Defining Mental Disorders What Is AbnormalMental disorder P.docx

Defining Mental Disorders: What Is Abnormal?
Mental disorder: Persistent disturbance or dysfunction in
behavior, thoughts, or emotions that causes significant distress
or impairment.
1
2
2
Copyright © 2016 by Nelson Education Ltd
Culture and Pathology
Cultural variations (relativism/universalism)
Culture-bound disorders
Koro
Windigo
3
What is the Medical Model and Diagnosis?

Medical model: Abnormal psychological experiences are
conceptualized as diseases, like physical illnesses, have
biological and environmental causes, defined symptoms, and
possible cures.
Diagnosis: A determination of there is a disease present.
4
5
Prevalence, Causes, and Course
Epidemiology
Prevalence
Lifetime prevalence
Diagnosis
Etiology
Prognosis
Comorbid
5
Classifying Disorders: The DSM
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-
5): Describes 22 major categories containing more than 200
different mental disorders
22 chapters lists specific criteria that must be met for diagnosis
for each disorder
Provides section devoted to cultural considerations in diagnosis

of mental disorders
Alternative Diagnostic Systems (ICD 10, Research Domain
Criteria Project = RDoc)
6
Main DSM–5 Categories of Mental
DisordersNeurodevelopmental DisordersThese are conditions
that begin early in development and cause significant
impairments in functioning, such as intellectual disability
(formerly called “mental retardation”), autism spectrum
disorder, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic DisordersThis is a
group of disorders characterized by major disturbances in
perception, thought, language, emotion, and behavior. Bipolar
and Related DisordersThese disorders include major
fluctuations in mood—from mania to depression—and also can
include psychotic experiences, which is why they are placed
between the psychotic and depressive disorders in DSM–5.
Depressive DisordersThese are conditions characterized by
extreme and persistent periods of depressed mood. Anxiety
DisordersThese are disorders characterized by excessive fear
and anxiety that are extreme enough to impair a person’s
functioning, such as panic disorder, generalized anxiety
disorder, and specific phobia. Obsessive-Compulsive and
Related DisordersThese are conditions characterized by the
presence of obsessive thinking followed by compulsive behavior
in response to that thinking. Trauma- and Stressor-Related
DisordersThese are disorders that develop in response to a
traumatic event, such as posttraumatic stress disorder.
Dissociative DisordersThese are conditions characterized by

disruptions or discontinuity in consciousness, memory, or
identity, such as dissociative identity disorder (formerly called
“multiple personality disorder”). Somatic Symptom and Related
DisordersThese are conditions in which a person experiences
bodily symptoms (e.g., pain, fatigue) associated with significant
distress or impairment. Feeding and Eating DisordersThese are
problems with eating that impair health or functioning, such as
anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.
7
Main DSM–5 Categories of Mental DisordersElimination
DisordersThese involve inappropriate elimination of urine or
feces (e.g., bed-wetting). Sleep–Wake DisordersThese are
problems with the sleep–wake cycle, such as insomnia,
narcolepsy, and sleep apnea. Sexual DysfunctionsThese are
problems related to unsatisfactory sexual activity, such as
erectile disorder and premature ejaculation. Gender
DysphoriaThis is a single disorder characterized by
incongruence between a person’s experienced/expressed gender
and assigned gender. Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct
DisordersThese are conditions involving problems controlling
emotions and behaviors, such as conduct disorder, intermittent
explosive disorder, and kleptomania. Substance-Related and
Addictive DisordersThis collection of disorders involves
persistent use of substances or some other behavior (e.g.,
gambling) despite the fact that it leads to significant problems.
Neurocognitive DisordersThese are disorders of thinking caused
by conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease or traumatic brain
injury. Personality DisordersThese are enduring patterns of
thinking, feeling, and behaving that lead to significant life
problems. Paraphilic DisordersThese are conditions
characterized by inappropriate sexual activity, such as

pedophilic disorder. Other Mental DisordersThis is a residual
category for conditions that do not fit into one of the above
categories but are associated with significant distress or
impairment, such as an unspecified mental disorder due to a
medical condition. Medication-Induced Movement Disorders
and Other Adverse Effects of MedicationThese are problems
with physical movement (e.g., tremors, rigidity) that are caused
by medication.
8
What Are the Disadvantages/Advantages of Labeling?
Disadvantage: Stigmas are likely attached to labeling people
with psychological disorders.
Roughly 60% of sufferers do not seek treatment.
Education does not dispel the stigma.
May result in unnecessary incarceration
May lead to low self-esteem
Advantages: Peace of mind, treatment
9
10
Therapists: Who
Provides Treatment?
Psychiatrists
Clinical psychologists (Ph.D. and PSY.D.)
Psychological associates (M.A.)
Counselling psychologists

Clinical social workers
Psychiatric nurses
Counsellors
10
Copyright © 2016 by Nelson Education Ltd.
The Elements of the Treatment Process
Treatments: How Many Types are There?
3 Main Categories
Insight therapies
“Talk therapy”
Behaviour therapies
Changing overt behaviour
Biomedical therapies
Biological functioning interventions
11
11
12
Clients: Who Seeks Therapy?
Most common presenting problems
Anxiety and depression
Long delays until treatment is sought
Stigmatization
12

13
Insight Therapies:
Client-Centred Therapy
Carl Rogers
Goal: restructure self-concept to better correspond to reality
Therapeutic climate
Genuineness
Unconditional positive regard
Empathy
Therapeutic Process
Clarification
Emotion focused therapy
13
14
14
15
Therapies Inspired By
Positive Psychology
Well-being therapy
Self acceptance

Purpose in life
Autonomy
Personal growth
Positive psychotherapy
15
Biomedical Therapies
Physiological intervention to reduce psychological symptoms.
Assumption: Disorder is partly or wholly caused by biological
malfunctioning.
Three major categories: Anti-anxiety, anti-psychotic,
antidepressant. (Mood stabilizer in different category).
16
Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety disorder: Class of mental disorder in which anxiety is
the predominant feature
Anxiety can be adaptive or maladaptive, when it is
disproportionate to real threats and challenges.
Significant comorbidity between anxiety and depression

17
18
Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive and Post-Traumatic Stress
Disorders (Six Types)
1. Generalized anxiety disorder
“Free-floating anxiety”
2. Specific Phobias
Specific focus of fear (e.g., water, flying, snakes, holes).
3. Social Anxiety
Leaving the house, public speaking, crowds, small talk
4. Panic disorder and agoraphobia
Physical symptoms of anxiety/leading to agoraphobia
5. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (not listed in the anxiety
disorder category although anxiety a central feature).
Obsessions
Compulsions
6. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
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19
Etiology of Anxiety and Anxiety-Related Disorders
Biological factors
Genetic predisposition, anxiety sensitivity
GABA circuits in the brain (nature’s tranquilizer)
Conditioning and learning
Acquired through classical conditioning or observational
learning

Maintained through operant conditioning
Cognitive factors
Judgments of perceived threat
Stress
A precipitator
19
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Anxiety related to chronic worry
Not tied to any specific issue
The feeling of restlessness, anxiousness and excessive worry.
Interfere with daily living (eating, sleeping, relationships).
Treatment: CBT + anti-depressants, or Xanax (benzodiazepine).
20
Phobic Disorders
Phobic disorders: Disorders characterized by marked, persistent,
and excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities,
or situations
Specific phobia: Disorder that involves an irrational fear of a
particular object or situation that markedly interferes with an
individual’s ability to function: Animals, natural environment,
situations, blood injections and injury, other phobias
Social phobia: Disorder that involves an irrational fear of being
publicly humiliated or embarrassed

Phobias can also be classically conditioned.
21
22
Behaviour Therapies for Phobias
B.F. Skinner and colleagues
Goal: unlearning maladaptive behaviours and learning adaptive
ones
Systematic Desensitization – Joseph Wolpe
Classical conditioning
Anxiety hierarchy
Aversion therapy
Alcoholism, sexual deviance, smoking, etc.
Social skills training
Modelling
Behavioural rehearsal
22
Panic Disorder
Panic disorder: A type of anxiety disorder causes repeated,
unexpected attacks of intense fear and fear of another attack.
Approximately 4% of the Canadians will experience a panic
attack in their lifetime.
Usually during period intense stress. Women 2X more likely
than are men. ¾ have at least one other physical or mental
illness like diabetes or depression. Family history.

Agoraphobia: Specific phobia involving a fear of public places.
23
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): An anxiety disorder in
which repetitive, intrusive, thoughts (obsessions) and ritualistic
behaviors (compulsions) designed to fend off those thoughts
interfere significantly with an individual’s functioning
Classified separately from anxiety disorders because the
disorder is believed to have distinct cause via different neural
circuitry
Roughly 2% of the population suffers
Moderate heritability
24
Treatments for Anxiety Disorders
Depends on the specific anxiety.
Relief of symptoms (e.g., tension, nervousness).
Antianxiety Medications – Xanax (which is a benzodiazepine),
Buspar (not a benzo) + CBT
Anti-depressants + CBT
How anti-anxiety meds work: Relief of tension, nervousness.

25
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Troubles after a Trauma
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): Disorder characterized by
chronic physiological arousal, recurrent unwanted thoughts or
images of the trauma, and avoidance of things that call the
traumatic event to mind.
Brain imaging techniques: Identified important neural
correlates: Heightened amygdala activity; decreased medial
prefrontal cortex activity; smaller hippocampus (preexisting
condition)
Treatment: Anti-depressants (Paxil, Zoloft, Prozac) + CBT.
26
27
Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
Major depressive disorder
Dysthymic disorder
Bipolar disorder (manic-depressive disorder)
Cyclothymic disorder
Etiology
Genetic vulnerability
Neurochemical factors
Cognitive factors
Hormonal
Interpersonal roots
Concussions
Precipitating stress

27
Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder
Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors: Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft. New drug:
esketamine (taken with SSRI) + talk therapy.
How SSRI’s work: Increase serotonin in the brain. (SSRIs
blocks the reabsorption (reuptake) of serotonin into neurons.
Increased levels of serotonin improves transmission of messages
between neurons. Called ‘selective’ because they mainly affect
serotonin, not other neurotransmitters.
Electroconvulsive therapy.
28
29
Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy
Goal: to change the way clients think to treat depression,
anxiety disorders, OCD, PTSD *often alongside medication).
Self-instructional training
Detect and recognize negative thoughts
Reality testing
Kinship with behaviour therapy
Aaron Beck
Early pioneer in cognitive therapy (change one’s thinking)

29
30
30
Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar disorder: Unstable emotional condition characterized by
cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood (mania) and low mood
(depression)
Lifetime risk is about 2.5%; no gender differences
Rapid cycling bipolar disorder for about 10%
*Highest heritability of all disorders: 40-70% for identical
twins
Stressful life experiences often precede episodes.
Predicted increase in bipolar symptoms over time associated
with neuroticism and conscientiousness
31
32

32
33
33
Biomedical Treatments for Bipolar Disorders
The depression is treated the same way major depressive
disorder is: Talk therapy, anti-depressants such as SSRI’s (e.g.,
Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft (these are brand names). New drug called
esketamine taken with SSRI creates new neural pathways
Manic: Mood-stabilizers: Valporate and lithium (also control
hallucinations). Valporate may decrease episodes of mania and
like lithium reduces hallucinations.
34
Disorders of Childhood, Adolescence and Adulthood
The most common and well-known disorder:
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Persistent
pattern of severe problems with inattention and/or hyperactivity
or impulsiveness that cause significant impairments in
functioning.
Behaviors experienced for at least 6 months in at least 2

settings; ability to perform at school or home impaired; present
before age 12.
1.1 million Canadian adults have ADHD. (1,795,734009 people
aged 5-19 worldwide). (129 million children).
Brain imaging studies structural and functional abnormalities
Drug treatment effective
35
36
Biomedical Therapies For ADHD
ADHD and ADD: Ritalin, Adderall are not time-released but
Vyvanse and Concert are time released. (These are brand
names).
How Do They Work? Dopamine and norepinephrine play a role
in attention and executive functioning.
Ritalin is a CNS stimulant (speeds up brain activity) by
decreasing dopamine reuptake—more in brain.
Vyvanse and Adderall are amphetamines and increase the
release of dopamine and norepinephrine.
36
Defining Mental Disorders: What Is Abnormal?
Mental disorder: Persistent disturbance or dysfunction in

behavior, thoughts, or emotions that causes significant distress
or impairment.
1
2
2
Culture and Pathology
Cultural variations (relativism/universalism)
Culture-bound disorders
Koro
Windigo
3
What is the Medical Model and Diagnosis?
Medical model: Abnormal psychological experiences are
conceptualized as diseases, like physical illnesses, have
biological and environmental causes, defined symptoms, and
possible cures.
Diagnosis: A determination of there is a disease present.

4
5
Prevalence, Causes, and Course
Epidemiology
Prevalence
Lifetime prevalence
Diagnosis
Etiology
Prognosis
Comorbid
5
Classifying Disorders: The DSM
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-
5): Describes 22 major categories containing more than 200
different mental disorders
22 chapters lists specific criteria that must be met for diagnosis
for each disorder
Provides section devoted to cultural considerations in diagnosis
of mental disorders
Alternative Diagnostic Systems (ICD 10, Research Domain
Criteria Project = RDoc)

6
Main DSM–5 Categories of Mental
DisordersNeurodevelopmental DisordersThese are conditions
that begin early in development and cause significant
impairments in functioning, such as intellectual disability
(formerly called “mental retardation”), autism spectrum
disorder, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic DisordersThis is a
group of disorders characterized by major disturbances in
perception, thought, language, emotion, and behavior. Bipolar
and Related DisordersThese disorders include major
fluctuations in mood—from mania to depression—and also can
include psychotic experiences, which is why they are placed
between the psychotic and depressive disorders in DSM–5.
Depressive DisordersThese are conditions characterized by
extreme and persistent periods of depressed mood. Anxiety
DisordersThese are disorders characterized by excessive fear
and anxiety that are extreme enough to impair a person’s
functioning, such as panic disorder, generalized anxiety
disorder, and specific phobia. Obsessive-Compulsive and
Related DisordersThese are conditions characterized by the
presence of obsessive thinking followed by compulsive behavior
in response to that thinking. Trauma- and Stressor-Related
DisordersThese are disorders that develop in response to a
traumatic event, such as posttraumatic stress disorder.
Dissociative DisordersThese are conditions characterized by
disruptions or discontinuity in consciousness, memory, or
identity, such as dissociative identity disorder (formerly called
“multiple personality disorder”). Somatic Symptom and Related
DisordersThese are conditions in which a person experiences
bodily symptoms (e.g., pain, fatigue) associated with significant

distress or impairment. Feeding and Eating DisordersThese are
problems with eating that impair health or functioning, such as
anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.
7
Main DSM–5 Categories of Mental DisordersElimination
DisordersThese involve inappropriate elimination of urine or
feces (e.g., bed-wetting). Sleep–Wake DisordersThese are
problems with the sleep–wake cycle, such as insomnia,
narcolepsy, and sleep apnea. Sexual DysfunctionsThese are
problems related to unsatisfactory sexual activity, such as
erectile disorder and premature ejaculation. Gender
DysphoriaThis is a single disorder characterized by
incongruence between a person’s experienced/expressed gender
and assigned gender. Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct
DisordersThese are conditions involving problems controlling
emotions and behaviors, such as conduct disorder, intermittent
explosive disorder, and kleptomania. Substance-Related and
Addictive DisordersThis collection of disorders involves
persistent use of substances or some other behavior (e.g.,
gambling) despite the fact that it leads to significant problems.
Neurocognitive DisordersThese are disorders of thinking caused
by conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease or traumatic brain
injury. Personality DisordersThese are enduring patterns of
thinking, feeling, and behaving that lead to significant life
problems. Paraphilic DisordersThese are conditions
characterized by inappropriate sexual activity, such as
pedophilic disorder. Other Mental DisordersThis is a residual
category for conditions that do not fit into one of the above
categories but are associated with significant distress or
impairment, such as an unspecified mental disorder due to a
medical condition. Medication-Induced Movement Disorders

and Other Adverse Effects of MedicationThese are problems
with physical movement (e.g., tremors, rigidity) that are caused
by medication.
8
What Are the Disadvantages/Advantages of Labeling?
Disadvantage: Stigmas are likely attached to labeling people
with psychological disorders.
Roughly 60% of sufferers do not seek treatment.
Education does not dispel the stigma.
May result in unnecessary incarceration
May lead to low self-esteem
Advantages: Peace of mind, treatment
9
10
Therapists: Who
Provides Treatment?
Psychiatrists
Psychiatric nurses
Counsellors

10
11
Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive and Post-Traumatic Stress
Disorders
Generalized anxiety disorder
“Free-floating anxiety”
Specific Phobias
Specific focus of fear
Panic disorder and agoraphobia
Physical symptoms of anxiety/leading to agoraphobia
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Obsessions
Compulsions
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
11
12
Etiology of Anxiety and Anxiety-Related Disorders
Biological factors
Genetic predisposition, anxiety sensitivity
GABA circuits in the brain
Conditioning and learning
Acquired through classical conditioning or observational
learning
Maintained through operant conditioning
Cognitive factors
Judgments of perceived threat

Stress
A precipitator
12
Anxiety Disorders and GAD
Anxiety disorder: Class of mental disorder in which anxiety is
the predominant feature
Anxiety can be adaptive or maladaptive, when it is
disproportionate to real threats and challenges.
Significant comorbidity between anxiety and depression
13
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): An anxiety disorder in
which repetitive, intrusive, thoughts (obsessions) and ritualistic
behaviors (compulsions) designed to fend off those thoughts
interfere significantly with an individual’s functioning
Classified separately from anxiety disorders because the
disorder is believed to have distinct cause via different neural
circuitry
Roughly 2% of the population suffers
Moderate heritability

14
Panic Disorder
Panic disorder: A type of anxiety disorder causes repeated,
unexpected attacks of intense fear and fear of another attack.
Approximately 4% of the Canadians will experience a panic
attack in their lifetime.
Usually during period intense stress. Women 2X more likely
than are men. ¾ have at least one other physical or mental
illness like diabetes or depression. Family history.
Agoraphobia: Specific phobia involving a fear of public places.
15
Phobic Disorders
Phobic disorders: Disorders characterized by marked, persistent,
and excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities,
or situations
Specific phobia: Disorder that involves an irrational fear of a
particular object or situation that markedly interferes with an
individual’s ability to function: Animals, natural environment,
situations, blood injections and injury, other phobias
Social phobia: Disorder that involves an irrational fear of being
publicly humiliated or embarrassed
Phobias can also be classically conditioned.

16
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Troubles after a Trauma
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): Disorder characterized by
chronic physiological arousal, recurrent unwanted thoughts or
images of the trauma, and avoidance of things that call the
traumatic event to mind.
Brain imaging techniques: Identified important neural
correlates: Heightened amygdala activity; decreased medial
prefrontal cortex activity; smaller hippocampus (preexisting
condition)
17
18
Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
Major depressive disorder
Dysthymic disorder
Bipolar disorder (manic-depressive disorder)
Cyclothymic disorder
Etiology
Genetic vulnerability
Neurochemical factors
Cognitive factors
Hormonal
Interpersonal roots
Concussions
Precipitating stress
18

More on Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar disorder: Unstable emotional condition characterized by
cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood (mania) and low mood
(depression)
Lifetime risk is about 2.5%; no gender differences
Rapid cycling bipolar disorder for about 10%
Highest heritability of all disorders: 40-70% for identical twins
Stressful life experiences often precede episodes.
Predicted increase in bipolar symptoms over time associated
with neuroticism and conscientiousness
19
20
20
21
21

22
22
Disorders of Childhood, Adolescence, and Adulthood
The most common and well-known disorder:
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Persistent
pattern of severe problems with inattention and/or hyperactivity
or impulsiveness that cause significant impairments in
functioning.
Behaviors experienced for at least 6 months in at least 2
settings; ability to perform at school or home impaired; present
before age 12
2.1% among 6-11 year-olds in Canada. Ontario: 6.1% 4-16
years-old. 1.1 million Canadian adults have ADHD.
(1,795,734009 people 5-19 worldwide). (129 million children).
Brain imaging studies structural and functional abnormalities
Drug treatment effective (
23
Review: Who
Provides Treatment?

Psychiatrists
Psychiatric nurses
Counsellors
1
1
The Elements of the Treatment Process
Treatments: How Many Types are There?
3 Main Categories
Insight therapies
“Talk therapy”
Behaviour therapies
Changing overt behaviour
Biomedical therapies
Biological functioning interventions
2
2
Clients: Who Seeks Therapy?
Most common presenting problems
Anxiety and depression
Long delays until treatment is sought
Stigmatization
3

3
Insight Therapies:
Client-Centred Therapy
Carl Rogers
Goal: restructure self-concept to better correspond to reality
Therapeutic climate
Genuineness
Unconditional positive regard
Empathy
Therapeutic Process
Clarification
4
4
5
5
Insight: Therapies Inspired By
Positive Psychology
Well-being therapy
Self acceptance
Purpose in life

Autonomy
Personal growth
Positive psychotherapy
6
6
Insight Therapy: Groups, Couples,
and Families
Group therapy
Participants’ roles
Advantages
Couples therapy and Family therapy
How effective are insight therapies?
How do insight therapies work?
7
7
(Not Insight)Behaviour Therapies
B.F. Skinner and colleagues
Goal: Unlearning maladaptive behaviours and learning adaptive
ones
Systematic Desensitization – Joseph Wolpe
Classical conditioning
Anxiety hierarchy
Social skills training
Modelling
Behavioural rehearsal

8
8
9
9
10
10
Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy
Goal: to change the way clients think
Self-instructional training
Detect and recognize negative thoughts
Reality testing
Kinship with behaviour therapy
Aaron Beck
Cognitive therapy (change one’s thinking)
Albert Ellis
Rational-emotive therapy (deal with innate and learned self-
defeating thoughts, shame, guilt).

11
11
12
12
Mindfulness-Based Cognitive- Behavioural Therapy (MBCT)
Zindel Segal
Increased awareness
Present moment
Self-compassion
Accepting things as they are
Effectiveness of Behaviour Therapies
13
13
Psychopharmacotherapy
Antianxiety – Valium, Xanax, Buspar
Antidepressant:
Tricyclics – Elavil, Tofranil
MAO inhibitors (MAOIs) – Nardil

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) – Prozac, Paxil,
Zoloft
Electroconvulsive Therapy
ADHD and ADD: Ritalin, Adderall for children and adults-
Vyvanse, Concert newer.
Bipolar: Lithium
14
14
Evaluation of Drug Therapies
Superficial short-term effects
Over prescribed and over medicated
Side effects
15
15
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
Deep Brain Stimulation

16
16
Current Trends and Issues
in Treatment
Empirically validated treatments
Blending approaches to treatment (eclecticism)
Increasing Multicultural sensitivity
Culture, language, and institutional barriers
Deinstitutionalization
Revolving door problem
Homelessness
17
17
Overview of Relevant Drug Therapy
Depression, Bipolar related depression—SSRI’s = Brand names
Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft. Problems with giving it to adolescence
but suicide rate went up when prescriptions decreased.
Mood Stabilzers: Controls mood swings. Lithium, Valproate
(doesn’t have side effects of lithium)
18

18
Overview of Drug Therapy
Anti-anxiety: Brands = Valium, Xanax. Tranquilizers and can
linked to dependence. Floaty feeling, being zoned out so dosage
crucial.
ADHD: Stimulants. Vivanyse = time-released to treat children
6-12 and adults. Other drugs are Ritlain and Adderall.
19
20
20

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