigraphic relationships.
This document summarizes key concepts in stratigraphy and sequence stratigraphy. It discusses the principles of stratigraphy including superposition, original horizontality, and lateral continuity. It also describes unconformities and how they represent gaps in the stratigraphic record. Sequence stratigraphy divides rock sequences into systems tracts based on bounding surfaces and stacking patterns. Sequences are bounded by unconformities and composed of parasequence sets, which are made up of genetically related beds bounded by flooding surfaces.
This document provides an introduction to geology and its importance from a civil engineering perspective. It discusses the definitions and branches of geology, including mineralogy, petrology, geophysics, stratigraphy, physical geology, hydrogeology, and structural geology. The branches study minerals, rocks, the structure and evolution of the Earth, rock layers and ages, geological processes and landforms, groundwater, and rock structures. The document emphasizes the importance of geology for civil engineers for site selection, understanding construction materials and ground conditions, planning projects, and treating geological features like faults or joints that could impact stability. A foundation in the introduction to geology and key branches is important for civil engineers.
Geology is the study of the Earth, including its composition, structure, physical properties, history and the processes that shape it. The document outlines several key branches of geology, including economic geology, mining geology, petroleum geology, engineering geology, environmental geology, geochemistry, geomorphology, geophysics, historical geology, hydrogeology, mineralogy, paleontology, petrology, structural geology, sedimentology, stratigraphy and volcanology. Each branch deals with different aspects of the Earth and geological processes. Engineering geology specifically applies geological knowledge to civil engineering projects regarding construction materials, site selection, and safe design and construction.
The document outlines the key stages of mining exploration and prospecting. Prospecting uses direct methods like visual examination of rock exposures and indirect geophysical/geochemical techniques to locate potential mineral deposits. Exploration utilizes more advanced tools like drilling and geochemical analysis to determine the size and grade of identified deposits. Samples are analyzed and feasibility studies conducted to assess mining viability based on factors like reserves, costs, environment, and demand. If viable, projects then progress to the development and exploitation stages of mining.
Engineering geology is a branch of applied geology that deals with the application of geological knowledge and principles to civil engineering projects. It provides essential information for safe, stable, and economical design and construction of structures like buildings, dams, roads, and tunnels. Engineering geological studies are conducted during planning, design, construction, and post-construction phases of projects. The studies help understand site conditions, availability of construction materials, and how to mitigate geological hazards. Knowledge of geology is crucial for heavy construction projects and excavation works to plan realistically and design sound foundations.
Open pit mining, also called surface mining, involves excavating minerals or rock that are close to the surface. There are two main types of mining methods: underground mining, which excavates deeper deposits; and surface mining, where the deposits are closer to the surface. Open pit mining involves digging a pit on the surface to extract near-surface mineral deposits through horizontal benches. It is best suited for deposits that are no deeper than 300 meters and have a low ratio of overburden rock to ore. The process involves site preparation, drilling and blasting of overburden rock, removing overburden with heavy machinery, excavating and transporting ore, and reclaiming the land after mining is complete.
The presentation contains basic terms of Physical Geology which is related to Geology. It is a gross presentation including images and animated gif's for better understanding.
This document summarizes the key mechanical properties of rocks, including density, specific gravity, strength, strain, stress, porosity, and permeability. It defines each property, provides examples for common rock types, and notes that mechanics refers to how materials respond to applied loads. The conclusion restates that the document covered the mechanical characteristics of rocks according to these seven properties.
joints and its classification and its recognitionShivam Jain
Joints are fractures in rock without displacement. They form due to tension, shear, or compressive stresses. Joints can be classified based on their orientation relative to bedding, their geometry, genesis, and dip. Systematic joints are parallel while nonsystematic joints have irregular distributions. Joints influence groundwater flow, construction, and are important in mining and resource exploration. They provide pathways for fluid migration and impact slope stability.
The geological fieldwork conducted in Chobhar, Nepal aimed to provide practical geological knowledge to crisis management students. Key activities included observing landforms, structures, and rock types; gaining information from topographical maps; measuring geological orientations; and locating one's position on a map. The fieldwork helped students understand geological processes of the past that influenced landform development and how this knowledge can inform crisis management and planning.
This document provides an overview of geophysical methods used for site investigation and laboratory measurements. It discusses various methods including electrical resistivity, seismic methods, electromagnetic conductivity, gravity geophysical methods, and geothermal methods. For each method, it describes how the technique works and how tests are conducted to collect subsurface data on properties like density, conductivity, and elastic moduli. The document aims to explain different geophysical techniques that can be employed to characterize subsurface conditions.
Geology is the scientific study of the all constituents of planets, their internal and external forms and processes. More precisely, it is the study of nature, structure and history of the planet. Earth is the home to all life, well known to the humankind. Geology, itself, is a major part of The Earth and atmospheric sciences, which were born as twins . The subject of geology encompasses all aspects including the composition, structure, physical properties, and history of a planets'( like Earth's) inter-related components and the processes that are shaping the features on the surface. Geologists are the scientists who study the origin, occurrence, distribution and utilities of all materials(metallic, non-metallic, inorganic, etc), minerals, rocks, sediments, soils, water, oil and all other inorganic natural resources. It is a very vast subject covering a wide spectrum of scientific principles and holding hundred and fifty plus scientific branches. This report enumerates and highlights most of them, in a nutshell, for all those who intends to know for planning their career path.
This document discusses stress and strain ellipsoids in structural geology. It defines stress as a force applied over an area that causes rock deformation. Stress can be tensional, compressional, or shear. Strain is the response of rock to stress and describes the change in shape of an object under stress. Stress and strain are represented geometrically using ellipsoids. The relationship between stress and strain ellipsoids is that the greatest and least axes are opposite. The orientation of stress and strain ellipsoids provides information about the deformative forces acting on rocks.
The document summarizes the various processes of formation of ore deposits, which are grouped into three main types: magmatic, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Magmatic processes include magmatic concentration, hydrothermal processes, and sublimation. Sedimentary processes include sedimentary deposits, oxidation and supergene enrichment, residual and mechanical concentration, volcanogenic deposits, evaporation, and bacteriogenic processes. The key magmatic and sedimentary processes are described in further detail.
1. The document discusses concepts in geophysics including isostasy, density, susceptibility, and resistivity of rocks. Isostasy refers to equilibrium between the earth's lithosphere and asthenosphere. Density is a measure of how tightly packed molecules are in a material. Susceptibility measures a material's magnetization in response to an external magnetic field. Resistivity quantifies a material's opposition to electric current flow.
2. Igneous rocks generally have higher density, susceptibility, and resistivity compared to metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. This is because igneous rocks contain more mafic minerals and have undergone less alteration from their original state than other rock types. Factors like pore space,
Marine geology is the study of the Earth below the oceans and seas. It examines the character and history of ocean floors and coastal areas. Major developments in marine geology include the HMS Challenger expedition in the 1870s which made the first systematic survey of ocean basins, and the Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory founded in 1948 which advanced techniques like precision depth recording and piston coring. Deep-sea drilling projects from the 1960s-1980s using vessels like the Glomar Challenger confirmed theories of seafloor spreading and plate tectonics through ocean floor sampling and drilling.
This document defines and describes different types of unconformities in geology. It begins by defining an unconformity as a break or gap in the geological record representing a period of erosion or non-deposition. It then describes the major types of unconformities, including angular, disconformity, non-conformity, and local unconformities. Finally, it outlines several ways that unconformities provide significance, such as indicating time intervals missing from the geological record, structural discordances between rock layers, evidence of past topography, and signs of weathering at the contact surface.
This lecture includes the fold terminology and classification of folds based of different criteria.
Classification of folds based on:
Direction of closing
Attitude of axial surface
Size of interlimb angle
Profile
Ramsay Classification of folds
This document discusses metamorphic textures, which refer to the physical appearance or arrangement of minerals in metamorphic rocks at the microscopic level. There are several types of textures that can form during metamorphism due to factors like heat, pressure, and chemically active fluids. Typomorphic textures are characteristic of metamorphism and include porphyroblastic, mortar, and granoblastic textures. Relict textures are inherited from the original rock, such as ophitic or porphyritic textures. Reaction textures involve chemical reactions between minerals, forming textures like coronas or reaction rims. The document provides examples of different textures and concludes that textures provide information about the metamorphic conditions and original rock type.
This document discusses sedimentary structures, which are macroscopic features formed during sediment deposition. It classifies sedimentary structures based on their morphology and formation processes. The key types discussed are physical structures like bedding, cross-bedding, and ripple marks formed directly by sedimentation. Chemical structures like nodules and concretions are formed by precipitation. Biogenic structures such as stromatolites and trace fossils provide evidence of ancient life. Studying sedimentary structures can provide insight into depositional environments, paleocurrents, and stratigraphic relationships.
This document summarizes key concepts in stratigraphy and sequence stratigraphy. It discusses the principles of stratigraphy including superposition, original horizontality, and lateral continuity. It also describes unconformities and how they represent gaps in the stratigraphic record. Sequence stratigraphy divides rock sequences into systems tracts based on bounding surfaces and stacking patterns. Sequences are bounded by unconformities and composed of parasequence sets, which are made up of genetically related beds bounded by flooding surfaces.
This document provides an introduction to geology and its importance from a civil engineering perspective. It discusses the definitions and branches of geology, including mineralogy, petrology, geophysics, stratigraphy, physical geology, hydrogeology, and structural geology. The branches study minerals, rocks, the structure and evolution of the Earth, rock layers and ages, geological processes and landforms, groundwater, and rock structures. The document emphasizes the importance of geology for civil engineers for site selection, understanding construction materials and ground conditions, planning projects, and treating geological features like faults or joints that could impact stability. A foundation in the introduction to geology and key branches is important for civil engineers.
Geology is the study of the Earth, including its composition, structure, physical properties, history and the processes that shape it. The document outlines several key branches of geology, including economic geology, mining geology, petroleum geology, engineering geology, environmental geology, geochemistry, geomorphology, geophysics, historical geology, hydrogeology, mineralogy, paleontology, petrology, structural geology, sedimentology, stratigraphy and volcanology. Each branch deals with different aspects of the Earth and geological processes. Engineering geology specifically applies geological knowledge to civil engineering projects regarding construction materials, site selection, and safe design and construction.
This document discusses the role of geology in civil engineering. It begins with defining geology and its various branches including geochemistry, geologist, geological survey, and geological maps. It then discusses the different branches of geology such as physical geology, crystallography, mineralogy, petrology, structural geology, and stratigraphy. The document emphasizes that civil engineering geology involves applying geological knowledge to ensure safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness of engineering projects. Finally, it outlines the key roles of geology for civil engineering projects, which include providing construction materials, assisting with soil conservation and river/coastal works, aiding tunneling and road works, informing dam, bridge and building designs, assessing groundwater, creating geological
Geology is the study of the Earth, including its composition, structure, physical properties, history and processes. It includes disciplines like mineralogy, petrology, geomorphology, paleontology, stratigraphy, geochemistry, geophysics and oceanography. Geology has many applications and is important for understanding Earth's processes, evaluating natural resources, managing the environment, assessing geologic hazards, and other areas. The key branches of geology are physical geology, historical geology, mineralogy, petrology, economic geology, engineering geology, paleontology, and environmental geology. Geology plays an important role in mining, engineering, scientific development and other fields through applications like resource evaluation, site selection, and hazard assessment.
GEOLOGY FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING. Introduction to Engineering Geology.pdfJohnCarloEdejer
This document provides an overview of an introductory geology course for civil engineers. It outlines the course goals, which include developing critical thinking skills and a basic understanding of geological concepts and principles relevant to civil engineering. It describes the course structure, including required textbooks, lectures, exercises, exams and grading. Key topics that will be covered are also listed, such as the formation of mountains, continents and geological structures. Finally, it discusses the important relationship between geology and civil engineering for infrastructure projects.
Geology is the study of the Earth, including its composition, structure, physical properties, and history. It plays an important role in civil engineering by providing knowledge about soil and rock properties, which is necessary for foundation design, construction of highways, tunnels, and dams. The main branches of geology include physical geology, mineralogy, petrology, geomorphology, historical geology, economic geology, and others. Geology provides critical information for planning, designing, and constructing engineering projects and for mining activities.
This document provides an overview of an engineering geology course at Alzaiem Alazhari University. The course covers topics like the definition and importance of engineering geology, physical properties of soil and rocks, geological factors that affect engineering structures, and methods used in geological investigations and applications. Students will learn to understand engineering geology objectives, identify engineering problems with soil and rocks, use geological maps, and prepare reports using various geological methods. The course content includes introductions to physical geology, mineralogy, petrology, structural geology, and applications of geological investigations in areas like mining, landslides, and coastal protection. Students will be assessed through written exams, quizzes, tutorials, and assignments.
Geology is the study of the Earth, its composition, structure and processes. It is important for civil engineering as it provides information about construction materials and site conditions. Geology helps in planning, design and construction of projects. It is also useful for mining engineering and groundwater resource development. Geology can be divided into physical geology and historical geology. The main branches of geology include mineralogy, petrology, structural geology, geomorphology, economic geology, stratigraphy, paleontology and paleogeography.
Basic concepts of Engineering geology from various books and internet images, which will be helpfull to many civil, petroleum and mining engineering students at basic level.
Geochemistry branches of geolchemistry.pptxIsmailKatun1
This document provides an introduction to geochemistry and its branches. It defines geochemistry as using chemistry to understand Earth processes. The goals of geochemistry are determining the distribution of elements in Earth and the solar system, and studying chemical reactions of geological relevance to understand past and future geochemical processes. It discusses fields of geology that rely on geochemistry, including mineralogy, petrology, environmental science, and more. It also outlines the main branches of geochemistry, such as environmental geochemistry, isotope geochemistry, cosmochemistry, biogeochemistry, and organic geochemistry. In closing, it lists some modern sub-disciplines of geochemistry.
This document provides information about an Engineering Geology course at Wollo University in Ethiopia. It includes:
1. Basic details about the course such as the title, code, credit hours, instructors contact information.
2. The course aims to increase students' knowledge of applying geology principles to civil engineering projects.
3. Upon completing the course students will be able to conduct site investigations, prepare engineering geological maps, evaluate suitable sites for structures, identify construction materials, and assess/mitigate geological hazards for engineering structures.
4. The course outline covers topics such as site investigation, hazardous earth processes, subsurface water, dams, tunnels, river engineering, foundations, and geological mapping.
This document provides information about an Engineering Geology course at Wollo University in Ethiopia. It includes:
1. Basic details about the course such as the title, code, credit hours, instructors contact information.
2. The course aims to increase students' knowledge of applying geology principles to civil engineering projects.
3. Upon completing the course students will be able to conduct site investigations, prepare engineering geological maps, evaluate suitable sites for structures, identify construction materials, and assess/mitigate geological hazards for engineering structures.
4. The course outline covers topics such as site investigation, hazardous earth processes, subsurface water, dams, tunnels, river engineering, foundations, and geological mapping.
Geography form 1 notes, kenya syllabusHamadySagiru
Geography is the study of the Earth. There are two main branches: physical geography, which examines landforms and climate, and human geography, which studies human activities and settlements. Geography relates to other subjects like chemistry, physics, agriculture, biology and history.
The solar system consists of the Sun and objects that orbit it, like planets, asteroids, comets and moons. The Earth originated from a cloud of gas and dust about 4.6 billion years ago. It rotates on its axis and revolves around the Sun, causing day/night and seasons. Internally, it has a core, mantle and crust. Geography involves understanding our planet and its relationship to other celestial bodies.
This document provides information about the Engineering Geology and Seismology course CE-312 at UET Peshawar. It includes the instructor's contact information, course objectives to understand geologic factors that influence civil engineering projects and earthquakes, an overview of the engineering geology and seismology topics covered, recommended textbooks, grading criteria which includes exams, assignments, and a group project, and examples of what can happen when geology is ignored in civil projects or how geology can also be interesting to study.
This document provides an overview of an introductory earth science course. It outlines course logistics, objectives, and topics including what geology is, practical applications, and the differences between physical and historical geology. It also briefly describes the origin of the universe, solar system, and Earth as well as plate tectonics theory and how it explains Earth's internal processes and dynamics.
This document discusses engineering geological mapping and provides details on:
1) The purpose of engineering geological maps is to provide basic information for land use planning, engineering works planning/design/construction/maintenance, and environmental planning.
2) Engineering geological maps represent characteristics of rocks/soils, hydrogeological conditions, geomorphological conditions, and active geodynamic phenomena.
3) Classification of rocks and soils on maps is based on properties indicating physical/engineering characteristics, such as mineralogy, texture, structure, and weathering state.
This document provides an overview of the different branches of geology. It discusses the definition of geology as the study of the Earth, including its origin, structure, composition and history. Some of the key branches mentioned include physical geology, mineralogy, crystallography, petrology, structural geology, geophysics, stratigraphy, geochemistry, paleontology, historical geology, economic geology, mining geology, hydrogeology, geology of Pakistan, resources engineering, photo geology, remote sensing, engineering geology, and field geology. Each branch is studied to better understand different aspects of the Earth and its materials.
Geology is the study of the Earth, including its composition, structure, physical properties, history and the processes that shape it. It involves studying topics like the origin and age of the Earth, its internal structure, various surface features and how they evolve and change over time. Geology has many branches that study different aspects like physical geology, geomorphology, mineralogy, petrology, economic geology, geochemistry, geophysics, hydrogeology, mining geology, engineering geology and more. Civil engineers and geologists work closely together in areas like planning, designing and constructing major civil engineering projects to ensure their safety, stability and cost-effectiveness by understanding the geological conditions and properties of the construction site and materials.
The presentation aiding the lecture Structure of Earth and its Composition for the course CE 8392 Engineering Geology handled by Prof. Rathnavel Pon for Akshaya College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore
This document provides an overview of smart cities in India and Coimbatore's participation in the Smart Cities Mission. It defines urban development in India, outlines past urban development programs like JNNURM and AMRUT, and describes the goals and components of a smart city. It then details India's Smart Cities Mission, including the selection process for cities and financing mechanisms. The document concludes by outlining Coimbatore's selected projects worth over Rs. 1000 crores to improve infrastructure like roads, housing, energy access and lake development, as well as deploy smart solutions for lighting, surveillance and more.
Sustainable concrete uses less energy and produces fewer carbon emissions than regular concrete. It incorporates waste and recycled materials like fly ash and slag to replace portions of cement. Using these supplementary cementitious materials can increase sustainability by reducing embodied energy and carbon in the concrete. Sustainable strategies also include minimizing water use, using local and recycled aggregates, and designing for durability to lessen environmental impacts over the concrete's lifetime. The presentation outlined various approaches to sustainable concrete and its advantages in promoting greener construction.
This document discusses the importance of teamwork. It is divided into sections about building an effective team, the different types of team members, stages of team development, and qualities that make teams successful. Examples are provided to illustrate key points, such as the importance of shared goals and roles, overcoming challenges together, and pride in team accomplishments. The document emphasizes that teamwork allows a group of people to achieve more together than any individual could alone.
The document provides an introduction to the Rotaractors club of GRD CAS, outlining what a Rotaractors club is, the benefits of joining, and the types of activities and services they are involved in including club services, community services, professional and vocational services, and international services. It also describes the structure of the club including board members, annual planning and budgeting, district and international involvement, and support available from the district Rotaract council and partner Rotary club.
The document contains a series of lines with names of people followed by short descriptors. However, the names and descriptors are random and do not seem to be meaningfully connected to each other. It is difficult to extract any clear overall meaning or to summarize the content in just a few sentences as the document appears to be nonsense text.
The document provides an overview of fundamentals of engineering graphics including drawing instruments, drawing sheets, computer aided drafting and modelling, and drawing processes. It discusses various methods of technical drawing including freehand sketching, manual drafting, and computer aided drafting. Key aspects covered are drawing instruments, types of drawing sheets, software and hardware used for computer aided drafting and modelling, and common drawing processes such as layout, line types, lettering, dimensioning, and scale.
This document provides an overview of astronomical surveying concepts. It discusses the celestial sphere model used to depict celestial objects, important astronomical terms like right ascension and declination, and the motions of celestial bodies like the Sun, stars, and planets. It also covers different coordinate systems used in astronomy like the altitude-azimuth and equatorial systems. Finally, it briefly introduces various time systems used, such as sidereal, mean, and standard times.
This document provides an overview of seismicity and earthquakes. It discusses seismic waves, earthquakes and faults, measures of earthquakes including magnitude and intensity, ground damage from earthquakes, tsunamis caused by earthquakes, and earthquake resistant construction. Specific topics covered include the 2001 Gujarat earthquake in India and the devastating 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. The document aims to introduce students to key concepts regarding seismicity and earthquakes.
The document discusses tectonic plates and plate tectonics. It defines tectonic plates as large slabs or blocks of the lithosphere that are divided into major and minor plates. The major plates include the African, Antarctic, Eurasian, Indo-Australian, North American, Pacific, and South American plates. The document provides examples of divergent, convergent and transform plate boundaries and their associated geological features. It also summarizes the evidence for continental drift and the past configurations of the continents over geologic time.
Earth is composed of four main layers - crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust is the outermost layer and is made up of either continental or oceanic crust. Below the crust is the mantle, which is divided into lithosphere, asthenosphere, upper mantle, and lower mantle. The outer core is a liquid layer made of nickel and iron that generates Earth's magnetic field. The inner core is made of solid iron deep within Earth. Overall, Earth's composition is approximately 34.6% iron, 29.5% oxygen, and 15.2% silicon.
The document discusses earthquakes, including their causes, measurement, effects, and zones of risk. Some key points:
- Earthquakes are caused by movement of tectonic plates and faults in rocks. Their magnitude is measured on the Richter Scale and their intensity by the Mercalli scale.
- Seismic waves transmit earthquake energy and are used to locate epicenters. The major earthquake zones are the Pacific Ring of Fire, Alpide Belt, and Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
- India has five seismic zones of risk. Zone V including Kashmir and Northeast India faces the highest risk, while Zone I including parts of central India faces the lowest risk.
Faults are cracks or fractures in the Earth's crust caused by stresses that induce brittle deformation of rocks. There are three main types of faults: dip-slip faults which involve vertical motion, strike-slip faults with horizontal motion, and oblique-slip faults with an oblique motion. Normal faults occur during extension while reverse faults are caused by compression. The elastic rebound theory explains that tectonic plates accumulate energy during periods of stress until a sudden slip occurs along the fault, releasing energy in the form of seismic waves and causing earthquakes.
The first class where the students and teacher got to know about each other. It really broke a lot of ice and set the tone for a cordial classroom climate
This document outlines an introductory geology course for civil engineering students. It introduces geology and explains why it is important for students to learn. The document then outlines the course syllabus which covers 5 units on topics like mineralogy, petrology, structural geology, and geological investigations for civil engineering projects. It also provides the lesson plan, names course captains, and describes the evaluation scheme which includes internal and external assessments.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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2. WARM UP
A WORD FORYOUR LETTER
A pple
K nowledge
S kill
H appy
A ward
Y outh
A lways
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3. Objective
• To understand the meaning of geology
• To comprehend the different branches of geology
• To take cognizance of applications of geology in civil engineering
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4. GEOLOGY
• Geography vs Geology
• Geology
Geo (earth) + logy (scientific study)
Geology = scientific study of the earth
• Geology is defined as a scientific study of the earth as a planet which includes
the study of origin, composition, structure, physical features, materials,
interactions and physico – chemical processes operating within the earth.
(OC SP MI PC)
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5. BRANCHES OF GEOLOGY
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S. No. Branch Significance
1 Physical Geology Study of Structure of Earth and its various surface features
2 Historical Geology Study of origin of earth and changes in geology from past to present
3 Economic Geology Study of materials of earth that can be used for economic benefit of man
4 Petrology Study of rocks
5 Mineralogy Study of minerals
6 Geomorphology Part of Physical Geology - Study of land surface features
7 Geohydrology Part of Physical Geology - Study of water surface features
8 Meteorology Part of Physical Geology - Study of atmospheric features
9 Geochemistry Study of Chemical Composition of Earth, interaction of components and application of chemistry
10 Geophysics Study of application of physics to solve geology related issues
11 Engineering Geology Study of interaction between geology and engineering (mostly civil engineering)