Explain how to use the superposition theorem to solve multisource ci.pdf

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Explain how to use the superposition theorem to solve multisource circuits. Solution When more than 1 source is available in the network, consider only one source and deactivate remaining sources (like short the voltage source and open the current source) then determine required values and repeat this until all sources presents..

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Explain the process of Positioning and Pointing the Camera in computer graphics? Solution Explain the process of Positioning and Pointing the Camera in computer graphics? sol: the process of positioning and poiniting the camera in cg in followed by below steps 1)setup your camera towards the scene (this is called viewing transformation) 2)arrange the scene to be taken in required position(it is also called modelling transformation) 3)adjust lens and zoom (this is called projection transafromation 4)calculate how large to be the photograph(it is also called viewport transformation) viewing transformation: this will transform the real object coordinates into device coordinates modelling transformation: here it will transform the coordinates of the device which were taken by the real world object where modelled and adjusted according to our requirements projection transformation:this transformation will converts the viewing frustum in to a cuboid shape,here the near end of the frustrum will be smaller than the far end this will give you the zooming effect view port transfromation: viewport means it is an rectangle window where the image is drawn.this is mesured in window coordinates here view prot trnsformation means it will maps the coradinates of the device to the window coordinates.

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Explain the organizational archetypes as described by Mintzberg and discuss how organizational structure influences innovation. Summarize Mintzberg\'s work with archetypes. What key features and implications are involved in each archetype? Why do we need a template for explaining the structure of an organization? Mintzberg claimed we have too many managers and too few leaders. Do you agree or disagree with this and why? Solution Mintzberg\'s Organizational Types: The Entrepreneurial Organization: This type of organization has a simple, flat structure. It consists of one large unit with one or a few top managers. The organization is relatively unstructured and informal compared with other types of organization, and the lack of standardized systems allows the organization to be flexible. A young company that\'s tightly controlled by the owner is the most common example of this type of organization. However, a particularly strong leader may be able to sustain an entrepreneurial organization as it grows, and when large companies face hostile conditions, they can revert to this structure to keep strict control from the top The Machine Organization (Bureaucracy) : The machine organization is defined by its standardization. Work is very formalized, there are many routines and procedures, decision- making is centralized, and tasks are grouped by functional departments. Jobs will be clearly defined; there will be a formal planning process with budgets and audits; and procedures will regularly be analyzed for efficiency. The machine organization has a tight vertical structure. Functional lines go all the way to the top, allowing top managers to maintain centralized control. These organizations can be very efficient, and they rely heavily on economies of scale for their success. However, the formalization leads to specialization and, pretty soon, functional units can have conflicting goals that can be inconsistent with overall corporate objectives. The Professional Organization : According to Mintzberg, the professional organization is also very bureaucratic. The key difference between these and machine organizations is that professional organizations rely on highly trained professionals who demand control of their own work. So, while there\'s a high degree of specialization, decision making is decentralized. This structure is typical when the organization contains a large number of knowledge workers, and it\'s why it\'s common in places like schools and universities, and in accounting and law firms. The Divisional (Diversified) Organization : If an organization has many different product lines and business units, you\'ll typically see a divisional structure in place. A central headquarters supports a number of autonomous divisions that make their own decisions, and have their own unique structures. You\'ll often find this type of structure in large and mature organizations that have a variety of brands, produce a wide range of products, or operate in d.

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Explain the method which can be used to determine the disjunction normal form of the Boolean function represented by the following table: x y z f 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 Solution To form a DNF representation of the function, we\'ll include a term for each row of the truth table in which the value of the function is true(1). For each of these terms, include all variables that are parameters to the function. If a variable is given a value of false(0) in the truth table row, negate it in the term; otherwise, leave it non-negated. In this way a DNF expression is generated directly from the truth table. F(x, y, z) = x\'yz\' + xy\'z\' + xy\'z The disjunctive normal form should have three minterms corresponding to thethree triples for which F takes the value 1. Consider one of these: F(0, 1, 0) = 1.In order to have a product of literals that will equal 1, we need to multiply literalsthat have a value of 1. At the triple (0, 1, 0) the literals we need are x, y, and z,since x = y = z = 1 when x = 0, y = 1, and z = 0. The corresponding minterm,xyz, will then have value 1 at (0, 1, 0) and 0 at every other triple in B3. The othertwo minterms come from considering F(1, 0, 0) = 1 and F(1, 0, 1) = 1. The sum ofthese three minterms will have value 1 at each of (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (1, 0, 1) and 0 atall other triples in B3..

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Explain the main porpose of conducting a time study? Solution Time study is a direct observation of a task and a continous one at that. This observation is done using a time keeping device. The main purpose is to record the time taken to complete a task or a job. When this is done the time standard for a job can be set and planning of work can be done accordingly. Time studies can also be used for setting goals, data analysis and reporting..

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Explain the meaning of the following dimensionless numbers respectively. Nu, Re, Pr, Gr Solution Nusselt number (Nu) is a non dimensional heat transfer coefficient. It is a measure of heat transfer rate comparison between the conduction and convection. Nu = h*L / kf It is the ratio of convection to pure conduction heat transfer, where kf is the conductivity of the fluid. Reynolds number (Re) says, whether the flow is inertial or viscous force dominant that leads to draw characteristics of fluid whether the flow is laminar or turbulent. Re = v*L / kinematic viscosity It is the ratio of the inertia and viscous forces. Viscous force provides the dampening effect for disturbances in the fluid. If dampening is laminar flow --> strong enough Otherwise, instability è turbulent flow --> critical Reynolds number Prandtl (Pr) number says about the kind of fluid. It can give the information about the thickness of thermal and hydrodynamic boundary layer. Pr = kinematic viscosity/thermal diffusivity It is the ratio of the momentum and thermal diffusivities. Grashof number is the ratio of buoyancy force to viscous force and plays nearly the same role as the Reynolds number in forced convection. Gr = buoyancy force / viscous force For forced convection, the heat transfer correlation can be expressed as Nu=f (Re, Pr).

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Explain the long-run consequences of continued increases in the money supply. Solution This follows from the Fisher\'s equation of exchange. According to this, MV = PY P= MV/Y In classical theory, V is assumed to be constant because it depends on people\'s stable habits of holding money and the given modes of payments of wages and salaries. Further they assume that aggregate output (Y) remain constant at full employment level. The above equation indicates that the quantity of money in the long run determines the price level. The rationale behind this was with V and Y fixed, increase in money supply would cause people to hold more money than they desire to hold. This they use for transaction purposes which leads to increase in the price level by the same proportion..

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Explain the formula how they get they obtain X. I already have the answer, but I don\'t know the exact steps with getting the z-score, area, entry and x which is what we want in this question? So just work it out for me in detail. Solution 0.5987 or 0.6 is the alpha value. For this alpha, critical z is 0.25. [You can calcualte it using any of the critical z value calculators available online] Z is defined as (X - Mean)/(Std. Dev.).

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Explain the effects of a tariff and a quota placed on imported automobiles on a domestic market. Who is hurt with a tariff or a quota and why? Who benefits and why? Solution Let us first understand the meaning of “Tariff” and “Quota”. 1) Tariff: A Tariff is a tax imposed on imported goods; it increases the price of the good in the domestic market by the value of the Tariff. Domestic producers benefit due to the tariff because they receive higher prices. The government benefits by collecting tax revenues by the value of the Tariff. 2) Quota: As the name suggests, Quotas are numerical limits imposed on imported goods. Consumers are harmed by quotas, while domestic and foreign producers benefit by receiving higher prices. As we can understand from the above explanations, due to a tariff and quota the consumer of the product is hurt the most as he/she pays more for it and it also reduces the supply of that good. The domestic producers of the goods benefit the most due to tariffs and quotas. Due to the tariff the imported good becomes expensive and hence consumers will shift their demand for the domestically made products and this increases the demand for the domestically made products and the domestic manufacturers benefit. Due to the quotas, the supply of the imported good decreases and again the domestic manufacturers benefit due to the higher demand of their products. Due to a tariff, the government also benefits because the government receives taxes on the imported product. I hope my solution solves your query..

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Explain the disadvantages of a firm developing relationships with suppliers based on price alone. Solution Supply chain suffers: Enlightened thinking suggests that it is preferable to work with suppliers to add value to the supply chain so that the overall benefits that accrue can be shared amongst all the parties involved. Loss of quality: Quality may be compromised in a quest for the lowest price. Adversarial: The relationship between a firm and its suppliers may become quite adversarial when discussions are centred on price alone. Loss of goodwill: The potential loyalty, cooperation and goodwill of suppliers may be sacrificedthrough harsh negotiation of prices. This may result in an unwillingness of suppliers to cooperate when there are changes and rush orders, etc. in the future. Jeopardised supply: Harsh price negotiations may also destabilise suppliers financially making them more vulnerable to going out of business, so potentially jeopardising future supply. Administrative expense: Focusing on the lowest price available might lead to a need to frequently change supplier causing increased administrative effort and a lack of coherence in external dealings..

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Explain age Hardening process used to strengthen an aluminium alloy diving cylinder Solution Precipitation hardening, or age hardening, provides one of the most widely used mechanisms for the strengthening of metal alloys. The fundamental understanding and basis for this technique was established in early work at the U. S. Bureau of Standards on Duralumin. The strength and hardness of some metal alloys may be enhanced by the formation of extremely small uniformly dispersed second-phase particles within the original phase matrix in a process known as precipitation or age hardening. The precipitate particles act as obstacles to dislocation movement and thereby strengthen the heat-treated alloys. Many aluminum based alloys, copper- tin, certain steels, nickel based super-alloys and titanium alloys can be strengthened by age hardening processes. The precipitation-hardening process involves three basic steps: 1).

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Explain the difference between the null and alternate hypothesis. Why is it important to consider type 1 and type 2 errors with respect to hypothesis testing? Solution In a hypothesis test, we first figure out what the null hypothesis is (which we also assume to be true initially, until we can prove it wrong otherwise). We then create our alternate hypothesis from that (the thing we want to \"prove right\"). Remember you will be testing the true/population mean/variance, etc. and not the sample mean, etc. If we fail to reject the null hypothesis, then we can only say that we do not have enough evidence to support the alternate hypothesis. Why is it important to consider type 1 and type 2 errors with respect to hypothesis testing? The alternative hypothesis - This is the reason a criminal is arrested. Obviously the police don\'t think the arrested person is innocent or they wouldn\'t arrest him. In statistics the alternative hypothesis is the hypothesis the researchers wish to evaluate. The null hypothesis - In the criminal justice system this is the presumption of innocence. In both the judicial system and statistics the null hypothesis indicates that the suspect or treatment didn\'t do anything. In other words, nothing out of the ordinary happened The null is the logical opposite of the alternative. For example \"not white\" is the logical opposite of white. Colors such as red, blue and green as well as black all qualify as \"not white\". A standard of judgment - In the justice system and statistics there is no possibility of absolute proof and so a standard has to be set for rejecting the null hypothesis. In the justice system the standard is \"a reasonable doubt\". The null hypothesis has to be rejected beyond a reasonable doubt. In statistics the standard is the maximum acceptable probability that the effect is due to random variability in the data rather than the potential cause being investigated. This standard is often set at 5% which is called the alpha level. A data sample - This is the information evaluated in order to reach a conclusion. As mentioned earlier, the data is usually in numerical form for statistical analysis while it may be in a wide diversity of forms--eye-witness, fiber analysis, fingerprints, DNA analysis, etc.--for the justice system. However in both cases there are standards for how the data must be collected and for what is admissible. Both statistical analysis and the justice system operate on samples of data or in other words partial information because, let\'s face it, getting the whole truth and nothing but the truth is not possible in the real world. It only takes one good piece of evidence to send a hypothesis down in flames but an endless amount to prove it correct. If the null is rejected then logically the alternative hypothesis is accepted. This is why both the justice system and statistics concentrate on disproving or rejecting the null hypothesis rather than proving the alternative. It\'s much easier .

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explain the differences between fixed costs, semi fixed and variable cost explain the differences between fixed costs, semi fixed and variable cost explain the differences between fixed costs, semi fixed and variable cost FIFTH EDITI O N HEALTHCARE FINANCE An Introduction to Accounting and Financial Management LQU Solution Variable cost is a cost that varies with change in level of output .Such cost remain constant or same in per unit but varies in totality . say at 200 units ,variable cost per unit is $ 2 per unit ,so total cost is 200 *2 = 400 At 400 units ,variable cost will remain at $ 2 ,total cost is $ 400*2=800 2)Fixed cost is a cost which remain same or constant in totality and does not change with level lof output .It remain same in totality but varies in per unit Say at 200 units ,fixed cost is $20000 ,so per unit fixed cost = 20000/200 = $ 100 per unit At 400 units ,fixed cost = $ 20000 ,but per unit fixed cost = 20000/400 = $ 50 per unit 3)semi fixed cost is a mixed cost or a mixture of variable and fixed cost .That is it carries a mixture of both cost . Say At200 units ,advertising cost is 30000 at 400 units ,advertising cost is 70000 In this case not advertising cost is same in per unit(variable) not in totality (fixed) .thus it is a mixed cost..

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Explain the difference between qualitative, quantitative, discrete, and continuous variables. Solution Discrete variables are also called categorical variables. A discrete variable, X, can take on a finite number of numerical values, categories or codes. Discrete variables can be classified into the following categories: Nominal variables Ordinal variables Dummy variables from quantitative variables Preference variables Multiple response variables Continuous variables can be classified into three categories: Interval - scale Variables: Interval scale data has order and equal intervals. Interval scale variables are measured on a linear scale, and can take on positive or negative values. It is assumed that the intervals keep the same importance throughout the scale. They allow us not only to rank order the items that are measured but also to quantify and compare the magnitudes of differences between them. We can say that the temperature of 40°C is higher than 30°C, and an increase from 20°C to 40°C is twice as much as the increase from 30°C to 40°C. Counts are interval scale measurements, such as counts of publications or citations, years of education, etc. Continuous Ordinal Variables They occur when the measurements are continuous, but one is not certain whether they are on a linear scale, the only trustworthy information being the rank order of the observations. For example, if a scale is transformed by an exponential, logarithmic or any other nonlinear monotonic transformation, it loses its interval - scale property. Here, it would be expedient to replace the observations by their ranks. Ratio - scale Variables These are continuous positive measurements on a nonlinear scale. A typical example is the growth of bacterial population (say, with a growth function AeBt.). In this model, equal time intervals multiply the population by the same ratio. (Hence, the name ratio - scale). Ratio data are also interval data, but they are not measured on a linear scale. . With interval data, one can perform logical operations, add, and subtract, but one cannot multiply or divide. For instance, if a liquid is at 40 degrees and we add 10 degrees, it will be 50 degrees. However, a liquid at 40 degrees does not have twice the temperature of a liquid at 20 degrees because 0 degrees does not represent \"no temperature\" -- to multiply or divide in this way we would have to use the Kelvin temperature scale, with a true zero point (0 degrees Kelvin = -273.15 degrees Celsius). In social sciences, the issue of \"true zero\" rarely arises, but one should be aware of the statistical issues involved..

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explain the difference between\" integrated hardware and software contol codes\" and software applications that use \" authentication and approval policies, passwords, or other extrinsic controls\". Give examples of each. Solution Integrated Hardware is defined as interconnected suite of several components or devices of in a relate way to achieve the desired result. Various components of the hardware require the support of other devices to run efficiently and are known as integrated structure of hardware. Example: computer parts like motherboard, mouse, keyborad, monitor are integrated togther to run the computer. Software computer codes are the sequence of instructions that are written to perform specific tasks on a computer. They are set of text written in form of codes that are understandable by the computer language. Example algorithums or binary number code system. Application software: is the group of programs that are designed for the use of end users. It includes database programs, word processors, spreadsheets etc.

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Explain the difference between authorized, issued, and outstanding shares. Solution Authorised shares: Authorised shares are the maximum number of shares that a company can issue. It is fixed in number. It can be increased by paying additional fee. Issued shares: Issued shares are the number of shares issued out of authorised shares. Issued shares will always be equal to or less than the authorised shares. Outstanding shares: Outstanding standing shares are the number of shares remains outstanding in shares issued after deducting shares repurchased by company..

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Explain the connection between a firm’s accounting-based profitability and its cash cycle? Solution Cash Cycle is measure of the time period taken by a company to convert its investment in inventory & other resources into cash. This is used to determine the liquidity strength of a firm and also has a substantial impact on the profitability of a firm. This is calculated by using the formula: CCC = DIO + DSO – DPO Where: DIO represents days inventory outstanding, DSO represents days sales outstanding and DPO represents days payable outstanding. This means that the shorter is the cycle, the quicker company will be able to convert its investments into cash. Which will further decrease the working capital requirements resulting into less interest payments & financial liability. For example, let’s assume a company has a CCC of 90 days & the working capital requirement of $1,000,000, which is either funded by borrowings from a bank or using the retained earnings of the company. Now, if this cycle comes down to 60 days, the interest payments made to the bank will be lesser as the loan will be required only for 60 days instead of 90 days. In retained earnings scenario, the amount can be deposited with the bank earning an interest for the company. So, this will further increase the accounting profit. The link between these two can also be seen in the Total Asset Turnover Ratio, which is one of the basic determinants of profitability & growth. This is determined by Sales/Total Asset Turnover. The higher this ratio is, the greater the profitability of a firm is. Now, if the cash cycle is shorter, it will result into higher Asset Turnover, which will further increase the profitability, ROA & ROE..

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Explain the concepts of reliability and validity. As part of your explanation, describe ways that reliability and validity can be measured. The information may come from more than one chapter. Solution Reliability and validity are used for testing or measuring something. For instance, if an english test a candidate for an employment has made is valid, it indicates that the test measures english knowledge in people who present it. The reliability concept is used to tell if the same candidate presents several times the same test, the results would be almost the same. Who may garantee us that the same person could pass the same test again if he has the chance to present it? That would make the test reliable, or not reliable. Broader definitios are given: Reliability: a test is reliable when it measures what it claims to measure, i.e., if a person present the test several times, the results should be almost the same, for it measures a characteristic of a person, which is not meant to change in a short period of time. Factors to consider when assessing if a test is reliable. To measure reliability, a correlation coefficient could be used, a test taker presents the same test several times, and the ratings got are correlated so as to see if there is any change in the final rating or not. It is statistically measurable, and could be done with several people making the same test several times, so as to build a robust correlation coefficient. Validity: the validity of a test tells us if it measures what it claims to. Validity gives you meaning to the test scores, the relations between the qualities measured in the test with the job qualifications and requierements, and tells you which conclusions you can draw from the score of a test and to what degree you can draw them. To measure validity is more complex, though, a great ampount of data would be of use to determine if a test is valid or not for measuring a given characteristic of a person, that is why it is better to use proved methods (valid methods) of measuring a characteristic, as a measure of validity of the test. See more on this webpage: http://www.hr-guide.com/data/G362.htm.

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