Mixin Classes in Odoo 17 How to Extend Models Using Mixin Classes
960 Sukatan Pelajaran Fizik STPM (Baharu)
1. STPM/S(E)960
MAJLIS PEPERIKSAAN MALAYSIA
(MALAYSIAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL)
PEPERIKSAAN
SIJIL TINGGI PERSEKOLAHAN MALAYSIA
(MALAYSIA HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION)
PHYSICS
Syllabus, Specimen Papers and Specimen Experiment
This syllabus applies for the 2012/2013 session and thereafter until further notice.
2. FALSAFAH PENDIDIKAN KEBANGSAAN
“Pendidikan di Malaysia adalah satu usaha berterusan
ke arah memperkembangkan lagi potensi individu secara
menyeluruh dan bersepadu untuk mewujudkan insan yang
seimbang dan harmonis dari segi intelek, rohani, emosi,
dan jasmani. Usaha ini adalah bagi melahirkan rakyat
Malaysia yang berilmu pengetahuan, berakhlak mulia,
bertanggungjawab, berketerampilan, dan berkeupayaan
mencapai kesejahteraan diri serta memberi sumbangan
terhadap keharmonian dan kemakmuran keluarga,
masyarakat dan negara.”
3. FOREWORD
This revised Physics syllabus is designed to replace the existing syllabus which has been in use since
the 2001 STPM examination. This new syllabus will be enforced in 2012 and the first examination
will also be held the same year. The revision of the syllabus takes into account the changes made by
the Malaysian Examinations Council (MEC) to the existing STPM examination. Through the new
system, sixth-form study will be divided into three terms, and candidates will sit for an examination at
the end of each term. The new syllabus fulfils the requirements of this new system. The main
objective of introducing the new examination system is to enhance the teaching and learning
orientation in sixth form so as to be in line with the orientation of teaching and learning in colleges
and universities.
The revision of the Physics syllabus incorporates current developments in physics studies and syllabus
design in Malaysia. The syllabus will give students exposure to pre-university level about Physics that
includes mechanics and thermodynamics, electricity and magnetism, oscillations and waves, optics,
and modern physics. The syllabus contains topics, teaching periods, learning outcomes, examination
format, grade description, and sample questions.
The design of this syllabus was undertaken by a committee chaired by Professor Dato’ Dr. Mohd.
Zambri bin Zainuddin from University of Malaya. Other committee members consist of university
lecturers, representatives from the Curriculum Development Division, Ministry of Education
Malaysia, and experienced teachers teaching Physics. On behalf of the MEC, I would like to thank the
committee for their commitment and invaluable contribution. It is hoped that this syllabus will be a
guide for teachers and candidates in the teaching and learning process.
OMAR BIN ABU BAKAR
Chief Executive
Malaysian Examinations Council
4. CONTENTS
Syllabus 960 Physics
Page
Aims 1
Objectives 1
Content
First Term: Mechanics and Thermodynamics 2–9
Second Term: Electricity and Magnetism 10 – 15
Third Term: Oscillations and Waves, Optics, and Modern Physics 16 – 22
Practical Syllabus (School-based Assessment of Practical (Paper 4)) 23 – 24
Written Practical Test (Paper 5) 24
Scheme of Assessment 25 – 26
Performance Descriptions 27
Summary of Key Quantities and Units 28 – 30
Values of constants 31
Reference Books 32
Specimen Paper 1 33 – 48
Specimen Paper 2 49 – 66
Specimen Paper 3 67 – 82
Specimen Experiment Paper 4 83 – 85
Specimen Paper 5 87 – 113
5. SYLLABUS
960 PHYSICS
Aims
This syllabus aims to enhance candidates’ knowledge and understanding of physics to enable them to
either further their studies at institutions of higher learning or assist them to embark on a related
career and also to promote awareness among them of the role of physics in the universe.
Objectives
The objectives of this syllabus are to enable candidates to:
(a) use models, concepts, principles, theories, and laws of physics;
(b) interpret and use scientific information presented in various forms;
(c) solve problems in various situations;
(d) analyse, synthesise, and evaluate information and ideas logically and critically;
(e) use techniques of operation and safety aspects of scientific equipment;
(f) plan and carry out experiments scientifically and make conclusions;
(g) develop proper attitudes, ethics, and values in the study and practice of physics.
1
6. FIRST TERM: MECHANICS AND THERMODYNAMICS
Teaching
Topic Learning Outcome
Period
1 Physical Quantities and 6 Candidates should be able to:
Units
1.1 Base quantities and 1 (a) list base quantities and their SI units:
SI units mass (kg), length (m), time (s), current (A),
temperature (K) and quantity of matter (mol);
(b) deduce units for derived quantities;
1.2 Dimensions of 1 (c) use dimensional analysis to determine the
physical quantities dimensions of derived quantities;
(d) check the homogeneity of equations using
dimensional analysis;
(e) construct empirical equations using
dimensional analysis;
1.3 Scalars and vectors 2 (f) determine the sum, the scalar product and
vector product of coplanar vectors;
(g) resolve a vector to two perpendicular
components;
1.4 Uncertainties in 2 (h) calculate the uncertainty in a derived quantity
measurements (a rigorous statistical treatment is not
required);
(i) write a derived quantity to an appropriate
number of significant figures.
2 Kinematics 6 Candidates should be able to:
2.1 Linear motion 2 (a) derive and use equations of motion with
constant acceleration;
(b) sketch and use the graphs of displacement-
time, velocity-time and acceleration-time for
the motion of a body with constant
acceleration;
2.2 Projectiles 4 (c) solve problems on projectile motion without
air resistance;
(d) explain the effects of air resistance on the
motion of bodies in air.
2
7. Teaching
Topic Learning Outcome
Period
3 Dynamics 12 Candidates should be able to:
3.1 Newton’s laws of 4 (a) state Newton’s laws of motion;
motion dv dm
(b) use the formula F = m +v for constant
dt dt
m or constant v only;
3.2 Linear momentum and 3 (c) state the principle of conservation of
its conservation momentum, and verify the principle using
Newton’s laws of motion;
(d) apply the principle of conservation of
momentum;
(e) define impulse as ∫F dt ;
(f) solve problems involving impulse;
3.3 Elastic and inelastic 2 (g) distinguish between elastic collisions and
collisions inelastic collisions (knowledge of coefficient
of restitution is not required);
(h) solve problems involving collisions between
particles in one dimension;
3.4 Centre of mass 1 (i) define centre of mass for a system of particles
in a plane;
(j) predict the path of the centre of mass of a two-
particle system;
3.5 Frictional forces 2 (k) explain the variation of frictional force with
sliding force;
(l) define and use coefficient of static function
and coefficient of kinetic friction.
4 Work, Energy and Power 5 Candidates should be able to:
4.1 Work 2 (a) define the work done by a force dW = F • ds ;
(b) calculate the work done using a force-
displacement graph;
(c) calculate the work done in certain situations,
including the work done in a spring;
4.2 Potential energy and 2 (d) derive and use the formula: potential energy
kinetic energy change = mgh near the surface of the Earth;
(e) derive and use the formula: kinetic energy
1
= mv 2 ;
2
3
8. Teaching
Topic Learning Outcome
Period
(f) state and use the work-energy theorem;
(g) apply the principle of conservation of energy
in situations involving kinetic energy and
potential energy;
4.3 Power 1 (h) derive and use the formula P = Fv ;
(i) use the concept of efficiency to solve
problems.
5 Circular Motion 8 Candidates should be able to:
5.1 Angular displacement 1 (a) express angular displacement in radians;
and angular velocity
(b) define angular velocity and period;
(c) derive and use the formula v = rω ;
5.2 Centripetal 2 (d) explain that uniform circular motion has an
acceleration acceleration due to the change in direction of
velocity;
(e) derive and use the formulae for centripetal
v2
acceleration a = and a = rω 2 ;
r
5.3 Centripetal force 5 (f) explain that uniform circular motion is due to
the action of a resultant force that is always
directed to the centre of the circle;
(g) use the formulae for centripetal force
mv 2
F= and F = mrω 2 ;
r
(h) solve problems involving uniform horizontal
circular motion for a point mass;
(i) solve problems involving vertical circular
motions for a point mass (knowledge of
tangential acceleration is not required).
6 Gravitation 10 Candidates should be able to:
6.1 Newton’s law of 1 (a) state Newton’s law of universal gravitation and
universal gravitation GMm
use the formula F = 2 ;
r
6.2 Gravitational field 2 (b) explain the meaning of gravitational field;
(c) define gravitational field strength as force of
gravity per unit mass;
4
9. Teaching
Topic Learning Outcome
Period
GM
(d) use the equation g = for a gravitational
r2
field;
6.3 Gravitational potential 3 (e) define the potential at a point in a gravitational
field;
GM
(f) derive and use the formula V = − ;
r
(g) use the formula for potential energy
GMm
U= − ;
r
(h) show that ΔU = mgΔr = mgh is a special case
GMm
of U = − for situations near to the
r
surface of the Earth;
dV
(i) use the relationship g = − ;
dr
(j) explain, with graphical illustrations, the
variations of gravitational field strength and
gravitational potential with distance from the
surface of the Earth;
6.4 Satellite motion in a 3 (k) solve problems involving satellites moving in
circular orbit a circular orbit in a gravitational field;
(l) explain the concept of weightlessness;
6.5 Escape velocity 1 (m) derive and use the equation for escape
2GM
velocity ve = and ve = 2 gR .
R
7 Statics 6 Candidates should be able to:
7.1 Centre of gravity 1 (a) define centre of gravity;
(b) state the condition in which the centre of mass
is the centre of gravity;
7.2 Equilibrium of 1 (c) state the condition for the equilibrium of a
particles particle;
(d) solve problems involving forces in equilibrium
at a point;
7.3 Equilibrium of rigid 4 (e) define torque as τ = r × F ;
bodies
(f) state the conditions for the equilibrium of a
rigid body;
5
10. Teaching
Topic Learning Outcome
Period
(g) sketch and label the forces which act on a
particle and a rigid body;
(h) use the triangle of forces to represent forces in
equilibrium;
(i) solve problems involving forces in
equilibrium.
8 Deformation of Solids 5 Candidates should be able to:
8.1 Stress and strain 1 (a) define stress and strain for a stretched wire or
elastic string;
8.2 Force-extension graph 2 (b) sketch force-extension graph and stress-strain
and stress-strain graph graph for a ductile material;
(c) identify and explain proportional limit, elastic
limit, yield point and tensile strength;
(d) define the Young’s modulus;
(e) solve problems involving Young’s modulus;
(f) distinguish between elastic deformation and
plastic deformation;
(g) distinguish the shapes of force-extension
graphs for ductile, brittle and polymeric
materials;
8.3 Strain energy 2 (h) derive and use the formula for strain energy;
(i) calculate strain energy from force-extension
graphs or stress-strain graphs.
9 Kinetic Theory of Gases 14 Candidates should be able to:
9.1 Ideal gas equation 2 (a) use the ideal gas equation pV = nRT ;
9.2 Pressure of a gas 2 (b) state the assumptions of the kinetic theory of
an ideal gas;
(c) derive and use the equation for the pressure
1
exerted by an ideal gas p = ρ c 2 ;
3
9.3 Molecular kinetic 2 (d) state and use the relationship between the
energy Boltzmann constant and molar gas constant
R
k= ;
NA
6
11. Teaching
Topic Learning Outcome
Period
(e) derive and use the expression for the mean
translational kinetic energy of a molecule,
1 3
mc 2 = kT ;
2 2
9.4 The r.m.s. speed of 2 (f) calculate the r.m.s. speed of gas molecules;
molecules
(g) sketch the molecular speed distribution graph
and explain the shape of the graph (description
of the experiment is not required);
(h) predict the variation of molecular speed
distribution with temperature;
9.5 Degrees of freedom 3 (i) define the degrees of freedom of a gas
and law of molecule;
equipartition of energy
(j) identify the number of degrees of freedom of a
monatomic, diatomic or polyatomic molecule
at room temperature;
(k) explain the variation in the number of degrees
of freedom of a diatomic molecule ranging
from very low to very high temperatures;
(l) state and apply the law of equipartition of
energy;
9.6 Internal energy of an 3 (m) distinguish between an ideal gas and a real gas;
ideal gas
(n) explain the concept of internal energy of an
ideal gas;
(o) derive and use the relationship between the
internal energy and the number of degrees of
freedom.
10 Thermodynamics of Gases 14 Candidates should be able to:
10.1 Heat capacities 2 (a) define heat capacity, specific heat capacity and
molar heat capacity;
(b) use the equations:
Q = CΔθ , Q = mcΔθ , Q = nCV,m Δθ and
Q = nCp,m Δθ ;
10.2 Work done by a gas 1 (c) derive and use the equation for work done by
a gas W = ∫ p dV ;
7
12. Teaching
Topic Learning Outcome
Period
10.3 First law of 5 (d) state and apply the first law of
thermodynamics thermodynamics Q = ΔU + W ;
(e) deduce the relationship ΔU = nCV, m ΔT from
the first law of thermodynamics;
(f) derive and use the equation Cp,m − CV,m = R ;
(g) relate CV,m and Cp,m to the degrees of
freedom;
Cp, m
(h) use the relationship γ = to identify the
CV, m
types of molecules;
10.4 Isothermal and 6 (i) describe the isothermal process of a gas;
adiabatic changes
(j) use the equation pV = constant for isothermal
changes;
(k) describe the adiabatic process of a gas;
(l) use the equations pV γ = constant and
TV γ −1 = constant for adiabatic changes;
(m) illustrate thermodynamic processes with p-V
graphs;
(n) derive and use the expression for work done in
the thermodynamic processes.
11 Heat Transfer 10 Candidates should be able to:
11.1 Conduction 5 (a) explain the mechanism of heat conduction
through solids, and hence, distinguish between
conduction through metals and non-metals;
(b) define thermal conductivity;
dQ dθ
(c) use the equation = − kA for heat
dt dx
conduction in one dimension;
(d) describe and calculate heat conduction through
a cross-sectional area of layers of different
materials;
(e) compare heat conduction through insulated
and non-insulated rods;
11.2 Convection 1 (f) describe heat transfer by convection;
(g) distinguish between natural and forced
convection;
8
13. Teaching
Topic Learning Outcome
Period
11.3 Radiation 3 (h) describe heat transfer by radiation;
dQ
(i) use Stefan-Boltzmann equation = eσ AT 4 ;
dt
(j) define a black body;
11.4 Global warming 1 (k) explain the greenhouse effect and thermal
pollution;
(l) suggest ways to reduce global warming.
9
14. SECOND TERM: ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
Teaching
Topic Learning Outcome
Period
12 Electrostatics 12 Candidates should be able to:
12.1 Coulomb’s law 2 (a) state Coulomb’s law, and use the formula
Qq
F= ;
4π ε 0 r 2
12.2 Electric field 3 (b) explain the meaning of electric field, and
sketch the field pattern for an isolated point
charge, an electric dipole and a uniformly
charged surface;
(c) define the electric field strength, and use the
F
formula E = ;
q
(d) describe the motion of a point charge in a
uniform electric field;
12.3 Gauss’s law 4 (e) state Gauss’s law, and apply it to derive the
electric field strength for an isolated point
charge, an isolated charged conducting sphere
and a uniformly charged plate;
12.4 Electric potential 3 (f) define electric potential;
Q
(g) use the formula V = ;
4πε 0 r
(h) explain the meaning of equipotential surfaces;
dV
(i) use the relationship E = − ;
dr
(j) use the formula U = qV.
13 Capacitors 12 Candidates should be able to:
13.1 Capacitance 1 (a) define capacitance;
13.2 Parallel plate 2 (b) describe the mechanism of charging a parallel
capacitors plate capacitor;
Q ε A
(c) use the formula C = to derive C = 0 for
V d
the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor;
10
15. Teaching
Topic Learning Outcome
Period
13.3 Dielectrics 2 (d) define relative permittivity ε r (dielectric
constant);
(e) describe the effect of a dielectric in a parallel
plate capacitor;
ε rε 0 A
(f) use the formula C = ;
d
13.4 Capacitors in series 2 (g) derive and use the formulae for effective
and in parallel capacitance of capacitors in series and in
parallel;
13.5 Energy stored in a 1 (h) use the formulae
charged capacitor 1 1 Q2 1
U= QV , U = and U = CV 2
2 2 C 2
(derivations are not required);
13.6 Charging and 4 (i) describe the charging and discharging process
discharging of a of a capacitor through a resistor;
capacitor
(j) define the time constant, and use the formula
τ = RC ;
(k) derive and use the formulae
⎛ −
t ⎞ ⎛ −
t ⎞
Q = Q0 ⎜1 − e τ ⎟ , V = V0 ⎜1 − e τ ⎟ and
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
t
−
I = I 0 e τ for charging a capacitor through a
resistor;
t
−
(l) derive and use the formulae Q = Q0 e τ ,
t t
− −
V = V0 e τ and I = I 0 e τ for discharging a
capacitor through a resistor;
(m) solve problems involving charging and
discharging of a capacitor through a resistor.
14 Electric Current 10 Candidates should be able to:
14.1 Conduction of 2 (a) define electric current, and use the equation
electricity dQ
I= ;
dt
(b) explain the mechanism of conduction of
electricity in metals;
11
16. Teaching
Topic Learning Outcome
Period
14.2 Drift velocity 2 (c) explain the concept of drift velocity;
(d) derive and use the equation I = Anev ;
14.3 Current density 2 (e) define electric current density and
conductivity;
(f) use the relationship J = σ E ;
ne 2t
14.4 Electric conductivity 4 (g) derive and use the equation σ = ;
m
and resistivity
RA
(h) define resistivity, and use the formula ρ = ;
l
(i) show the equivalence between Ohm’s law and
the relationship J = σ E ;
(j) explain the dependence of resistivity on
temperature for metals and semiconductors by
ne 2t
using the equation σ = ;
m
(k) discuss the effects of temperature change on
the resistivity of conductors, semiconductors
and superconductors.
15 Direct Current Circuits 14 Candidates should be able to:
15.1 Internal resistance 1 (a) explain the effects of internal resistance on the
terminal potential difference of a battery in a
circuit;
15.2 Kirchhoff’s laws 4 (b) state and apply Kirchhoff’s laws;
15.3 Potential divider 2 (c) explain a potential divider as a source of
variable voltage;
(d) explain the uses of shunts and multipliers;
15.4 Potentiometer and 7 (e) explain the working principles of a
Wheatstone bridge potentiometer, and its uses;
(f) explain the working principles of a Wheatstone
bridge, and its uses;
(g) solve problems involving potentiometer and
Wheatstone bridge.
12
17. Teaching
Topic Learning Outcome
Period
16 Magnetic Fields 18 Candidates should be able to:
16.1 Concept of a magnetic 1 (a) explain magnetic field as a field of force
field produced by current-carrying conductors or by
permanent magnets;
16.2 Force on a moving 3 (b) use the formula for the force on a moving
charge charge F = qv × B ;
(c) use the equation F = qvB sin θ to define
magnetic flux density B;
(d) describe the motion of a charged particle
parallel and perpendicular to a uniform
magnetic field;
16.3 Force on a current- 3 (e) explain the existence of magnetic force on a
carrying conductor straight current-carrying conductor placed in a
uniform magnetic field;
(f) derive and use the equation F = IlB sin θ ;
16.4 Magnetic fields due to 4 (g) state Ampere’s law, and use it to derive the
currents μI
magnetic field of a straight wire B = 0 ;
2πr
μ 0 NI
(h) use the formulae B = for a circular coil
2r
and B = μ 0 nI for a solenoid;
16.5 Force between two 3 μ0 I1I 2l
current-carrying (i) derive and use the formula F = for the
2 πd
conductors force between two parallel current-carrying
conductors;
16.6 Determination of the 2 (j) describe the motion of a charged particle in the
e presence of both magnetic and electric fields
ratio
m (for v, B and E perpendicular to each other);
(k) explain the principles of the determination of
e
the ratio for electrons in Thomson’s
m
experiment (quantitative treatment is required);
16.7 Hall effect 2 (l) explain Hall effect, and derive an expression
for Hall voltage VH ;
(m) state the applications of Hall effect.
13
18. Teaching
Topic Learning Outcome
Period
17 Electromagnetic Induction 18 Candidates should be able to:
17.1 Magnetic flux 1 (a) define magnetic flux as Φ = B • A ;
17.2 Faraday’s law and 8 (b) state and use Faraday’s law and Lenz’s law;
Lenz’s law
(c) derive and use the equation for induced e.m.f.
in linear conductors and plane coils in uniform
magnetic fields;
17.3 Self induction 5 (d) explain the phenomenon of self-induction, and
define self-inductance;
dI
(e) use the formulae E = − L and LI = NΦ ;
dt
(f) derive and use the equation for the self-
μ N2A
inductance of a solenoid L = 0 ;
l
17.4 Energy stored in an 2 (g) use the formula for the energy stored in an
inductor 1
inductor U = LI 2 ;
2
17.5 Mutual induction 2 (h) explain the phenomenon of mutual induction,
and define mutual inductance;
(i) derive an expression for the mutual inductance
between two coaxial solenoids of the same
μ0 N p Ns A
cross-sectional area M = .
lp
18 Alternating Current 12 Candidates should be able to:
Circuits
18.1 Alternating current 3 (a) explain the concept of the r.m.s. value of an
through a resistor alternating current, and calculate its value for
the sinusoidal case only;
(b) derive an expression for the current from
V = V0 sin ωt ;
(c) explain the phase difference between the
current and voltage for a pure resistor;
(d) derive and use the formula for the power in an
alternating current circuit which consists only
of a pure resistor;
14
19. Teaching
Topic Learning Outcome
Period
18.2 Alternating current 3 (e) derive an expression for the current from
through an inductor V = V0 sin ωt ;
(f) explain the phase difference between the
current and voltage for a pure inductor;
(g) define the reactance of a pure inductor;
(h) use the formula X L = ω L ;
(i) derive and use the formula for the power in an
alternating current circuit which consists only
of a pure inductor;
18.3 Alternating current 3 (j) derive an expression for the current from
through a capacitor V = V0 sin ωt ;
(k) explain the phase difference between the
current and voltage for a pure capacitor;
(l) define the reactance of a pure capacitor;
1
(m) use the formula X C = ;
ωC
(n) derive and use the formula for the power in an
alternating current circuit which consists only
of a pure capacitor;
18.4 R-C and R-L circuits in 3 (o) define impedance;
series
(p) use the formula Z = R2 + ( X L − X C )2 ;
(q) sketch the phasor diagrams of R-C and R-L
circuits.
15
20. THIRD TERM: OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES, OPTICS, AND MODERN PHYSICS
Teaching
Topic Learning Outcome
Period
19 Oscillations 12 Candidates should be able to:
19.1 Characteristics of 1 (a) define simple harmonic motion;
simple harmonic
motion
19.2 Kinematics of simple 4 (b) show that x = A sin ωt is a solution of
harmonic motion a = −ω 2 x ;
(c) derive and use the formula v = ±ω A2 − x 2 ;
(d) describe, with graphical illustrations, the
variation in displacement, velocity and
acceleration with time;
(e) describe, with graphical illustrations, the
variation in velocity and acceleration with
displacement;
19.3 Energy in simple 2 (f) derive and use the expressions for kinetic
harmonic motion energy and potential energy;
(g) describe, with graphical illustrations, the
variation in kinetic energy and potential energy
with time and displacement;
19.4 Systems in simple 3 (h) derive and use expressions for the periods of
harmonic motion oscillations for spring-mass and simple
pendulum systems;
19.5 Damped oscillations 1 (i) describe the changes in amplitude and energy
for a damped oscillating system;
(j) distinguish between under damping, critical
damping and over damping;
19.6 Forced oscillations and 1 (k) distinguish between free oscillations and
resonance forced oscillations;
(l) state the conditions for resonance to occur.
20 Wave Motion 12 Candidates should be able to:
20.1 Progressive waves 3 (a) interpret and use the progressive wave
equation y = A sin (ω t − kx) or
y = A cos (ω t − kx);
(b) sketch and interpret the displacement-time
graph and the displacement-distance graph;
16
21. Teaching
Topic Learning Outcome
Period
2π x
(c) use the formula φ = ;
λ
(d) derive and use the relationship v = f λ ;
20.2 Wave intensity 2 (e) define intensity and use the relationship
I ∝ A2 ;
(f) describe the variation of intensity with distance
of a point source in space;
20.3 Principle of 1 (g) state the principle of superposition;
superposition
20.4 Standing waves 4 (h) use the principle of superposition to explain
the formation of standing waves;
(i) derive and interpret the standing wave
equation;
(j) distinguish between progressive and standing
waves;
20.5 Electromagnetic waves 2 (k) state that electromagnetic waves are made up
of electrical vibrations E = E0 sin (ω t − kx)
and magnetic vibrations B = B0 sin (ω t − kx);
(l) state the characteristics of electromagnetic
waves;
(m) compare electromagnetic waves with
mechanical waves;
1
(n) state the formula c = , and explain its
ε 0μ0
significance;
(o) state the orders of the magnitude of
wavelengths and frequencies for different
types of electromagnetic waves.
21 Sound Waves 14 Candidates should be able to:
21.1 Propagation of sound 2 (a) explain the propagation of sound waves in air
waves in terms of pressure variation and
displacement;
(b) interpret the equations for displacement
y = y0 sin (ω t − kx) and pressure
⎛ π⎞
p = p0 sin ⎜ ω t − kx + ⎟ ;
⎝ 2⎠
17
22. Teaching
Topic Learning Outcome
Period
(c) use the standing wave equation to determine
the positions of nodes and antinodes of a
standing wave along a stretched string;
21.2 Sources of sound 4 T
(d) use the formula v = to determine the
μ
frequencies of the sound produced by different
modes of vibration of the standing waves
along a stretched string;
(e) describe, with appropriate diagrams, the
different modes of vibration of standing waves
in air columns, and calculate the frequencies of
sound produced, including the determination
of end correction;
21.3 Intensity level of 2 (f) define and calculate the intensity level of
sound sound;
21.4 Beat 2 (g) use the principle of superposition to explain
the formation of beats;
(h) use the formula for beat frequency
f = f1 − f2 ;
21.5 Doppler effect 4 (i) describe the Doppler effect for sound, and use
the derived formulae (for source and/or
observer moving along the same line).
22 Geometrical Optics 8 Candidates should be able to:
r
22.1 Spherical mirrors 3 (a) use the relationship f = for spherical
2
mirrors;
(b) draw ray diagrams to show the formation of
images by concave mirrors and convex
mirrors;
1 1 1
(c) use the formula + = for spherical
u v f
mirrors;
22.2 Refraction at spherical 2 n1 n 2 n 2 − n1
surfaces (d) use the formula + = for
u v r
refraction at spherical surfaces;
18
23. Teaching
Topic Learning Outcome
Period
22.3 Thin lenses 3 n1 n 2 n 2 − n1
(e) use the formula + = to derive
u v r
1 1 1
the thin lens formula + = and
u v f
1 ⎛ nl ⎞⎛ 1 1 ⎞
lensmaker’s equation =⎜ − 1⎟⎜ − ⎟ ;
f m ⎝ nm ⎠⎝ r1 r2 ⎠
(f) use the thin lens formula and lensmaker’s
equation.
23 Wave Optics 16 Candidates should be able to:
23.1 Huygens’s principle 1 (a) state the Huygens’s principle;
(b) use the Huygens’s principle to explain
interference and diffraction phenomena;
23.2 Interference 2 (c) explain the concept of coherence;
(d) explain the concept of optical path difference,
and solve related problems;
(e) state the conditions for constructive and
destructive interferences;
23.3 Two-slit interference 2 (f) explain Young’s two-slit interference pattern;
pattern
λD
(g) derive and use the formula x = for the
a
fringe separation in Young’s interference
pattern;
23.4 Interference in a thin 2 (h) explain the phenomenon of thin film
film interference for normal incident light, and
solve related problems;
23.5 Diffraction by a single 2 (i) explain the diffraction pattern for a single slit;
slit
λ
(j) use the formula sin θ = for the first
a
minimum in the diffraction pattern for a single
slit;
λ
(k) use the formula sin θ = as the resolving
a
power of an aperture;
19
24. Teaching
Topic Learning Outcome
Period
23.6 Diffraction gratings 3 (l) explain the diffraction pattern for a diffraction
grating;
(m) use the formula d sin θ = mλ for a diffraction
grating;
(n) describe the use of a diffraction grating to form
the spectrum of white light, and to determine
the wavelength of monochromatic light;
23.7 Polarisation 2 (o) state that polarisation is a property of
transverse waves;
(p) explain the polarisation of light obtained by
reflection or using a polariser;
(q) use the Brewster’s law tan θ B = n ;
(r) use the Malus’s law I = I0 cos2 θ ;
23.8 Optical waveguides 2 (s) explain the basic principles of fibre optics and
waveguides;
(t) state the applications of fibre optics and
waveguides.
24 Quantum Physics 20 Students should be able to:
24.1 Photons 8 (a) describe the important observations in
photoelectric experiments;
(b) recognise the features of the photoelectric
effect that cannot be explained by wave theory,
and explain these features using the concept of
quantisation of light;
(c) use the equation E = hf for a photon;
(d) explain the meaning of work function and
threshold frequency;
(e) use Einstein’s equation for the photoelectric
1 2
effect hf = W + mvmax ;
2
(f) explain the meaning of stopping potential, and
1 2
use eVs = mvmax ;
2
20
25. Teaching
Topic Learning Outcome
Period
24.2 Wave-particle duality 2 (g) state de Broglie’s hypothesis;
h
(h) use the relation λ = to calculate de Broglie
p
wavelength;
(i) interpret the electron diffraction pattern as an
evidence of the wave nature of electrons;
(j) explain the advantages of an electron
microscope as compared to an optical
microscope;
24.3 Atomic structure 4 (k) state Bohr’s postulates for a hydrogen atom;
(l) derive an expression for the radii of the orbits
in Bohr’s model;
Z 2e4m
(m) derive the formula E n = − 2
for
8ε 0 h2n2
Bohr’s model;
(n) explain the production of emission line spectra
with reference to the transitions between
energy levels;
(o) explain the concepts of excitation energy and
ionisation energy;
24.4 X-rays 5 (p) interpret X-ray spectra obtained from X-ray
tubes;
(q) explain the characteristic line spectrum and
continuous spectrum including λ min in X-rays;
hc
(r) derive and use the equation λmin = ;
eV
(s) describe X-ray diffraction by two parallel
adjacent atomic planes;
(t) derive and use Bragg’s law 2d sin θ = mλ ;
24.5 Nanoscience 1 (u) explain the basic concept of nanoscience;
(v) state the applications of nanoscience in
electronics devices.
21
26. Teaching
Topic Learning Outcome
Period
25 Nuclear Physics 14 Candidates should be able to:
25.1 Nucleus 4 (a) describe the discovery of protons and neutrons
(experimental details are not required);
(b) explain mass defect and binding energy;
(c) use the formula for mass-energy equivalence
ΔE = Δmc2;
(d) relate and use the units u and eV;
(e) sketch and interpret a graph of binding energy
per nucleon against nucleon number;
25.2 Radioactivity 6 (f) explain radioactive decay as a spontaneous and
random process;
(g) define radioactive activity;
dN
(h) state and use the exponential law = −λN
dt
for radioactive decay;
(i) define decay constant;
(j) derive and use the formula N = N 0 e − λt ;
(k) define half-life, and derive the relation
ln 2
λ= ;
t1
2
(l) solve problems involving the applications of
radioisotopes as tracers in medical physics;
25.3 Nuclear reactions 4 (m) state and apply the conservation of nucleon
number and charge in nuclear reactions;
(n) apply the principle of mass-energy
conservation to calculate the energy released
(Q – value) in a nuclear reaction;
(o) relate the occurrence of fission and fusion
to the graph of binding energy per nucleon
against nucleon number;
(p) explain the conditions for a chain reaction to
occur;
(q) describe a controlled fission process in a
reactor;
(r) describe a nuclear fusion process which occurs
in the Sun.
22
27. The Practical Syllabus
School-based Assessment of Practical (Paper 4)
School-based assessment of practical work is carried out throughout the form six school terms for
candidates from government schools and private schools which have been approved by MEC to carry
out the school-based assessment.
MEC will determine 13 compulsory experiments and one project to be carried out by the
candidates and to be assessed by the subject teachers in schools in the respective terms. The project
will be carried out during the third term in groups of two or three candidates. Details of the title, topic,
objective, theory, apparatus and procedure of each of the experiments and project will be specified in
the Teacher’s and Student’s Manual for Practical Physics which can be downloaded from MEC Portal
(http://www.mpm.edu.my) during the first term of form six by the subject teachers.
Candidates should be supplied with a work scheme before the day of the compulsory experiment
so as to enable them to plan their practical work. Each experiment is expected to last one school
double period. Assessment of the practical work is done by the subject teachers during the practical
sessions and also based on the practical reports. The assessment should comply with the assessment
guidelines prepared by MEC.
A repeating candidate may use the total mark obtained in the coursework for two subsequent
examinations. Requests to carry forward the moderated coursework mark should be made during the
registration of the examination.
The Physics practical course for STPM should achieve its objective to improve the quality of
candidates in the aspects as listed below.
(a) The ability to follow a set or sequence of instructions.
(b) The ability to plan and carry out experiments using appropriate methods.
(c) The ability to choose suitable equipment and use them correctly and carefully.
(d) The ability to determine the best range of readings for more detailed and careful
measurements.
(e) The ability to make observations, to take measurements and to record data with attention
given to precision, accuracy and units.
(f) The awareness of the importance of check readings and repeat readings.
(g) The awareness of the limits of accuracy of observations and measurements.
(h) The ability to present data and information clearly in appropriate forms.
(i) The ability to interpret, analyse and evaluate observations, experimental data, perform error
analysis and make deductions.
(j) The ability to make conclusions.
(k) The awareness of the safety measures which need to be taken.
23
28. The objective of the project work is to enable candidates to acquire knowledge and integrate
practical skills in Physics with the aid of information and communications technology as well as to
develop soft skills as follows:
(a) communications,
(b) teamwork,
(c) critical thinking and problem solving,
(d) flexibility/adaptability,
(e) leadership,
(f) organising,
(g) information communications and technology,
(h) moral and ethics.
Written Practical Test (Paper 5)
The main objective of the written practical test is to assess the candidates’ understanding of practical
procedures in the laboratory.
The following candidates are required to register for this paper:
(a) individual private candidates,
(b) candidates from private schools which have no permission to carry out the school-based
assessment of practical work,
(c) candidates who repeat upper six (in government or private schools),
(d) candidates who do not attend classes of lower six and upper six in two consecutive years
(in government or private schools).
(e) candidates who take Physics other than the package offered by schools.
Three structured questions on routine practical work and/or design of experiments will be set.
MEC will not be strictly bound by the syllabus in setting questions. Where appropriate, candidates
will be given sufficient information to enable them to answer the questions. Only knowledge of theory
within the syllabus and knowledge of usual laboratory practical procedures will be expected.
The questions to be set will test candidates’ ability to:
(a) record readings from diagrams of apparatus,
(b) describe, explain, suggest, design or comment on experimental arrangements, techniques
and procedures,
(c) complete tables of data and plot graphs,
(d) interpret, draw conclusions from, and evaluate observations and experimental data,
(e) recognise limitations of experiments and sources of results,
(f) explain the effect of errors on experimental results,
(g) suggest precautions or safety measures,
(h) explain theoretical basis of experiments,
(i) use theory to explain or predict experimental results,
(j) perform simple calculations and error analysis based on experiments.
24
29. Scheme of Assessment
Term of Paper Code Mark
Theme/Title Type of Test Duration Administration
Study and Name (Weighting)
First 960/1 Mechanics and Written test 60
Term Physics Thermodynamics (26.67%)
Paper 1 Section A 15
15 compulsory
multiple-choice
questions to be
answered.
Section B 15
2 compulsory Central
1½ hours
structured questions assessment
to be answered.
Section C 30
2 questions to be
answered out of 3
essay questions.
All questions are
based on topics 1 to
11.
Second 960/2 Electricity and Written test 60
Term Physics Magnetism (26.67%)
Paper 2
Section A 15
15 compulsory
multiple-choice
questions to be
answered.
Section B 15
2 compulsory Central
1½ hours
structured questions assessment
to be answered.
Section C 30
2 questions to be
answered out of 3
essay questions.
All questions are
based on topics 12
to 18.
25
30. Term of Paper Code Mark
Theme/Title Type of Test Duration Administration
Study and Name (Weighting)
Third 960/3 Oscillations and Written test 60
Term Physics Waves, Optics (26.67%)
Paper 3 and Modern
Section A 15
Physics
15 compulsory
multiple-choice
questions to be
answered.
Section B 15
2 compulsory Central
1½ hours
structured questions assessment
to be answered.
Section C 30
2 questions to be
answered out of 3
essay questions.
All questions are
based on topics 19
to 25.
960/5 Written Physics Written practical 45
Physics Practical test (20%)
Paper 5 Central
1½ hours
3 compulsory assessment
structured questions
to be answered.
First, 960/4 Physics Practical School-based 225
Second Physics Assessment of To be
and Paper 4 Practical scaled to 45 Through
Third (20%) -out the School-based
13 compulsory
Terms three assessment
experiments and
terms
one project to be
carried out.
26
31. Performance Descriptions
A Grade A candidate is likely able to:
(a) recall the fundamental knowledge of Physics from the syllabus with few significant
omissions;
(b) show good understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts;
(c) identify the appropriate information and apply the correct techniques to solve problems;
(d) communicate effectively using logical sequence based on physics fundamentals, including
usage of mathematical expressions, schematic diagrams, tables and graph;
(e) synthesise information from fundamental principles of different content areas in problem
solving;
(f) show good understanding of the underlying working principles and carry out extensive
calculation in numerical-type questions;
(g) make adaptations, appropriate assumptions and use the fundamental knowledge of Physics
in analyzing an unfamiliar situation;
(h) identify causes, factors or errors in questions involving experiments;
(i) shows good knowledge relating precision of data to the accuracy of the final result;
(j) interpret and evaluate critically the numerical answer in calculations.
A Grade C candidate is likely able to:
(a) recall the knowledge of Physics from most parts of the syllabus;
(b) show some understanding of the main principles and concepts in the syllabus;
(c) present answer using common terminology and simple concepts in the syllabus;
(d) demonstrate some ability to link knowledge between different areas of Physics;
(e) perform calculation on familiar numerical-type or guided questions;
(f) show some understanding of the underlying Physics principles when carrying out numerical
work;
(g) identify causes, factors or errors in questions involving experiments;
(h) shows good knowledge relating precision of data to the accuracy of the final result;
(i) interpret and evaluate critically the numerical answer in calculations.
27
32. Summary of Key Quantities and Units
Candidates are expected to be familiar with the following quantities, their symbols, their units, and
their interrelationships. They should also be able to perform calculations and deal with questions
involving these quantities as indicated in the syllabus. The list should not be considered exhaustive.
Quantity Usual symbols Units
Base quantities
Amount of matter n mol
Electric current I A
Length l m
Mass m kg
Temperature T K
Time t s
Other quantities
Acceleration a m s−2
Acceleration of free fall g m s−2
Activity of radioactive source A s−1, Bq
Amplitude A m
Angular displacement
. θ °, rad
Angular frequency ω rad s−1
Angular momentum L kg m2 rad s−1
Angular speed ω, θ rad s−1
Angular velocity ω, θ rad s−1
Area A m2
Atomic mass ma kg
Atomic number (proton number) Z
Capacitance C F
Change of internal energy ΔU J
Charge carrier density n m−3
Coefficient of friction μ
Conductivity σ Ω−1m−1
Critical angle θc °
Current density J A m−2
Decay constant λ s−1
Density ρ kg m−3
Displacement s, x m
Distance d m
Electric charge Q, q C
Electric field strength E N C−1
Electric flux Φ N C−1 m2
Electric potential V V
Electric potential difference V, ΔV V
Electromotive force ε, E V
Electron mass me kg, u
Elementary charge e C
Emissivity e
Energy E, U J
Focal length f m
Force F N
28
33. Quantity Usual symbols Units
Force constant k N m−1
Frequency f Hz
Gravitational field strength g N kg−1
Gravitational potential V J kg−1
Half-life t½ s
Heat Q J
Heat capacity C J K−1
Image distance v m
Impedance Z Ω
Intensity I W m−2
Internal energy U J
Latent heat L J
Magnetic flux Φ Wb
Magnetic flux density B T
Magnification power m
Mass number (nucleon number) A
Mass per unit length μ kg m−1
Molar heat capacity Cm J K−1 mol−1
Molar mass M kg mol−1
Molecular speed c m s−1
Momentum p Ns
Mutual inductance M H
Neutron mass mn kg, u
Neutron number N
Object distance u m
Period T s
Permeability μ H m−1
Permeability of free space μ0 H m−1
Permittivity ε F m−1
Permittivity of free space ε0 F m−1
Phase difference φ °, rad
Potential energy U J
Power P W
Pressure p Pa
Principal molar heat capacities CV,m; Cp,m J K−1 mol−1
Radius r m
Ratio of heat capacities γ
Reactance X Ω
Refractive index n
Relative atomic mass Ar
Relative molecular mass Mr
Relative permeability μr
Relative permittivity εr
Resistance R Ω
Resistivity ρ Ωm
Self-inductance L H
Specific heat capacity c J K−1 kg−1
Specific latent heat l J kg−1
Speed u, v m s−1
Speed of electromagnetic waves c m s−1
29
34. Quantity Usual symbols Units
Stress σ Pa
Surface charge density σ C m−2
Temperature T, θ K, °C
Tension T N
Thermal conductivity k W m−1 K−1
Time constant τ s
Torque τ Nm
Velocity u, v m s−1
Volume V m3
Wavelength λ m
Wave number k m−1
Weight W N
Work W J
Work function φ, W J
Young’s modulus E, Y Pa, N m−2
30
35. 960 PHYSICS
Values of constants
Acceleration of free fall g = 9.81 m s−2
Avogadro’s constant NA = 6.02 × 1023 mol−1
Boltzmann’s constant k, kB = 1.38 × 10−23 J K−1
Gravitational constant G = 6.67 × 10−11 N m2 kg−2
Magnitude of electronic charge e = 1.60 × 10−19 C
Mass of the Earth ME = 5.97 × 1024 kg
Mass of the Sun MS = 1.99 × 1030 kg
Molar gas constant R = 8.31 J K−1 mol−1
Permeability of free space μ0 = 4π × 10−7 H m−1
Permittivity of free space ε0 = 8.85 × 10−12 F m−1
⎛ 1 ⎞ −9 −1
= ⎜ ⎟ × 10 F m
⎝ 36π ⎠
Planck’s constant h = 6.63 × 10−34 J s
Radius of the Earth RE = 6.38 × 106 m
Radius of the Sun RS = 6.96 × 108 m
Rest mass of electron me = 9.11 × 10−31 kg
Rest mass of proton mp = 1.67 × 10−27 kg
Speed of light in free space c = 3.00 × 108 m s−1
Stefan-Boltzmann constant σ = 5.67 × 10−8 W m−2 K−4
Unified atomic mass unit u = 1.66 × 10−27 kg
31
36. Reference Books
Teachers and candidates may use books specially written for the STPM examination and other
reference books such as those listed below.
1. Adam, S. and Allday, J., 2000. Advanced Physics. New York: Oxford.
2. Breithaupt, J., 2000. Understanding Physics for Advanced Level. 4th edition. Cheltenham:
Nelson Thornes.
3. Duncan, T., 2000. Advanced Physics. 5th edition. London: John Murray.
4. Giancoli, D.C., 2008. Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics. 4th edition.
New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.
5. Giancoli, D.C., 2008. Physics-Principles with Application. 6th edition. New Jersey: Pearson
Prentice Hall.
6. Halliday, D., Resnick, R., and Walker, J., 2008. Fundamentals of Physics. 8th edition. New
Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
7. Hutchings, R., 2000. Physics. 2nd edition. London: Nelson Thornes.
8. Jewett Jr, J.W. and Serway, R.A., 2006. Serway’s Principles of Physics. 4th edition. California:
Thomson Brooks/Cole.
9. Jewett Jr, J.W. and Serway, R.A., 2008. Physics for Scientists and Engineers. 7th edition.
California: Thomson Brooks/Cole.
10. Nelkon, M. and Parker, P., 1995. Advanced Level Physics. 7th edition. Oxford: Heinemann.
11. Young, H.D. and Freedman, R.A., 2011. University Physics with Modern Physics. 13th edition.
California: Pearson Addison Wesley.
32
38. Section A [15 marks]
Answer all questions in this section.
1 Which formula does not have the same unit as work?
A Power × time
B Pressure × volume
C Mass × gravitational potential
D Specific heat capacity × temperature
2 A ball is thrown upwards several times with the same speed at different angles of projection.
Which graph shows the variation of the horizontal range R with the angle of projection θ ?
C D
3 A body with mass 6 kg is acted by a force F which varies with time t as shown in the graph
below.
F/N
10
0 T t/s
If the change of the momentum of the body after time T is 30 N s, what is the value of T ?
A 3s B 5s C 6s D 12 s
960/1
34
39. Bahagian A [15 markah]
Jawab semua soalan dalam bahagian ini.
1 Rumus yang manakah yang tidak mempunyai unit yang sama dengan kerja?
A Kuasa × masa
B Tekanan × isi padu
C Jisim × keupayaan graviti
D Muatan haba tentu × suhu
2 Sebiji bola dilontarkan ke atas beberapa kali dengan laju yang sama pada sudut pelontaran yang
berbeza. Graf yang manakah yang menunjukkan ubahan julat mengufuk R dengan sudut pelontaran
θ?
C D
3 Satu jasad dengan jisim 6 kg ditindakkan oleh satu daya F yang berubah dengan masa t
ditunjukkan dalam graf di bawah.
F/N
10
0 T t/s
Jika perubahan momentum jasad itu selepas masa T ialah 30 N s, berapakah nilai T ?
A 3s B 5s C 6s D 12 s
960/1
35
