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By: Dr. Pamela Joseifna T. Fabie
• A. The Eye and its Appendages

   • B. Ear and Ear Ossicles
 Elevated by a muscle called Levator Superioris Muscle
 Nerve supply: facial n. – orbicularis muscle
                 occulomotor n. – levator palpebrae
                                         muscle
 Blood Supply:
   • arterial supply – superior and inferior palpebral
     branches of ophthalmic artery
   • Venous drainage – ophthalmic vein
Superior                 Plica
   Conjunctiva                semilunaris


Lateral canthus
                              Lacrimal
                              caruncle in
                              lacrimal
                              lake


                  Inferior lacrimal
                       papilla
1. Lacrimal Gland
   located at the superolateral angle of the orbit
   Oval in shape
   Divided into 2 parts: Superior (orbital portion) and
    Inferior (Palpebral portion)
   Pour tears by means of 8-12 tiny ducts


  Function of Tears:
     A. Wash away iritating materials, e.g.
         dust
     B. Lyzozyme prevents microbial
         infection
     C. Prevents drying of conjunctiva and
         cornea
2. Lacrimal Ducts
                        Situated one on each eyelid starting
                         from lacrimal punctum to lacrimal sac


 3. Lacrimal Sac
     Situated in the lacrimal fossa



4. Nasolacrimal Ducts
    Downward continuation
     of the sac
    About ¾ inch in length
    Drains into the inferior
     nasal concha
 Likened to a quadrilateral pyramid
 Each orbit contains the globe of one eye
  and its appendages
 Approximately 1 inch in diameter
    Situated in the anterior parts of the orbit
     nearer the roof than the floor

          3 COATS OF THE EYEBALL


FIRST COAT
    Sclera – white of the eye; tough
     fibrous external capsule which encloses
     the posterior 5/6 of the eyeball
    Cornea – anterior transparent and
     clear portion
SECOND COAT

   Choroid – nourishing coat of the eyeball composed
    manily of blood vessel
   Ciliary Body - dangerous area of the eye since the
    wound here can involve the iris, chorois, retina or the
    cornea
      o Ciliary muscle – bundles of smooth muscle; aka the
         “muscle of accomodation”
      o Ciliary Processes – about 70 in number; forms the
         Aqueous Humor.
   Iris – aka Uveal Tract; corresponds to the diapragm of
    the camera and has a central opening called “pupil”
    which regulate the amount of light that reach the retina
THIRD COAT

   Retina– expanded termination of the Optic nerve; considered part of
    the brain.
       Optic Disk – considered as the physiologic blind spot
       Macula Lute (yellow spot) – forms a yellowish, circular area
        that lacks blood vessels
       Fovea Centralis – tiny depression at the center; the point of
        highest visual acuity
   Refractive Media – are he Cornea, Aqueous Humor, the Lens and
    the Vitreous Humor (in order from outside to inside)
   Aqueous Humor - clear fluid that occupies the space between the
    cornea in fromnt and lens behind. It is the Lymph of the eye.
   Lens- biconvex, transparent and colorless body found between
    aqueous humor in front and vitreous humor behind. It has the
    “Power of Accomodation” due to its elastic nature of change.
   Vitreous Humor – soft, gelatinous substance that fills whole of the
    eyeball behind the lens; supports retina behind
1. Lateral rectus m. – pulls the eye laterally
          2. Medial Rectus m. – pulls the eye medially
 RECTI    3. Superior Rectus m. – pulls the eye superiorly and
             medially
          4. Inferior Rectus m. – pulls the eye inferiorly and
            laterally
          5. Superior Oblique m. – pulls the eye inferiorly and
OBLIQUE     laterally
          6. Inferior Oblilque m. – pulls the eye superiorly and
            laterally
          7. Levator Palpebrae superioris m. – raises the
            upper eyelid
- acute and painful
pyogenic infection of
the sebacious or
Meibomian glands of
the eylid margin
- Inflammation of the
conjunctiva may be
caused by irritants such
as smoke, dust, wind
cold, dry air, micronial
infection or allergic
reations
-increased intraocular
pressure due to
defective drainage of
aqueous fluid through
the scleral venous sinus
(canal of Schlemm)
Opacity of the lens which
may be degenerative or
congenital, bilateral or
unilateral. Opacity
interferes with
transmission of light rays
so that vision is impaired.
Inability of eyes to move
so that the same image
falls on the corresponding
parts of the retina in both
eyes cause by extraocular
muscle weakness or
defective nerve supply
a. AURICLE                   b. EXTERNAL
    (Pinna)                 AUDITORY MEATUS




      Its purpose is to collect and convey sound
waves to the tympanic membrane (ear drum).
- a cartilagenous framework
  covered by skin
- Aka “Pinna”

- Nerve Supply:
• Greater auricular n., auriculo-
  temporal n., lesser occippital n.

- Blood Supply:
     Supplied by posterior auricular
      artery and superficial temporal
      artery
     Venous drainage by
      superficial temporal vein and
      external jugular vein
- A canal that extends from concha to tympanic membrane
- About 1 inch long
- 1st part – cartilagenous; 2nd part - osseuos


Blood supply:
    Skin of cartilagenous part is
     by hair follicles, sebaceous
     and ceruminous glands

Nerve Supply:
    Auriculo-temporal nerve
o Separates the external and the middle ear
o It trnasmits the vibrations of soundd waves along the
  auditory ossicles to the inner ear
o It bulges into the middle ear, making the outer wall
  concave
 It is the space in the petrous portion of the temporal,
  lined by mucuos membrane
 Contains the OSSICLES (Malleus, Incus, Stapes),
  which transmit sound vibrations from the eardrum to
  the internal ear
MIDDEL EAR

   Anterior wall – presenst the Auditory(Eustachain) tube
   Medial wall – present 3 structures:
       Foramen Ovale (fenestra vestibule)
       Promontory
       Foramen rotundum

2 muscles:

a. Tensor tympani
   muscle
b. Stapedius
   muscle – draws
   stapes
   backward
 It is situated in the petrous portion of the temporal bone
 Concerned with sound perception, orientation and
  balancing
 Made up of TWO LABYRINTHS




    BONY
  LABYRINTH




      MEMBRANOUS
       LABYRINTH
- About 3mm thick, hard as ivory.
- Consists of:
   o Cochlea – small shell that
     makes ½ turns around a
     central pillar called the
     “modiolus”
   o Vestibule – central part,
     attached to stapes
   o 3 Bony Semicircular Canals –
     horseshoe-shaped, contain the
     membranous semicircular
     ducts. They have no auditory
     functions but they provide
     information about the position
     of the head in space,
     contributing to the maintenance
     of equilibrium and balance
- This lies within the bony
  labyrinth consisting of sac that
  contains fluid known as
  “endolymph”
- Separated between the bony
  walls by a fluid known as
  “perilymph”

- It consists of:
    Cochlear Duct – contains the
     spiral organ of Corti, essential
     part of the organ of hearing
    Utricle and Saccule –
     situated inside bony vestibule
    Semicircular Ducts – smaller
     in size but have the same
     shape as the bony canals
Infection by
staphylococcus
aureus is the usual
cause of the
localized
inflammation (boils)
in the external aud.
canal
Inflammation of the
middle ear and may be
due to spread of
microbes from the upper
respiratory tract through
the eustachain tube or
from the outer ear
through the rupture of
tympanic membrane.
There is excessive
endolymph causing                       Repetitive motion cause
generalized dilation and            excessive stimulation of the
increased pressure within           semicircular canals & vestibular
the membranous labyrinth.           apparatus and result in nausea
With episodes of vertigo,           and vomiting in some people
nausea, vomiting, tinnitus.


                               The deafness of old age
                          due to the degeneration of the
                          sensory cells of the organ of
                          Corti.
Sensory organs

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Sensory organs

  • 1. By: Dr. Pamela Joseifna T. Fabie
  • 2. • A. The Eye and its Appendages • B. Ear and Ear Ossicles
  • 3.
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  • 5.  Elevated by a muscle called Levator Superioris Muscle  Nerve supply: facial n. – orbicularis muscle occulomotor n. – levator palpebrae muscle  Blood Supply: • arterial supply – superior and inferior palpebral branches of ophthalmic artery • Venous drainage – ophthalmic vein
  • 6. Superior Plica Conjunctiva semilunaris Lateral canthus Lacrimal caruncle in lacrimal lake Inferior lacrimal papilla
  • 7. 1. Lacrimal Gland  located at the superolateral angle of the orbit  Oval in shape  Divided into 2 parts: Superior (orbital portion) and Inferior (Palpebral portion)  Pour tears by means of 8-12 tiny ducts Function of Tears: A. Wash away iritating materials, e.g. dust B. Lyzozyme prevents microbial infection C. Prevents drying of conjunctiva and cornea
  • 8. 2. Lacrimal Ducts  Situated one on each eyelid starting from lacrimal punctum to lacrimal sac 3. Lacrimal Sac  Situated in the lacrimal fossa 4. Nasolacrimal Ducts  Downward continuation of the sac  About ¾ inch in length  Drains into the inferior nasal concha
  • 9.  Likened to a quadrilateral pyramid  Each orbit contains the globe of one eye and its appendages
  • 10.  Approximately 1 inch in diameter  Situated in the anterior parts of the orbit nearer the roof than the floor 3 COATS OF THE EYEBALL FIRST COAT  Sclera – white of the eye; tough fibrous external capsule which encloses the posterior 5/6 of the eyeball  Cornea – anterior transparent and clear portion
  • 11. SECOND COAT  Choroid – nourishing coat of the eyeball composed manily of blood vessel  Ciliary Body - dangerous area of the eye since the wound here can involve the iris, chorois, retina or the cornea o Ciliary muscle – bundles of smooth muscle; aka the “muscle of accomodation” o Ciliary Processes – about 70 in number; forms the Aqueous Humor.  Iris – aka Uveal Tract; corresponds to the diapragm of the camera and has a central opening called “pupil” which regulate the amount of light that reach the retina
  • 12.
  • 13. THIRD COAT  Retina– expanded termination of the Optic nerve; considered part of the brain.  Optic Disk – considered as the physiologic blind spot  Macula Lute (yellow spot) – forms a yellowish, circular area that lacks blood vessels  Fovea Centralis – tiny depression at the center; the point of highest visual acuity  Refractive Media – are he Cornea, Aqueous Humor, the Lens and the Vitreous Humor (in order from outside to inside)  Aqueous Humor - clear fluid that occupies the space between the cornea in fromnt and lens behind. It is the Lymph of the eye.  Lens- biconvex, transparent and colorless body found between aqueous humor in front and vitreous humor behind. It has the “Power of Accomodation” due to its elastic nature of change.  Vitreous Humor – soft, gelatinous substance that fills whole of the eyeball behind the lens; supports retina behind
  • 14.
  • 15. 1. Lateral rectus m. – pulls the eye laterally 2. Medial Rectus m. – pulls the eye medially RECTI 3. Superior Rectus m. – pulls the eye superiorly and medially 4. Inferior Rectus m. – pulls the eye inferiorly and laterally 5. Superior Oblique m. – pulls the eye inferiorly and OBLIQUE laterally 6. Inferior Oblilque m. – pulls the eye superiorly and laterally 7. Levator Palpebrae superioris m. – raises the upper eyelid
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  • 18. - acute and painful pyogenic infection of the sebacious or Meibomian glands of the eylid margin
  • 19. - Inflammation of the conjunctiva may be caused by irritants such as smoke, dust, wind cold, dry air, micronial infection or allergic reations
  • 20. -increased intraocular pressure due to defective drainage of aqueous fluid through the scleral venous sinus (canal of Schlemm)
  • 21. Opacity of the lens which may be degenerative or congenital, bilateral or unilateral. Opacity interferes with transmission of light rays so that vision is impaired.
  • 22. Inability of eyes to move so that the same image falls on the corresponding parts of the retina in both eyes cause by extraocular muscle weakness or defective nerve supply
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  • 28. a. AURICLE b. EXTERNAL (Pinna) AUDITORY MEATUS Its purpose is to collect and convey sound waves to the tympanic membrane (ear drum).
  • 29. - a cartilagenous framework covered by skin - Aka “Pinna” - Nerve Supply: • Greater auricular n., auriculo- temporal n., lesser occippital n. - Blood Supply:  Supplied by posterior auricular artery and superficial temporal artery  Venous drainage by superficial temporal vein and external jugular vein
  • 30. - A canal that extends from concha to tympanic membrane - About 1 inch long - 1st part – cartilagenous; 2nd part - osseuos Blood supply:  Skin of cartilagenous part is by hair follicles, sebaceous and ceruminous glands Nerve Supply:  Auriculo-temporal nerve
  • 31. o Separates the external and the middle ear o It trnasmits the vibrations of soundd waves along the auditory ossicles to the inner ear o It bulges into the middle ear, making the outer wall concave
  • 32.  It is the space in the petrous portion of the temporal, lined by mucuos membrane  Contains the OSSICLES (Malleus, Incus, Stapes), which transmit sound vibrations from the eardrum to the internal ear
  • 33. MIDDEL EAR Anterior wall – presenst the Auditory(Eustachain) tube Medial wall – present 3 structures:  Foramen Ovale (fenestra vestibule)  Promontory  Foramen rotundum 2 muscles: a. Tensor tympani muscle b. Stapedius muscle – draws stapes backward
  • 34.  It is situated in the petrous portion of the temporal bone  Concerned with sound perception, orientation and balancing  Made up of TWO LABYRINTHS BONY LABYRINTH MEMBRANOUS LABYRINTH
  • 35. - About 3mm thick, hard as ivory. - Consists of: o Cochlea – small shell that makes ½ turns around a central pillar called the “modiolus” o Vestibule – central part, attached to stapes o 3 Bony Semicircular Canals – horseshoe-shaped, contain the membranous semicircular ducts. They have no auditory functions but they provide information about the position of the head in space, contributing to the maintenance of equilibrium and balance
  • 36. - This lies within the bony labyrinth consisting of sac that contains fluid known as “endolymph” - Separated between the bony walls by a fluid known as “perilymph” - It consists of:  Cochlear Duct – contains the spiral organ of Corti, essential part of the organ of hearing  Utricle and Saccule – situated inside bony vestibule  Semicircular Ducts – smaller in size but have the same shape as the bony canals
  • 37.
  • 38. Infection by staphylococcus aureus is the usual cause of the localized inflammation (boils) in the external aud. canal
  • 39. Inflammation of the middle ear and may be due to spread of microbes from the upper respiratory tract through the eustachain tube or from the outer ear through the rupture of tympanic membrane.
  • 40. There is excessive endolymph causing Repetitive motion cause generalized dilation and excessive stimulation of the increased pressure within semicircular canals & vestibular the membranous labyrinth. apparatus and result in nausea With episodes of vertigo, and vomiting in some people nausea, vomiting, tinnitus. The deafness of old age due to the degeneration of the sensory cells of the organ of Corti.