DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR KARAIKALFINAL

DEVELOPMENT
PLAN FOR
KARAIKAL
TOWN
(2012-2033)
2013
STUDENTS
DEPARTMENT OF PLANNING, ANNA UNIVERSITY CHENNAI
5/29/2013

DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR KARAIKAL
Prepared by the students of
II semester M.Plan Programme (Jan 2013 – May 2013)
as an Academic Exercise for the course ‘TP-9125 Planning Project II’
DEPARTMENT OF PLANNING
SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING
ANNA UNIVERSITY
CHENNAI 600025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this Report “Development Plan for Karakul “
forming part of the Course TP 9125 Planning Project II,
submitted by the students of II Semester M.Plan Programme is a
Bonafide record of work carried by them under my supervision.
Course Faculty

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The task of preparation of the “Development Plan for Karaikal”
travelled through a dynamic process.
We hereby express our sincere gratitude to School of Architecture and
Planning, Anna University, Chennai, for giving us this opportunity to
undertake this Planning Project forming part of our course work.
We would also express our thanks to our guide Prof. S.R.Masilamani for
his valuable guidance throughout the project work by putting us in the right
path.
We are extremely thankful to External Review Committee Member
Mr.A.R.Doss, former Member and Chief Planner, Chennai Metropolitan
Development Authority for his constructive criticism and appreciations
during the reviews.
Our heart filled gratitude to the chairman Mr. Govindaraj, Member
secretary of Karaikal planning Authority Mr. Premanand, other Officers &
Staff of the Authority for having provided immense help in carrying out the
project.
We would also like to thank the General public who answered to our
queries without hesitation and helped us in carrying out the project.
Our special thanks to Dr. Abdul Razak, HOD, Department of Planning,
Dr. Ranee Vedamuthu, Dean, School of Architecture and Planning, Anna
University, Chennai.
Date: II Semester M.Plan
students

DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR KARAIKAL TOWN Page i
PREFACE
In planning project-I study of basic characteristics of a small village
having a population around 600; urban study including the residential,
commercial and recreational land use and preparation of residential layout
was carried out. Planning project-II involves preparation of a development
plan for a town having a population of 1, 00,000. Karaikal was decided as
the study area having a population of around 1, 00,000. The study includes
reconnaissance survey, identifying the issues, analysis of the issues and
providing with suitable suggestions/proposals so that the living standard and
the basic facilities available to all the people in the town are elevated. The
reason for opting a development plan is, the planning works like master plan,
regional plan, structural plan requires more resources like men, material and
time which is not available to us in abundance. The main objective of our
project is to identify the various needs of a town according to priorities and
to prepare a development plan by choosing the most appropriate ones.

DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR KARAIKAL TOWN Page ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter no Contents Page no
1 PROFILE OF KARAIKAL
1.1 Development Plan
Interim Development Plan and Comprehensive
1.2
1.3 Comprehensive Development Plan 2006
1.4 Evolution of Karaikal
1.4.1 Features of Various Stages of Development
1.4.2 Issues
1.4.3 Potentials
1.5 Regional settings
1.5.1 Hierarchy of Settlements
1.5.2 Interdependency
1.6 Vision
1.7 Aim
1.8 Objective
1.9 Scope and Limitations
2 Demography
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Significance
2.3 Data Collection
2.3.1 Primary Data Collection
2.3.2 Secondary Data Collection
2.4 Components of Demography
2.4.1 Population and Growth Rate
2.4.2 Literacy Rate
2.4.3 Sex Ratio

DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR KARAIKAL TOWN Page iii
2.4.4 Population Density
2.4.5 Workforce Projection
2.4.6 Population Projection
3 Economy
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Analysis
3.2.1 Identification of Issues and Problems
3.3 Proposals
4 Housing
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Existing Condition
4.3 Projected Requirement
4.4 Ownership of Housing
4.5 Type of Structure
4.6 Condition of Housing Units
4.7 Slum
4.7.1 Schemes
4.7.1.1 Slum Up gradation Programme
4.7.1.2 Perunthalaivar kamaraj Centenary Scheme
4.7.1.3 Rajiv Awas Yojana
4.7.2 Issues
4.8 Proposals of Housing
5 Social Infrastructure
5.1 HEALTH
5.1.1 Introduction
5.1.2 Hierarchy of Settlements
5.1.3 Present Health Facilities

DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR KARAIKAL TOWN Page iv
5.1.4 Analysis of Health Facilities
5.1.5 Issues
5.1.6 Proposals
5.2 Education
5.2.1 Introduction
5.2.2 Hierarchy of Education
5.2.3 Present Educational Infrastructure
5.2.5 Issues
5.2.6 Proposals
6 Physical Infrastructure
6.1 Transportation Network
6.1.1 Introduction
6.1.2 Existing Circulation pattern
6.1.3 Connectivity
6.1.4 Vehicular Proposition
6.1.5 Congestion With in the Town
6.1.5.1 Land Use Influence
6.1.5.2 Location of Important Buildings
6.1.5.3 Others
6.1.6 Critical Stretch of Road
6.1.7 Bus Terminus
6.1.8 Railways
6.1.9 Port
6.1.10 Analysis
6.1.10.1 Traffic Volume Count
6.1.10.2 Parking

DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR KARAIKAL TOWN Page v
6.1.10.3 Proposals
6.2 Water Supply
6.2.1 Introduction
6.2.2 Source of Supply
6.2.3 Water Demand
6.2.4 Existing Issues
6.2.5 Proposals
6.2.6 New Schemes
6.3 DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE
6.3.1 Introduction
6.3.2 Present Disposal
6.3.3 Existing Storm Water Drain system
6.3.5 Existing Sewerage System
6.3.6 Proposals
6.4 Solid Waste Management
6.4.1 Introduction
6.4.2 SWM
6.4.3 Existing Condition
6.4.5 Issues
6.4.6 Proposals
7 LANDUSE
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Significance of Land Use Sector
7.3 Objectives for Land Use Planning
7.4 Land Use Zones
7.5 Spatial Growth and Land Development
7.6 Density

DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR KARAIKAL TOWN Page vi
7.7 Existing Land Use Pattern
7.8 Existing Scenario
7.8.1 Residential Uses
7.8.2 Commercial Uses
7.8.3 Industrial Uses
7.8.4 Public & Semi-public
7.8.5 Parks & Open space
7.8.6 Transportation Uses
7.8.7 Agriculture and Water Bodies
7.9 Potential for Development
7.10 Comparison of Existing Land use
With UDPFI
7.11 Concept for the Proposed Land Use Plan
8 HERITAGE
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Heritage building
8.3 Heritage Precincts
8.4 Conservation
8.5 Preservation
8.6 Restoration
8.7 Reconstruction
8.8 Screening of Heritage Buildings/ Precincts
8.9 History of the buildings
8.9.1 Karaikal Ammaiyar Temple
8.9.2 Sri Kailasanadar Temple
8.9.3 Church – “Tettiravou Madha”
8.9.4 Durgah and Mosque
8.9.5 Sultan Mahal

DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR KARAIKAL TOWN Page vii
8.9.6 D.C building
8.10 Grading of buildings
8.10.1 Grade-I
8.10.2 Grade-II
8.10.3 Grade-III
8.11 Proposals
9 TOURISM
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Existing Scenario
9.3 Analysis
9.3.1 Population, Tourists and
Carrying Capacity
9.3.2 SWOT Analysis
9.4 Issues
9.5 Problems Faced by Pilgrimage Tourists in
Karaikal
9.6 Findings & Suggestion
9.7 Proposals
9.7.1 Tourist Village
9.7.2 Botanical Garden
9.7.3 Enforcement
9.7.4 Beach Resort
9.7.5 Sea Aquarium
9.7.6 River front development
10 IMPLEMENTATION
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Karaikal Planning Authority
10.3 Enforcement

DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR KARAIKAL TOWN Page viii
10.4 Execution
10.5 Finance

DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR KARAIKAL TOWN Page ix
LIST OF TABLES
Table
no.
Title Page no.
1.5.1.1 Hierarchy of settlements
2.4.1.1 Population Size and Growth Rate of the Town and District
2.4.3.1 Sex Ratio
2.4.3.2 Sex Ratio Comparison with nearby Town
2.4.5.1 Work Force Pattern
2.4.6.1 Population Projection by Different Methods
3.1.1 Occupation Pattern in the year 1991
3.1.2 Occupation Pattern in the year 2001
3.1.3 Participation Rate
3.1.4 Large Scale Industries in Karaikal District
3.1.5 Medium Scale Industries in Karaikal District
3.1.6 Category of Grouping of Large and Medium Scale Industries
in Karaikal District
3.1.7 Category of Small Scale and Micro Industries in Karaikal
District
3.3.1 Category of Workers Projected for the Year 2033
4.4.1 Ownership of Housing
4.5.1 Type of Structure
4.6.1 Condition of Housing
4.7.1 Notified and Identified Slum
5.1.3.1 UDPFI Norms and Standards for Health Facilities
5.2.4.1 UDPFI Norms and Standards for Education Facilities
6.2.2.1 Source of Water Supply and its Quantity
6.2.2.2 Source of Drinking Water in Karaikal
6.2.2.3 Results of Physical and Chemical Analysis of Water
7.6.1 Ward Wise Density
7.7.1 Existing Land use
7.10.1 Comparison of Existing Land use with UDPFI Norms
7.11.1 Proposed Land use
8.8.1 Analysis for Listing the Heritage Buildings
8.10.1 Grading
9.2.1 Important Pilgrim Centers
9.2.2 Tourist Inflow into Karaikal
10.5.1 Details of Proposed and Fund Required

DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR KARAIKAL TOWN Page x
LIST OF FIGURES
Table
no.
Title Page no.
1.5.2.1 Regional Setting
2.4.1.1 Population Size for Karaikal Town and District
2.4.1.2 Decadal Growth Rate for the Karaikal Town and District
2.4.2.1 Literacy Rate for Karaikal Town
2.4.3.1 Comparison of Sex Ratio in Last Four Decades
2.4.5.1 Work Force Pattern in karaikal Town
3.1.1 Work Force in the year 1991
3.1.2 Work Force in the year 2001
3.1.4 Land Utilization for karaikal District
4.4.1 Ownership of Housing
4.5.1 Type of Structure
4.6.1 Condition of Housing
5.1.4.1 Spatial representation of Health facilities around Karaikal
5.1.6.1 Spatial representation of Health facilities in Karaikal Region
6.1.4.1 Vehicular Composition
6.1.5.2.1 Location of Important Building
6.1.6.1 Critical Stretch of Roads
6.1.7.1 Bus Terminus
7.7.1 Existing Land use

DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR KARAIKAL TOWN Page xi

DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR KARAIKAL TOWN Page 1
CHAPTER 1
PROFILE OF KARAIKAL
1.1 DEVELOPMENT PLAN
Development Plans may be described as a long term plans for guiding and directing the
present and perspective development of towns and cities. The primary focus of such plans is
guiding physical development, especially, the rational allocation of lands for various uses. The
Development Plan is concerned with the form of development and re-development. It cannot be
considered as only a project plan of a blue print for execution. Rather, it is a statement of growth
objectives, policies and principles which methodically predict the needs of the community and
expressed in both quantitative and qualitative terms as projections and standards. These are
further translated into locations and special inter-relationship in the form of maps. The
development plan is therefore a plan for optimum organization of land use and environment. The
final use to which a land is being put to is only the reflection of the socio-economic needs as well
as financial and administrative capacity of the community.
1.2 INTERIM DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND COMPREHENSIVE
DEVELOPMENT PLAN
Preparation of Comprehensive Development Plan is a long drawn process and is a
long drawn process and is carried over a period of time. The developments during the
period of preparation of Comprehensive plan cannot be expected to come to stop nor can
they wait till such a plan is ready. For guiding such kind of development, the control is
exercised through Interim Development Plan. The Interim Development Plan is serves
well the purpose of preventing haphazard development activity and speculation during the
period of preparation of Comprehensive Development Plan.
On the other hand, a comprehensive Development Plan is not merely a single plan,
but precisely an integral of multiple plans. It is the final stage of the preparation of Master
Plan. It rather conceives a hierarchy of plans of different order and precedence. The
Comprehensive Development Plan and then comes the subordinate or precise plan and

then there are additional and supplemental plans, like Zonal Development Plans, etc. The
Delhi Master Plan describes the characteristics of a Master Plan thus, “The Master Plan is
Master; it is broadest, longest and highest of the hierarchy of plans. Broadest in the sense
that its scope over development factor is greatest, it is longest in its time period and
highest in that it controls and binds all other plans pertaining to the same factors. The
plans are within a wide range, relatively short termed limited and detailed”.
The basic step towards the preparation of Comprehensive Development Plan is thus
to determine and delineate the appropriate urban area. Every urban area is thus a creation
of socio economic forces operating over a larger and wider plan. An urban area does not
exist in isolation nor does it function in vacuum. It is therefore, linked through this net
work for scientific planning. In the preparation of Master Plan for Karaikal such
delineation has been made to demarcate the urban area over which these factors operate.
1.3 THE COMPREHENSIVE DEVELOPMENT PLAN 2006
In the union territory of Pondicherry, Karaikal the second largest territory next to
Pondicherry Region is today at the cross roads of crisis. Karaikal so long been a closed
pocket of the erstwhile French settlements has opened here gates to a prosperous
economic future, after its independence. The rapid industrialization and unplanned
urbanization resulted in chaotic urban growth, has demanded a better and planned urban
growth to alleviate and tide over the existing chaotic state and also to have planned future
developments.
The sub-office of the Town and Country Planning Department, Karaikal started
functioning from 15th
March 1974. The Karaikal Planning Authority was also constituted
on 13.6.1974 under the provision of Pondicherry Town and Country Planning Act, 1969.
An IDP was prepared initially; the work of preparation of Comprehensive Development
Plan for Karaikal urban area was also started. The existing land use map and register for
the Karaikal Planning area was prepared by the Karaikal Planning Authority in the year
1981. The Town and Country Planning Department took up the work, updated the
existing land use map till 1991 and prepared the draft Comprehensive Development Plan
during 1991-92.

The draft Comprehensive Development Plan prepared by the Town & Country
Planning Department, Pondicherry was placed in the Town and Country Planning Board
Meeting held on 28.1.93 and forwarded to Karaikal Planning Authority, Karaikal on
8.6.93. the draft Comprehensive Development Plan was adopted by the Karaikal planning
Authority in its meeting held on 22.7.93 and the same was forwarded to government for
the consent of the government for the publication of Public Notice under Section 31 (1) of
the Town and Country Planning Act, 1969 to invite objections from the public with
respect to the draft Comprehensive Development Plan. The government gave the consent
on 18.10.95 for the publication of CDP.
The committee after hearing the petitioners prepared a report and forwarded it to the
Karaikal Planning Authority, Karaikal on 15.4.96. The Karaikal Planning Authority,
Karaikal in its meeting held on 17.6.96 agreed for the recommendations made by the
committee and the Karaikal Planning Authority, Karaikal made the changes as suggested
by the committee and decided to adopt the Comprehensive Development Plan with
changes.
1.4 EVOLUTION OF KARAIKAL
Karaikal is a small town built in the northern bank of Arasalar River in the former
kingdom of Thanjavur in Tamil Nadu in Sothern India. It lies in Coromandel Coast
between Tarangambadi on the north and the south.
Four layers of development
The Pre-French period before 1739.
The French period (1739-1760), (1765-1778), (1785-1793), (1816-1880).
The British period (1760-1765), (1778-1785), (1793-1816).
The French municipal period (1880-1954).
The post Independence period from 1954.
The Pre-French period: The Tirunallar road- Ammaiyar temple-commercial residential
habitation, the Muslim habitation to the south of the Masthanapalli Street are Pre-French
developments, the old market street just behind the Government House area was its
southern boundary.
The French period: They purchased the Government House area and the north bank of
the Arasalar and constructed fortifications they constructed the fort in Karaikal between

1749 and 1760, the fort stretched between the present day Jawaharlal Nehru Street and
Masthanapalli Street. They constructed the Government House in the year 1772.
Between the Fort and the Government House they constructed the Church and other
Government Buildings.
The tanks of Ammaiyar temple and the Masthanpalli mosque existed. At the Kama
raj square (place de Government) had several Government buildings where the present
Ammaiyar Women’s college and part of the General Hospital stand. Cordier’s report
states that in 1824, Karaikal had 21 European Houses, 3443 houses of natives built of
bricks and 2944 huts. In 1854 the town had extended northwards into the Vadamarecadou
but halted at the Talaivaikal before Kovilpathu. In 1884 the Arsalar is shown to have
changed course in a near straight line west to east. One of the outstanding features of
street planning in Karaikal town is the provision of foot path of 5 feet width on both sides
it is called Trottoir in French. The French verb trottoir means to trot. A man can keep
running ahead on the “Trottoir” without hindrance. Hence it has the name “Alodi” in
Tamil. The width of 5 feet gave birth to the name “Anjadi”.
The British period: During the British period Karaikal was burnt and pillaged 3 times
by the rivalry of Hyder Ali Khan. Mr. Crump was the British chief of Karaikal, he
destroyed the fort and made a garden in its ruins on its western side called “Crump
garden” or the “kirambuthottam” as it is known today. Karaikal did not get the attention it
got from the French.
The French municipal period (1880-1954): The municipal boundary of Karaikal was
Arsalar River in the south, the sea in the east and Tirunallar Bridge on the vanjiar and the
Talaivaickal south of the Kovilpathu village on the North. The modern Karaikal was in
existence even 200 years ago. Pondicherry was totally rebuilt from scratch with the
removal of all unwanted structures; this was not possible in Karaikal.
The post Independence period from 1954: The French government made an agreement
with India and left Pondicherry on the 1st
November 1954. The Treaty of Cecession was
signed in May 1956 and was ratified by the French Assembly in August 1962. Ever since
its liberation, the town is undergoing a fast tempo of all around development. Karaikal
town is Quasi- rectangle in shape; it enjoys a small projection on its south west side. Its
southern boundary is Arasalar River; a branch of Cauvery River the channel “Karaikal
Vaikkal” forms its northern limit. Paddy now partly covered by the s [ringing colonies,
spread on the eastern & western sides. The streets of Karaikal are lying on the two
directions North- South & East-West.

1.4.1 FEATURES OF VARIOUS STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
The Pre-French period: “A temple throws around it a town” may be the reason
for the development of karaikal around the karaikal Ammaiyar temple and Masthanpalli
Mosque. The development was away from the Arsalar River - not to pollute the River.
The French period: The French extended the boundary up to the bank of Arsalar River -
navigation purpose. Planned growth - Grid Iron pattern of roads, roads run North-South
and East –West, no curved roads.
The British period: The planned and compact development continues. Karaikal did not
get the attention it got from the French.
The French municipal period (1880-1954) the planned and compact development
continues.
The post Independence (from 1954) Urban sprawl and unplanned growth takes place
during this period. The present growth trend is towards north of the town. - Arcola River
being a barrier for development on the southern side.
1.4.2 ISSUES
 160 Hectares of water bodies in the municipal area.
 400 Hectares of Land to be reserved as C.R.Z
 Unplanned Growth and Urban sprawl.
 Growth on the southern side hindered due Arsalar River running East- West across
the town.
1.4.3 POTENTIALS
 Large extent of agriculture land not cultivated is available for future planned
growth of the town.
 Water front development, Park and open spaces in C.R.Z area
 Fishing Activity

1.5 REGIONAL SETTING
Even though it is a development plan rather than a regional plan emphasis is given
to the regional setting of the town with respect to the interdependency, interactions of this
town with other neighbouring settlements which will definitely accounts to the growth of
the Karaikal town. For this study settlements are categorized based on the population
varying from 10,000 – 1, 00,000.
1.5.1 HIERARCHY OF SETTLEMENTS
Class I: Settlements with population more than 1, 00,000.
Class II: Settlements with population between 50,000 – 1, 00,000.
Class II: Settlements with population between 20,000 – 50,000.
Class II: Settlements with population below 10,000.
Table 1.5.1.1: Hierarchy of Settlements
Class I Class II Class III Class IV
Nagapattinam
Thanjavur
Thiruvarur
Kumbakonam
Cuddalore
Neyveli
Nagore
Mayiladuturai
Chidambaram
Manarkudi
Tarangambadi
Tiruturaippundi
Sirkazhi
Katumanarkudi
Velanganni

People present in Karaikal moves to the nearby towns for higher order facilities. The
major towns in the nearby regions which are supporting Karaikal people with higher
order facilities and its distance from Karaikal are given below:
• Tarangambadi – 14km
• Nagore – 14km
• Thirukadaiyur -21.6km
• Velanganni – 30km
• Sirkazhi - 44km
• Tanjore – 100km
1.5.2 INTERDEPENDENCY
• Pondicherry -Health, Administration, Commercial.
• Tirchy - Air transport, Health, Higher order commercial.
• Thanjavur - Health, Temples.
• Thirunallar - Pilgrims visit “Saturn temple.”
• Tiruvarur -Temples.
• Nagapattinam - Railway linkages to Thanjavur.
• Nagore - Pilgrims visit Dharga.
• Vellanganni - Pilgrims visit “Vellanganni Annai” church.
• Tharangambadi - Tourists to visit Tharangambadi fort.
• Neyveli - Supply of power.

Fig 1.5.2.1: Regional Setting
1.6 VISION
1. Transforming Karaikal as a Tourist Centre.
2. Making Karaikal as a slum free town.
3. Promotion of culture and natural heritage.

1.7 AIMS
To explore development potential of the town and to develop Karaikal town into a
Tourist Centre and slum free town.
1.8 OBJECTIVES
 Improving the Transport Network system for faster and better communication.
 Providing better physical and social infrastructure - safe drinking water,
improved sanitation, standard education, health, recreation and cultural
facilities.
 Transforming the region into a tourism centre by preserving and promoting
culture and heritage and providing world class recreation facilities.
 Providing basic infrastructure in all slum areas and pucca houses to slum
dwellers
1.9 SCOPE & LIMITATIONS
The scope of the plan is to
 Assess the existing situation with regards to demography, economy, land use,
physical and social infrastructure and identify potentials for growth in the future.
 Identify the gaps in delivery and the issues confronting the same
 Prepare a vision and sect oral strategic framework outlining the goals, strategies,
interventions / projects to achieve the vision
Limitations to the plan is owed to lack of time and that it is prepared as an
academic exercise as a part of learning process

CHAPTER 2
DEMOGRAPHY
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Demography is a statistical study of human population; it encompasses the study
of size, structure, and distribution of these population, and spatial changes in them in
response to birth, migration, ageing, and death. Demographic analysis can be applied to
whole societies or to groups defined by criteria such as education, nationality, religion,
and ethnicity. Basically understanding a society’s demography is an essential tool in
determining current and future public health needs.
2.2 SIGNIFICANCE
Demography presents the population data in a systematic manner. Its importance
could be gauged from the growing population figures in several disciplines of study. In
the recent decades population is multiplying by leaps and bounds. This phenomenon is
having its impact in every sphere of human life, more particularly in the social and
economic life of the society population policy.
Significance of demography in different sectors that could treat as
 Importance of demographic data in economic sector compasses a wide spectrum,
its aids in framing economic programs which can contribute to economic
development.
 Population figures furnish information in occupational pattern which helps in
assessing the growth and modernization of economy.
2.3 DATA COLLECTION
In order to carry out a study on Karaikal development plan, data to be collected
for further analysis. Data is of two forms.
 Primary data
 Secondary data

2.3.1 PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION
Primary data is the information that is collected first hand by enumerator. It can be
collected by surveys, interviews, and questionnaires.
Data collected from primary survey:-
Apart from secondary source from town, we have collected further more for deep
analysis. They are as follows-age, educational qualification, reason for migration,
availability of infrastructure facilities, linguistic population, religion wise population,
occupational pattern, distance travelling for all social facilities, mode of travel for
commercial and social facilities and on same questionnaire is attached on report.
2.3.2 SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION
Secondary data is the information that is already available and which is used by
town planners as a source of data for the proposals.
Data collected from secondary survey:-
Existing population, sex ratio, literacy population, availability of physical and social
infrastructure facilities.
2.4 COMPONENTS OF DEMOGRAPHY
The various components of demography are as follows:
 Population & Growth Rate
 Literacy rate
 Sex ratio
 Population density
 Workforce Pattern
 Population projection
2.4.1. Population & Growth Rate
The population of the town and district is shown in the table below .The sudden
increase in population from 26080 to 43408 in the year 1971and 1981 is due to the
change in the area of the town.

Table: 2.4.1.1: Population Size and Growth Rate of the Town and District
Year Population
Size
Karaikal
Town
Decadal
Growth
Rate
in %
Annual
Growth
Rate in %
Populatio
n Size
Karaikal
District
Decadal
Growth
Rate
in %
Annual
Growth
Rate in %
1961 22252 - - 76944 - -
1971 26080 17.2 1.5 89970 16.9 1.5
1981 43408 66.4 5.1 120010 33.3 2.8
1991 61875 42.5 3.6 145723 19.7 1.9
2001 74438 20.3 1.8 170791 17.2 1.5
2011 98181 31.8 2.7 200314 17.2 1.5
Fig: 2.4.1.1: Population Size for Karaikal Town and District
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011
Population
Year
Karaikal (M)
Karaikal (Dt)

Fig: 2.4.1.2: Decadal Growth Rate for the Karaikal Town and District
The decadal growth rate of population in Karaikal municipality has increased from 17.2%
in the year 1971 to 66.4% in 1981.This high rate of growth rate due to migration from
rural to urban area in the district as well as from the neighboring state of Tamil Nadu.
There after the growth rate has decreased till 2001. In 2011the growth rate has increased
from 20.3% to 31.8%.When considering the whole district of Karaikal, the decadal
growth rate is in fluctuating state and has got stabilized for the last two decades.
2.4.2 Literacy Rate
Fig: 2.4.2.1: Literacy Rate for Karaikal Town
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1961-71 1971-81 1981-91 1991-01 2001-2011
DecadalGrowthratein%
Year
Kraikal (M)
Karaikal (Dt )
0
20
40
60
80
100
1981 1991 2001 2011
%ofLiterates
Year
Literacy Rate

The literacy rate is 89.92% where male literates are 40288 and female literates are
38592.The level of literacy has shown a positive incline in the last four decades.
2.4.3. Sex Ratio
Sex ratio is defined as the ratio of women per thousand men. The sex ratio of
Karaikal in the last six decades shows gradual increase in the women population.
Table 2.4.3.1: Sex Ratio
Year 1981 1991 2001 2011
Sex Ratio 1034 1011 1023 1058
Fig 2.4.3.1: Comparison of Sex Ratio in Last Four Decades
Table 2.4.3.2: Sex Ratio Comparison with nearby Town.
Town Sex Ratio
Karaikal 1058
Nagapatinam 1024
Pondicherry 1033
980
990
1000
1010
1020
1030
1040
1050
1060
1070
1981 1991 2001 2011
No.ofFemalesper1000Males
Year
Sex Ratio
Sex Ratio

When we compare the sex ratio of the major towns in the vicinity it is seen that the sex
ratio of Karaikal is more than Nagapattinam and Pondicherry.
2.4.4. Population Density
Population density is the number of persons inhabited per square kilometer of the
area. The population density of Karaikal as per the census 2001 is 2126 persons per
square kilometer, which has increased to 2804 persons per square kilometer as per the
2011 census.
2.4.5. Workforce Pattern
Table: 2.4.5.1: Work Force Pattern
Year Total Population Main Workers Marginal Workers Non Workers
1991 61875 18291 515 43069
2001 74438 22118 1661 50659
(Source: Census of India)
Fig: 2.4.5.1: Workforce pattern in Karaikal Town.
The participatory rate in 1991 is 32% and the participatory rate in 2001 is
33.67%. So this shows that the total workforce in Karaikal as well as the percentage or
workforce increased. Participatory Rate has increased during the period of 1991-2001.
18291
515
43069
22118
1661
50659
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
Main Workers Marinal Workers Non Workers
1991 2001

The population of Karaikal in 2011 as per census was 98181 to check which
method will give more appropriate projected population of 2033 we have projected the
2011 population with previous years population data. The various methods with which
the population was projected are:
 Arithmetic Method.
 Geometrical Method.
 Incremental Increase Method.
Table: 2.4.6.1: Population Projection by Different Methods.
Year Arithmetic Method Geometrical Method Incremental Increase
Town District Town District Town District
2021 113367 224588 131180 240378 118345 228712
2031 128553 248860 175271 288455 143487 262134
2033 131590 253714 185000 299768 149084 269223
In the above three method the population projected for 2011 by Geometrical
Increase method was more close to the original population. Thus we have adopted the
Geometrical increase method of projection for the population projection for Karaikal
district and town for the year 2033 and the assumed population is 299768 and 1, 85,000.

CHAPTER 3
ECONOMY
3.1 INTRODUCTION
Economy is the back bone of any nation, region or town. The Karaikal district
constitutes 33% in the total extent of the U.T. Puducherry. The population of Karaikal
district is of 16% out of the total population (12.44 lakhs) in the Union Territory. The
Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) for the 2011-12 at current prices for U.T. of
Puducherry is Rs. 14081 crores which is 0.17% in the Gross National Domestic Product
(GNDP).
The occupational pattern of Karaikal District, Karaikal Town, Puducherry District
and Puducherry Town as per 1991 census are given in the Table below:
Table 3.1.1: Occupational Pattern in the Year 1991
Description Karaikal
District
Karaikal
Town
Puducherry
District
Puducherry
Town
Total Population 145703 61804 608338 401437
Main Workers 45453 18291 202565 121293
Marginal Workers 1183 444 3778 1445
Non-Workers 99067 43069 401995 278699
MAIN WORKERS
1.Cultivators
3678 (8.1%) 667 (3.6%) 13845 (6.8%) 3790 (3.1%)
2.Agricultural
Laboures
17286
(38.0%)
3469
(19.0%)
57764
(28.5%)
10876
(9.0%)
3.Livestock, Forestry,
Fishing, Hunting and
Plantations
2122 (4.7%) 1364 (7.5%) 3920 (1.9%) 1365 (1.1%)
4.Mining and
Quarrying
270 (0.6%) 193 (1.0%) 61 (0.1%) 54 (0.1%)

5.A. Household
industry
154 (0.3%) 58 (0.3%) 1754 (0.9%) 1444 (1.2%)
B. Other than
household industry
3364 (7.4%) 1570 (8.6%) 33682
(16.6%)
27627
(22.8%)
6. Construction
1385 (3.1%) 896 (4.9%) 9174 (4.5%) 8298 (6.8%)
7. Trade and
Commerce
7449 (16.3%) 4380
(23.9%)
27954
(13.9%)
22918
(18.9%)
8.Transport, storage
and communication
1053 (2.3%) 689 (3.8%) 6782 (3.3%) 6002 (4.9%)
9. Other services
8692 (19.2%) 5005
(27.4%)
47629
(23.5%)
38919
(32.1%)
Source: Census
The occupational pattern of Karaikal District, Karaikal Town, Puducherry District and
Puducherry Town as per 1991 census are given in the Table below:
Table 3.1.2: Occupational Pattern in the Year 2001
Description Karaikal
District
Karaikal
Town
Puducherry
District
Puducherry
Town
Nagapa-
ttinam
District
Nagapa-
ttinam
Town
Total
Population
170791 74438 735332 438572 1488839 93148
Main
Workers
51639 22118 247747 142465 468754 26844
Marginal
Workers
5858 1661 17913 6621 117980 1108
Non-
Workers
113294 50659 469672 289486 902105 65196
WORKERS
Cultivators 2280
(4.0%)
315
(1.3%)
8316
(3.1%)
864
(0.6%)
72010
(12.3%)
266
(1.0%)
Agricultural
Laboures
16788
(29.2%)
2738
(11.5%)
53011
(20.0%)
3599
(2.4%)
308768
(52.6%)
634
(2.3%)

Fig 3.1.1: Work force in the Year 1991
Fig 3.1.2: Work Force in the year 2001
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
700000
Puducherry
District
Karaikal District Karaikal Town Puducherry Town
Total Population Main Workers Marginal Workers Non-Workers
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
1400000
1600000
Household
industry
912
(1.6%)
389
(1.7%)
5067
(1.9%)
2919
(2.0%)
11460
(2.0%)
647
(2.3%)
Other
workers
37517
(65.3%)
20337
(85.5%)
199263
(75.0%)
141704
(95.0%)
194496
(33.1%)
26405
(94.5%)

Fig 3.1.3: Participation Rate
The workers participation rate for Karaikal Municipal area and Karaikal District for
the year 1981, 1991, 2001 are as below:
Table 3.1.3: Workers Participation Rate
Year Participation Rate in Percentage
Karaikal Municipal area Karaikal District
1981 32.1 28.1
1991 32.00 30.3
2001 33.67 31.9
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
1981 1991 2001
Karaikal Town
Karaikal district

Agriculture
The contribution to GSDP at current prices for the year 2012-2013 in U.T. of
Puducherry by the primary sector is 5.6% and the percentage of workers in primary sector
as per 2001 census is 33.2%. The net area shown (6187 ha) constitutes 39% in the total
extent of the Karaikal District in 2011-2012. The net area shown has decreased from 8851
ha in 1981 to 6187 ha in 2011. The irrigation of a land in Karaikal is mainly based on the
Cauvery water. The total No. of cultivators and agricultural labourers declined from
20964 in1991 to 19086 in 2001. The combined percentage of cultivators and agricultural
labourers out of total workers has reduced from 50.2% in 1981 to 33% in 2001.
Fig 3.1.4: Land Utilization for karaikal district
FISHERIES
Karaikal has got a coastline of about 20 km. The fisherman population (18,462) in
Karaikal District is of 9.22% in the total population (2, 00,314) in 2011. Karaikal is a
good fishing centre with ten marine fishing villages. They are Mandabathur, Kalikuppam,
Akkampettai, Kottucherymedu, Kilinjamedu, Karaikalmedu, Karakalchery, Keezhaiyur,
Pattinacacherry and North Van ore. The marine fish & prawn catch and the inland fish&
prawn catch in Karaikal district during 2011 is 17,911 M.T which constitutes 45% in the
Land not
available for
cultivation
33%
Other
uncultivated
land
19%
Fallow land
9%
Net area sown
39%

state share. A fishing harbor constructed recently at karakalchery is in operation since
2012. There are about 120 motorised boats which engage nearly 1500 people daily in
catching of marine fish and prawn. Totally about 5,000 people are engaged in fishing and
related activities in Karaikal district.
Industries
The contribution to GSDP at current prices for the year 2012-2013 in UT of
Puducherry by the secondary sector is 42.2%. The employment generated in the
secondary sector in the UT in 2012 is 99,131. The total number of industries in Karaikal
District in the year 2012 is 1093, the employment generated is 10,150 and the total
investment is Rs.262 crores. There are 12 Nos. of large scale industry, 5 Nos. of Medium
scale industries and 1076 Nos. of small scale and micro industries.
Table 3.1.4: Large Scale Industries in Karaikal District
Sl.No. Name and Address of the units Manufacturing Activity
1 Soundaraja Spinning Mills Ltd.,
Nedungkadu, Karaikal
Yarn
2 Kothari Sugar and Chemicals Lts.,
Vanjure, Karaikal
Para Nitrochlore benzyme and
ortho nitro benzyme
3 Henkel Spic India Ltd., Sorakudi,
Peralam Road, Karaikal
Synthetic detergent
4 H&R Johnson(I) Ltd., (E.I.D.
Parry(I) Ltd.,)
R.s.S.NO. 143/2, Thennagudi,
Thirunallur, Karaikal
Ceramic tiles
5 Jayaprakash Narayana Co-op Spining
Mills Ltd., Melavanjore, Karaikal
Cotton Yarn
6 Chemplast Sanmar Ltd.,
Melavanjore, Karaikal
Caustic soda, Chlorine hydrogen,
HCL acid, Sodium Hypo-chlorine
& diminished Water
7 Boss profiles Ltd., N0.24, Southpet,
Surakudy, Thirunallar, Karaikal
Architecture Ceramic Products
8 Regma Ceramics Ltd., Agalankannu
Road, Sellur, Karaikal
Ceramics Floor & Walls Tiles

9 Pondicherry power corporations Ltd.,
(Govt of Pondicherry undertaking),
T.R. Pattinam Karaikal
Power generation
10 Murudeshwar Ceramics Ltd., R.s No.
143,llayankudy Road Devamuram,
Thirunallur Commune, Karaikal
Vitrified Tiles
11 Godrej Sara Lee Ltd., R.s
No.245/1A,3,4,246/2A,Sethur,
Thirunallur Commune Karaikal.
House hold insecticide product
Mosquito repellant coil
12 Godrej Sara Lee Ltd.,R.s
No.239/3,4,5,6,Kurumbagaram,
Nedugdu Commune, Karaikal.
House hold insecticide product
Mosquito repellant coil
Table 3.1.5: Medium Scale Industries in Karaikal District
SI. N0 Name and Address of the Units Manufacturing Activity
1 Sri Rajeswari mills Ltd., Thennagadu,
Karaikal
Cotton & Manmade fiber
yarn
2 Karaikal Chlorates Ltd., Melakasarakudi,
Karaikal
Potassium Chlorate
3 Meri Pharama (India) Pvt Ltd., 3,
Chinnasalai Road, Rayanpalayam,
Vaivhukudi, Karaikal
Surgical sutures Musical
strings sport strings
4 The Indian steel Rolling Mills Ltd,
Serumavillanvai, Karaikal
Ms Ingots and Billets
5 Shripet Industries Ltd., Surakudi,
Karaikal
Pet bottles
Table 3.1.6: Category of Grouping of Large and Medium Scale
Industries in Karaikal District
Sl. N0 Category Number of units
1 Ceramic tiles 4
2 Cotton yarn 3
3 Detergent powder 2
4 Insecticide 2

5 Chemicals 2
6 Power Generation 1
7 Ingots 1
8 Surgical 1
9 Pet bottle 1
Total 17
Table 3.1.7: Category of Small Scale and Micro Industries in Karaikal District
Sl. N0 Category Number of units
1 Food Processing 212
2 Textiles and Garments 110
3 Wood products 80
4 Repairing and servicing 58
5 Chemical and chemical products 55
6 Rubber and plastics products 40
7 Agro processing 25
8 Paper products and printing 25
9 Leather products 15
10 Metal products 35
10 Other products 438
Total 1076
KARAIKAL PORT
Karaikal Port was established in the year 2009. Karaikal Port Private Ltd is a
subsidiary of MARG Ltd, a leading infrastructure and real estate developer along the
Chennai IT corridor with interest ranging across various areas that include Residential
Projects, Commercial Real estate projects, SEZs, Ports, Townships, IT Parks, Malls, etc.

The Government of Puducherry sought participation of Private Sector in the
development and operation of the Karaikal deep-water port project; concession for which
was awarded to MARG Ltd. through a tendering process on a Build-Own-Operate-
Transfer (BOOT) basis. Concession Agreement between Government of Puducherry &
MARG Limited was executed on January 25, 2006. MARG Ltd. incorporated a Special
Purpose Company - Karaikal Port Private Limited - for implementation and operation of
the Project.
MARG Karaikal Port is envisaged to have a total of 9 berths capable of handling
47 MMTPA by 2018. The port is envisioned to be developed in 3 phases with the final
phase getting operational in 2017. Phase - I of development, which was completed in
April 2009, comprises two Panamax size general cargo berths. The Port hosts various
other infrastructure facilities such as covered warehousing, open storage and Mobile
Harbour Cranes. The Port has excellent evacuation facilities with 3 railway sidings and
National Highways within a Kilometer from the gate. An area of around 600 acres is
covered by the Port boundaries.
The objective of MARG Karaikal Port is to serve as a congestion-free port that
will enable efficient transportation of goods. This will be done through advanced cargo
handling equipment, sufficient and damage free warehousing facilities, faster turnaround
of vessels (due to mechanization of major activities) and smooth evacuation of cargo with
the help of advanced, competitive logistics support. The port is striving to achieve e-port
model will encourage transparent paper-free transactions at a single window.
The vision behind the port is to create a gateway to central Tamil Nadu, a strategic
location where a major chunk of the state's industrial belt is located. This gateway will
catalyze rapid growth in central Tamil Nadu and Puducherry. The total investment of the
project, for all three phases, is envisaged to be around INR 4000 Crores. The port will be
able to provide employment to over 10000 people directly & indirectly. In keeping with
MARG Group's vision of Regional Development, MARG Karaikal Port is also
encouraging the industrial growth and all-round development of the region.
Given the planned and existing efforts towards infrastructure development of
Karaikal coupled with its healthy business and political environment, location advantage
and envisaged state-of-the-art facilities, MARG Karaikal port is poised to be the most

strategic and efficient port on the Eastern coast of India that will unleash the economic
potential of central Tamil Nadu and Puducherry.
3.2 ANALYSIS
3.2.1 IDENTIFICATION OF ISSUES AND PROBLEMS
Agriculture
As a characteristic of urbanization, the agricultural activities have decreased in
Karaikal District. The combined percentage of cultivators and agricultural labourers out of
total workers has reduced from 50.2% in 1981 to 33% in 2001. Reasons for decrease in
agricultural activity are
 Conversion of agricultural land into unauthorized layouts
 Failure of release of Cauvery water in recent years and speculation in real.
 The shift from the primary sector to the secondary sector & tertiary sector
Fisheries
There is lot of potential in the fisheries sector. The recently established Fishing
harbour is playing vital role in increasing the employment in this sector and contribute to the
increase of economy. It is observed that the ice manufacturing units are not able to meet the
demand of fishermen in Karaikal and they are procuring ice bars from Nagapattinam. There is
no cold storage existing in Karaikal to preserve the marine catches.
Industries
The first Industrial Policy of Puducherry was notified in 1997. Envisaged to
promote industrial development by bringing in simplified procedure and through a
package of fiscal incentives. Identified agro processing, electronics and software
development, leather products, light engineering and textiles as thrust areas. Upto 2001,
there was a rapid growth of industries and after 2002 there was a lull due to withdrawal
of tax concessions. The percentage of workers in the secondary category was 10 % in
1991 and it is 15 % in 2011. The second Industrial Policy of Puducherry has been
submitted to the Government by the Director of Industries and Commerce in 2012 for
approval.

3.3 PROPOSALS
Population projected for Karaikal District for the Year 2033 is 3, 00,000. Considering
the Participation rate in the previous decades, the participation rate has been projected for
the year 2033 as 38%. Projected workers for the year 2033 are 1,14,000. The workers in
different sectors for the year 1991 and 2001 have been analyzed. It is observed that there
is decrease in cultivators and agricultural labourers in terms of percentage out the total
workers and in total numbers from 1991 to 2001. In contrast to this, there is an increase in
household industry and in other workers. Taking into account of the above, workers
projected in different sectors are given in the table given below:
Table 3.3.1: Category of Workers Projected for the Year 2033
Category of Workers No. of Workers Percentage
Cultivators 1700 1.49
Agricultural Laboures 13000 11.41
House hold Industry 2500 2.19
Other Workers 96800 84.91
Agriculture
 Adopting of less water consuming irrigation techniques like drip irrigation,
sprinkler irrigation etc.
 De-silting of water bodies to increase the water holding capacity.
 Construction of check dams at appropriate places to store the water for
irrigation and to recharge the ground water.
Fisheries

 Ice bar manufacturing units in compatible land uses.
 Establishment of cold storage facilities in Karikalacherry near Fishing harbour,
 Increase of marine fish & prawn catch by imparting training to fishermen in
making use of modern technology in locating fish population.
 Establishment of fish processing units, so as to make value addition to the marine
catches.
Industries and Service Sector
 The work force projected for the year 2033 is 1,14,000 (14,000 in primary and
1,00,000 in secondary and tertiary sectors) for Karaikal District. Deducting the
existing work force of 66,000 in all the sectors from the projected work force, the
work force for which employment proposed to be generated additionally in the
Industrial and Service Sectors is 48,000. Proposed to generate about 20,000 more
employment in the secondary sector; 6,000 employments in Karaikal Municipal
area and 14,000 employments outside the Karaikal Municipal area.
 55 ha of land have been proposed for setting up of industrial estate on the south
eastern side of Karaikal Municipal area abutting the western ring road.
Department of Industries and Commerce (DIC), Karaikal has to acquire the land
for setting up of industrial estate.
 30 ha of land has been proposed on the northern side of Karaikal municipal area in
Keezhakasakudy village for setting up of light manufacturing, small scale
industries and green category industries which do not cause excessive or
objectionable noise, vibration, gas flame, odour, dust and effluent.
 10 ha of land situated near Fishing harbor has been proposed for setting up of
cold storage, ice manufacturing and fish processing units. Fisheries and Fishermen
Welfare Department, Karaikal has to acquire the land for this purpose.
 230 ha of land at Polagam, Karaikal belonging to Puducherry Industrial
Promotion, Development Investment Corporation (PIPDIC) has been proposed

to be developed as Special Economic Zone (SEZ) which is expected to generate
employment to 14,000 people.
Trade and Commerce, Transportation and Other Services
Totally 30 ha of land have been proposed for commercial use in Karaikal Municipal
area. Out of this, 5 ha of land has been proposed at Kovilpathu for setting up of a Market;
2 ha of land each at Thalatheru, Oduthurai and near proposed Bus stand has been
earmarked for setting up of commercial complex. 19 ha of land have been proposed along
western ring road (45 m. wide) and 18 m wide road for commercial buildings like hotels,
all shops, departmental stores etc.
CHAPTER 4

HOUSING
4.1 INTRODUCTION
Shelter is a basic need. A standard housing does not mean merely land and
building but includes basic service like water supply, sanitation and access road. Shelter
is the asset growth and a tax base for local services. Housing is essential for our lives,
playing an important role in our living standards, quality of life. When the need for
shelter is not satisfied, it becomes almost impossible for an individual to think of
satisfying his/her family aspirations.
Demand for housing is a Universal phenomenon, which exists in all societies but
it varies from “better shelter”; consequently it is related to economic level of households.
An assessment of housing need and demand becomes necessary to work out meaningful
shelter strategy.
The Settlement is viable if it can sustain itself on its own includes economic,
health, educational and social amenities necessary for a fully functional community.
4.2 Existing Condition
According to 2011 census the total population of the Karaikal town is 98,181. The
local planning area of the town is 3509.29 ha. The existing residential area of the town is
714.54 ha which constitute about 17.51% of the total area of the town.
The Municipal area is divided into 18 wards. Among these wards, ward no.
10,11,12,16 are densely populated. The total number of houses in the town is 24,210.
Most of the houses are in pucca condition.
4.3 PROJECTED HOUSING REQUIREMENT
The Projected population for 2033 is 1,85,000 and total housing unit required for
projected population is 44,000. After deducting the number of existing houses the number
of additional houses required is 20,000 for 2033.

Calculation of land requirement:
Projected population = 1,85,000
Developed area average density = 125 people per hectare.
Projected area = 1480 ha
Existing Residential area = 715 ha
Land required = 765 ha
Area required for future residential development with other facilities
approximately 780 ha.
4.4 OWNERSHIP OF HOUSING
Table 4.4.1: Ownership of Housing
Fig 4.4.1: Ownership of housing
13887
8924
1399
Own Rented Government
Ownership of Housing
No of housing % of housing
Type of Housing Number Percentage
Own 13887 57
Rented 8924 37
Government 1399 6

Housing ownership rate is 57% which is higher than the rented houses of about
37%. About 6% of houses were provided by government.
4.5 TYPE OF STRUCTURE
Table 4.5.1: Type of Structure
All Houses Pucca Semi pucca Kucha Total
2001 9131 (58%) 3538 (23%) 3014 (19%) 15683
2011 13830 (62%) 6344 (29%) 2048 (9%) 22222
Source: Census Data
Fig 4.5.1: Type of Structure
About 62% of houses are pucca, 29% are semi pucca and about 9% are of
kucha.
4.6 CONDITION OF HOUSING UNITS
Table 4.6.1: Condition of Housing
karaikal Good Average Poor Total
Town 18210 (78%) 4883 (21%) 274 (1%) 23367
Source: Census 2011
9131
13830
3538
6344
3014
2048
2001 2011
Type of Structure
Pucca Semi pucca Kucha

Fig 4.6.1: Condition of Housing
About 78% of houses are good, 21% are average and 1% is poor.
4.7 SLUM
A Slum is defined as “any predominantly residential area where the dwellings by
reason of dilapidation, overcrowding, faulty arrangement, lack of ventilation, light or
sanitary facilities or any combination of these factors are detrimental to safety and health.
Table 4.7.1: Notified and Identified Slums
Type of
Slum
Number of Slum Population
(2001)
Area
(Ha)
Notified 48 15491 (58%) 42
Identified 44 11196 (42%) 29
Source: Census Data
As per 2001 census, Slum population constitutes nearly 26,687 which are about
27% of the total population. The total extent of slum area in Karaikal is 71 ha and the
density is 375 persons per hectare. Total number of Notified slum is 48 and Identified
slum is 44. Maximum number of slums is in the lands belonging to Hindu Religious
Institution. The slums notified in the Government Gazette under Pondicherry Slum
18210
4883
274
Good Average Poor
No of Houses
No of Houses

Clearance Act are called Notified slums. The areas that are identified by the Puducherry
Slum Clearance Board as slums are called Identified slums. These slums have not been
yet notified in the official gazette.
It was noticed that housing condition was poor in many slums. Most of the houses
are in semipucca and kucha condition.

4.7.1 Schemes
 Slum Up gradation Programme (SUP)
 Perunthalaivar Kamaraj Centenary Housing Scheme (PKCHS)
4.7.1.1 Slum up gradation Programme (SUP)
Slum up gradation Programme is a Plan scheme implemented by the Puducherry
Slum Clearance Board for upgrading the slum areas in the U.T. of Puducherry by
providing basic amenities like roads, side drains, water supply, toilets, etc. Under this
scheme tenements are also constructed and allotted to the slum dwellers on rental basis.
So far, 138 Nos. of tenements are constructed in Kovilpathu, Karaikal.
4.7.1.2 Perunthalaivar Kamaraj Centenary Housing Scheme (PKCHS)
Perunthalaivar Kamarajar Centenary Housing Schemes (PKCHS) is a Plan
Scheme implemented by the Puducheery Slum Clearance Board. Under this scheme, a
financial assistance of Rs.1.00 lakh is provided to each beneficiary for construction of a
pucca house.
So far, financial assistance has been extended to 250 slum dwellers in Karaikal
for construction of pucca houses. Out of this, 200 slum dwellers have constructed their
houses.
4.7.1.3 Rajiv Awas Yojana:
Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) for the slum dwellers and the urban poor envisages a
‘Slum-free India’ through encouraging States/Union Territories to tackle the problem of
slums in a definitive manner. It calls for a multi-pronged approach focusing on:
 Bringing existing slums within the formal system and enabling them to avail of
The same level of basic amenities as the rest of the town;
 Redressing the failures of the formal system that lie behind the creation of
Slums; and
 Tackling the shortages of urban land and housing that keep shelter out of reach of
The urban poor and force them to resort to extra-legal solutions in a bid to retain
their sources of livelihood and employment.

4.7.2 ISSUES
Some slums are densely populated. Slum areas do not have proper drainage, Solid
waste disposal facilities.
4.8 Proposal of Housing
Projected population of the town is 1, 85,000 and housing need is 20,000
dwelling units. The present gross density, gross residential density and net residential
density are 28 pph., 73pph and 138pph respectively. For the projected population of the
town, the total residential area required to be developed has been worked out to be 1480
ha. Deducting the existing residential area, the additional area required is 630 ha.
Deducting the existing residential area, the additional area required is 630 ha. Considering
the growth of development in the town, the future residential development can be located
in northern side and in the western side. Accordingly, Northern and Western parts of the
Town have been proposed for residential use.

It is proposed to develop Karaikal as a Slum Free District. Therefore, all the
slums of the Karaikal have to be provided with all basic amenities and all slum dwellers
have to be provided with pucca houses. Since 80% of the slums are situated in the lands
belonging to the Hindu Religious Institutions, the Government may take necessary steps
to allocate pattas to the slum dwellers, so as to enable them to construct pucca houses by
availing financial assistance under Peruthalaivar Kamarajar Housing Scheme. Congested
Slum area can be relocated by acquiring lands in the proposed residential area by the
Puducherry Slum Clearance Board. The land so acquired may be developed with
infrastructure facilities and tenements may be constructed and allotted to Slum dwellers
on rental basis. Thus, Karaikal may become slum free district.

CHAPTER 5
SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
5.1 HEALTH
5.1.1 INTRODUCTION
Health status of population is an important indicator of human resource
development. Investments in health sector have direct relationship with longevity and
improvements in physical and mental development of people. To ensure the progress of
any development, it is important that a healthy environment is provided to the citizens
and having access to the adequate healthy infrastructure.
5.1.2 HIERARCHY OF HOSPITALS
The general hierarchy of hospitals as per Urban Development Plans Formulation and
Implementation (UDPFI) Guidelines,
• General Hospitals
• Intermediate Hospital (category A)
• Intermediate Hospital (category B)
• Polyclinic
• Nursing home, Child care and Monitoring
• Dispensary
5.1.3 PRESENT HEALTH FACILITIES
The present health facilities in Karaikal town are,
Government Hospital - 1 with 456 beds
Specialty Hospital - 1 with 600 beds
Primary Health Centers - 3

The statement recommended in the Urban Development Plans Formulation and
Implementation (UDPFI) Guidelines Health care facilities is given in the table below.
Table 5.1.3.1: Urban Development Plans Formulation and Implementation
Guidelines Standards on Health Facilities
Sl.No Name of the Institution No. of Beds Population
1 General Hospital 500 1 per 2.5 lakh population
2 Intermediate Hospitals
(category A)
200 1 per 1 lakh population
3 Intermediate Hospitals
(category B)
80 1 per 1 lakh population
4 Polyclinics with some
observation beds
-- 1 per 1 lakh population
5 Nursing Home, Child Welfare
& Maternity Centre
25 1 per 0.45 lakh to 1 lakh
population
6 Dispensary -- 1 per 0.15 lakh population
5.1.4 ANALYSIS OF HEALTH FACILITIES
The government and the speciality hospital in Karaikal serve for,
1. General medicine 2. General Surgery 3. Emergency Care
The speciality treatments available in the government and the specialty hospital
are,
1. Cardiology 2. Paediatrics
3. Gynecology 4. Orthopaedics
5. ENT
For the other speciality treatments people form Karaikal go to general hospitals in
Pondicherry and Thanjavur.

Comparing the facilities in the general hospital and specialty hospital with a standard
speciality hospital, the treatments which are not available are,
1. Diabetology 7. Respiratory medicine
2. Treatment for Cancer 8. Thoracic surgery
3. Endocrinology 9. Vascular surgery
4. Infectious disease 10. Urology surgery
5. Nephrology 11. Neurology
6. Physiotherapy 12. Plastic surgery
While planning for any town we cannot plan only considering the present
population. It is necessary to consider the catchment population of the town. Hence in the
development plan for Karaikal town the total region population (including 5 communes)
is considered as the catchment population. As per 2011 census,
Karaikal town population = 98,181
Karaikal region population (Catchment population) = 2, 00,314
Projected population for year 2033,
Karaikal town population = 1, 85,000
Karaikal region population including the town population
(Catchment population)
= 3, 00,000

Fig 5.1.4.1: Spatial representation of Health facilities around Karaikal
5.1.5 ISSUES
 General hospital is not easily accessible since the roads are congested.
 Speciality treatments are not available in the general hospital.
 Affordability and accessibility to the private hospital is less. The private
hospital is more expensive hence the people in Karaikal are not using the
private hospital.
 Insufficient beds in government hospital for the projected population.

5.1.6 PROPOSALS
 Providing one new General Hospital with speciality treatments on the
proposed by-pass. The area of the existing General Hospital is 3.3acres
which is not sufficient for enhancing other speciality treatments in it.
Hence one new hospital with speciality treatments is proposed.
 Two polyclinics can be provided in the wards each in Amman Kovilpathu
and Akkarottam for enhancing the health facilities, in future settlements
may come up on those wards.
Fig 5.1.6.1: Spatial representation of Health facilities in Karaikal Region

5.2 EDUCATION
5.2.1 INTRODUCTION
Education is the backbone of social and economic development of every town. It
acts as the catalyst for human resources development. Education impacts knowledge,
skill, shape values and attitudes.
According to census data, literate is defined as a person who is able to read write
his/ her name is called literate. Literacy rate is the percentage of literates to the total
population. In karaikal, the literacy rate is increased by 17.05 percent from 2001 to 2011.
In the 2001 census, the literacy rate of the karaikal town was 72.87 percent where as in
2011 census the literacy rate was increased to 89.92 percent
5.2.2 HIERARCHY OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
The hierarchy of each educational institution is listed below:
1. Nursery school
2. Primary school
3. High school
4. Higher Secondary School
5. Teacher Training Institute
6. Industrial Training Institute
7. Polytechnic
8. Arts and Science College
9. Engineering College
10. Medical College
11. Research Centre
12. University

5.2.3 PRESENT EDUCATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE
The present educational facilities in Karaikal town are,
Primary School - 38
Middle School - 21
High School - 10
Higher Secondary School- 5
College -5
There is one college in each field of Medical, Engineering and two Arts and
Science College. Besides, two special schools for blind and hearing impaired and
handicapped children.
5.2.4 POPULATION PROJECTION
The planning for any town cannot be done considering only the present
population. And even it is necessary to consider the catchment population of the town. At
present, the population of karaikal town is 98,181. Total population of Karaikal region
including town population, which is 2,00,314. In 2033, as per the projection the
population of karaikal town will be 1,85,000 and total population of Karaikal region
including town population will be 3,00,000
Table 5.2.4.1: Urban Development Plans Formulation and Implementation
Guidelines Standards on Education Facilities
Facilities UDPFI
Standard
(population)
Area Existing
Facilities
Requirement
for present
population
Requirement
for future
population
Primary
School
1/5000 0.40 38 ---- 60
Senior
Secondary
School
1/7500 1.60 36 ---- 40
College 1/1.25 L 4.00 5 ---- ----

5.2.5 ISSUES
1. Two Government Middle Schools are located nearby National Highway, which is
not safe for children
2. For future population, Higher secondary schools area not sufficient. As per
UDFPI guidelines, additional four more Higher Secondary Schools are required
in the future including catchment population.
3. Extent of land available at present for National Institute of Technology (NIT) is
less when compared to UDFPI standards. Due to lack of infrastructure, it is
currently functioning in Arignar Anna Government Arts and Science College
.
5.2.6 PROPOSALS
1. Fisheries College nearby fishing harbor has been proposed to increase the
efficiency of of the fishermen community by educating regarding fishing
activities, new technology for fish catch cold storage export and other knowledge
which in turn will increase the economy of Karaikal.
2. Relocation of Middle Schools can be provided in the wards each in Dharmapuram
and Vilan butholtam.
3. Three Higher secondary schools are to be provided in Koilpathu, Keezhakasakudy
and Amman kavil pathu as per the population density

CHAPTER 6
PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE
6.1 TRANSPORTATION NETWORK
6.1.1 Introduction
Traffic engineering deals with planning, geometric design and traffic operation of
roads, streets and highway, their network, terminals, abutting lands, relationship with
other modes of transportation for the achievement of safe, efficient and convenient
movement of persons and goods.
6.1.2 Existing Circulation Pattern
The existing circulation pattern in Karaikal comprises of one National highway
(NH- 45A) connecting Villupuram to Nagapattinam (190 kms), one state highway
connecting Tirunallar to Karaikal and other major district roads which connects Karaikal
and surrounding region. These roads avoid the forward and backward linkages for the
transport of agriculture allied products to the marketing centers within and outside the
Municipality.
The existing circulation pattern in Karaikal is of grid iron pattern. The width of
other urban roads varies from 5m to 6m. The width of national highway within the built
up area vary from 8.50m to 18m i, e 8.50m at Barathiyar Street and 18m at the fringe
areas. Length of the national highway passing through the town is 9.30 kms and the
length of the state highway is 0.525 kms with in the municipal area.
6.1.3 Connectivity
The town has better connectivity with National and State highway,
connecting the following major urban centers;
 Chennai - 312 km
 Pondicherry - 136 km
 Tarangambadi - 14km
 Nagore - 14 km
 Thirukadaiyur - 21.60 km

 Velanganni - 30 km
 Sirkazhi - 44 km
 Tanjaore - 100 km
The town has route connectivity with the nearby communes by arterial roads. The
existing road pattern of the core town is of grid iron pattern where in the straight streets
crossing each other at right angles forms the grid even though the width of the road
varies, which was planned during the French period.
The municipality is maintaining the urban roads except the National, State highways
and Church street. The chief mode of transport is motorcycles and two wheelers. The
Barathiyar Street is very congested due to its commercial activities. The church street is
yet another congested road because of the commercial activity. The vehicular traffic
consists of trucks, state transport, local busses and tourist traffics. Even the state highway
Thirrunallar road is also congested because of heavy tourist traffic that passes through the
town.
The Ammaiyar temple which is regionally important is situated in the National
highway (NH45 A). The “Mangani festival” is celebrated in the month June – July since
from many centuries. This regional festival will attract large number of devotees from the
union territory and also from other districts of Tamil Nadu.
The “Thettaravu Madha” festival of Church of Our Lady of Angels of Karaikal which
is situated in the Church street draws devotees from the Karaikal region.
The “Kandoori” festival is celebrated annually in honour of Sayeed Dawood – the
muslim saint from Bukkra (Turkistan), whose body was entombed in the Dharga which is
located at the Mastan palli street which draws many devotees.
The “sani peyarchi” festival of Lord Sanieshwara whose temple is at Thirunallar is
celebrated once in every two and half years which is noteworthy festival. Even the
“Kandoori” festival of Nagore and Velanganni festival of The Lady of Health are of
international repute which attracts lacks of pilgrims during the festive seasons. Because of
the above said festivals the town will experience a heavy traffic burden during the festive
seasons.

6.1.4 Vehicular proposition
The vehicular proposition of Karaikal majorly comprises of 2 wheelers of 86%.
Fig 6.1.4.1: Vehicle Proposition (Source: Transport Department, Karaikal)
6.1.5 Congestion within the Town
The congestion in the Town is mainly because following.
6.1.5.1 Land use influence
The existing land use along the important roads is as shown in (Drawing No-IV)
1. Nagapattinam – villupuram Highway (NH)
2. Kumbakonam – karaikal road (SH)
3. Bharathiyar street
4. Market street
5. Church street
6. Kamaraja salai
The above roads are predominant in commercial activity. This will be attracting
the commercial traffic from the hinterland and from the town; also these vehicles are
5%
1%
7%
86%
1%
Distribution of vehicle type
Lorries/LMV/Trucks/Trailers Buses Car/Taxi/Jeeps Two wheelers Others

parked on the road as on-street parking which leads to the reduction in roadway
creating the congestion.
6.1.5.2 Location of important buildings
The following are the important educational institutions along NH-45A
 Thalatheru high school
 Anna college
 Pudhuvai high school
 Manavan school
 The major Govt. buildings are karaikal municipality community hall, Post office, Town
police station and religious buildings like Karakal Ammaiyar Temple, Church and
Dharga.
Even the major government buildings, community hall, Bus stand and Educational institution
along the National Highway which generates the population in turn it leads to the traffic
congestion (Drawing No-IV)
Fig 6.1.5.2.1: Location of Important Building

6.1.5.3 Others
The other reasons for Traffic congestion in the Town is because of maximum
number of punctures of road directly into the NH, Improper traffic signals at intersection,
presence of insufficient width of bridges along the water bodies, bad junctions , presence
of more by-passable vehicular traffic, lack of parking space in commercial area and
encroachment of foot path.
6.1.6 Critical stretch of Roads
The commercial activity is predominant in Bharathiyar street, it’s a stretch of
national highway. On-street parking is existing along this road which reduces the
carriageway. Most care should be taken to improve the movement of traffic where ever it
is possible. The annexure-VI map shows the critical stretch of road
Fig 6.1.6.1: Critical Stretch of road

6.1.7 Bus terminus
The bus terminus is constructed in 1989 and named as “Perun thallaivar
Kamarajar Perunthu nillayam” situated at Kovilpatthu. The bus terminus is located along
the National highway with an existing area of 5890.00sq.m consisting of 12 bus bays,
administrative building, parking facilities for two wheelers, etc. This bus stand takes the
load of 200 to 250 busses every day comprises of Tamil nadu road transportation
corporation, Puduchery road transport corporation . They operate 250 routes and carry
625 trips per day.
The present span of effective working hour of existing bus stand begins from
3.30am to 12.00 pm besides night Express and Deluxe express services Tamil nadu
leading to Chennai through Puducherry . Even Private Busses Leading to Karnataka,
Kerala and different parts of the country.
As the bus stand is having only 12 bays, there is acute overcrowding of buses.
The supply is grossly inadequate. As a result, overcrowding of the bus stops and spill
over on the carriageways have become common. The waiting time at bus stop has also
increased and also infrastructure facilities such as parking facilities, Administrative
buildings etc.
Fig 6.1.7.1: Bus Terminus

6.1.8 Railways
The Karaikal town is newly well connected by railways. The Trains are running to
Nagore which is 14 km from the town from where the railways have connected to various
places. There are no frequent trains as on today. All the cargo from the port to other
parts of the country is through the Railways.
6.1.9 Port
Karaikal Port was established in the year 2009. Karaikal Port Private Ltd (KPPL)
is a subsidiary of MARG Ltd, The Government of Puducherry (GOP) sought participation
of Private Sector in the development and operation of the Karaikal deep-water port
project; concession for which was awarded to MARG Ltd. through a tendering process on
a Build-Own-Operate-Transfer (BOOT) basis. Concession Agreement between GOP &
MARG Limited was executed on January 25, 2006. MARG Ltd. incorporated a Special
Purpose Company - Karaikal Port Private Limited - for implementation and operation of
the Project.
MARG Karaikal Port is envisaged to have a total of 9 berths capable of handling
47 MMTPA by 2018. The port is envisioned to be developed in 3 phases with the final
phase getting operational in 2017. Phase - I of development, which was completed in
April 2009, comprises two Panamax size general cargo berths. The Port hosts various
other infrastructure facilities such as covered warehousing, open storage and Mobile
Harbour Cranes. The Port has excellent evacuation facilities with 3 railway sidings and
National Highways within a Kilometer from the gate. An area of around 600 acres is
covered by the Port boundaries.
The objective of MARG Karaikal Port is to serve as a congestion-free port that
will enable efficient transportation of goods. This will be done through advanced cargo
handling equipment, sufficient and damage free warehousing facilities, faster turnaround
of vessels (due to mechanization of major activities) and smooth evacuation of cargo with
the help of advanced, competitive logistics support. The port is striving to achieve e-port
model will encourage transparent paper-free transactions at a single window.
The vision behind the port is to create a gateway to central Tamil Nadu, a strategic
location where a major chunk of the state's industrial belt is located. This gateway will

catalyze rapid growth in central Tamil Nadu and Puducherry. The total investment of the
project, for all three phases, is envisaged to be around INR 4000 Crores.
6.1.9 Issues
 Heavy vehicular traffic creating congestion on National Highway 45A.
 The width of National Highway NH-45A within the municipality area is not as per
the standards of Indian Road Congress (IRC).
 No parking space is available.
 Carrying capacity of road is not sufficient.
 Presence of more number of by-passable traffic.
 The number of bus bays is insufficient creating acute over crowiding.
6.1.10 ANALYSIS
6.1.10.1 Traffic volume count
The traffic volume count survey was conducted at the entry and exit of National
Highway 45A and at the entry of State highway Thirunallar road. As per the norms, the
practical carrying capacity of a two way urban road is 600 – 750 PCU per hour (two
lanes) in both directions. Acorrding to the traffic volume count survey conducted shows
that the existing volume is 1100PCU per hour along National Highway and 1000 PCU per
hour along the State Highway.
The width of the highway ranges from 8.50m – 18.00m in the Developed area
against 30.00m as per standards. It is not feasible and economical to widen the road to the
extent of 30.00m because of the thick commercial developments. As the legal framework
of Transferable Development Rights is not available in Puducherry, Union Territory it is
very difficult to acquire land for widening of the roads.
In addition to this, a survey was done to know the by-passable traffic which is
similar to orgin and destination survey. The method adopted for surveying is Registration
number plate method. It is found that 67% of car/ Light Moving Vechiles which are of the
tourist nature, 90% of cargo moving trucks merly pass through the Karaikal.

The capacity of the road is less and the by passable traffic is more, establishes the
need of a by-pass.
6.1.10.2 Bus stand
This bus stand takes the load of 200 to 250 busses every day. They operate 250
routes and carry 625 trips per day. As the bus stand is having only 12 bays, there is acute
overcrowding of buses. The supply is grossly inadequate. As a result, overcrowding of the
bus stops and spill over on the carriageways have become common. The waiting time at
bus stop has also increased and also infrastructure facilities such as parking facilities,
Administrative buildings etc. To overcome this new bus stand is proposed.
6.1.10.3 Parking
The parking inventory survey was conducted in town. Two wheeler parking
spaces for about 100 vehicles are available at the existing bus stand. Other than this no
other parking facilities is available in municipality area. On-street parking is found in the
Bharathiyar street, which should be avoided.
6.1.10.4 Proposals
1. By-pass
To divert the vehicular traffic those merely entering the Town , a new By-pass road is
proposed on the western side of the town, having 45 m width. The Length of the proposed
by-pass is 9.988m, the Land requirement for this is to an extent of 44.94 Ha. The cost of
the proposal based on the line estimate approximately works out to 90 crores. Another
Arterial road is proposed on the Eastern side of the town, which is having a Length of
5.40 km with a width of 18m . The cost of this proposal is around 10 crores. The
Department responsible for the implementation of By-pass is the Karaikal Municipality.
2. Bus Terminus
A New bus terminus is proposed having an area of 3 Ha along the By-pass road.
Based on the line estimate, the project works out to be 15 crores. The bus terminus

consists of administrative building over the bus bays . Ample parking is earmarked in the
area along with all the facilities required .
3. Multi level parking
As there is a need for the parking space along the Bharathiyar street where on-
street parking to be avoided, Paid Multilevel parking is proposed near by the Bharathiyar
street. Land is available at Three well street (mundru kinetru veedhi) belonging to
Karaikal municipality to an extent of 11,000sq.ft. The multi level parking building
consists of cellar, ground, first and second floor wherein the basement and groundfloor is
proposed to accommodate about 100 cars ( including mechanical parking), first and
second floor is proposed for 2 wheeler parking. This proposal will be implemented
through the Public Private Partnership, leads to generation of income to Local body. Cost
of the project is approximately around 2 crores.

6.2 Water supply
6.2.1 Introduction
Waterisoneoftheveryessentialbasicfacilitiesoflife.Asapartofbasicservice
sindevelopmentplan,thisstudyexploresthepresentcondition,supplysystem,andissuesofd
omesticwatersupplyandalsodealswithmaintenanceandproposalsforthewatersources.
Karaikalregion depend both on surface and ground water. The system of water
supply is bifurcated into two namely, the Urban Water Supply and Rural Water Supply.
Urban Water Supply is being affected through pipe line by storing water through Over
Head Tanks at several locations ranging from 10 to 24 lakhs litres capacity in karaikal
region. The only source is under ground water by providing deep borewells.
6.2.2 Source of supply
Samples taken from the Arasalar river during the year 1920 confirmed the
superiority of “Agalancannu water”. Since then it serves as a major source of water
supply to the town. It is located about 10 kms from the town from which 11.8 MLD of
water is being tapped out.
Apart from Agalancannu, 1.73 MLD of water is tapped out from Thenur
Deep bore well and 4.34 MLD of water from Mukkutu shallow bore well. The average
yield of each bore well is 900 lpm with 20 hrs of pumping every day.
Table 6.2.2.1: Source of Water and its Quantity
S.No Over head tank Source Quantum of water
1. Central zone Agalancannu bore well 9.72 MLD
2. Shah Nagar Agalancannu nellivoikal 2.16 MLD
3. Nehru nagar &
karaikalmedu
Nedungadu 5.40 MLD
4. South zone Vizhidiyur 5.40 MLD
5. T.R Pattnam Padutharkollai 5.40 MLD
The water supply in Karaikal is taken care by the PWD which is able to
provide water supply which ranges from 135 to 200 lpcd which is as per the norms and
the frequency of supply is uneven (6:00 to 7:15 a.m ; 12:30 p.m to 1:50 p.m; 5:45 p.m to

7:15 p.m). Discussion with the PWD officials indicates that the unevenness in frequency
is due to the failure of Grid system in karaikal.
According to house listing and Housing census 2011,
Table 6.2.2.2: Source of Drinking Water in Karaikal
Source Total Rural Urban
Total no of
households
50,068 25,858 24,216
Tap (in %) 90.6 86.3 95.3
Well (in %) 0.3 0.3 0.4
Hand pump /
tube well
8.5 13 3.6
Other sources 0.6 0.4 0.7
Within the
premises
60.1 50.2 70.7
Near the
premises
37.3 46.4 27.5
Away 2.6 3.4 1.8

Table 6.2.2.3: Results of Physical and Chemical Analysis of Water
Lab sample Reference Permissible values W-11
Date of collection 03/04/2013
Organoleptic properties Clear water Clear water
Turbidity (NTU) Nil Nil
Conductivity(Micro
mhos/cm)
- 1985
PH 6.5 – 8 7.96
Total solids 500 (upper limit-1500) 1350
Dissolved solids 500 (upper limit-1500) 1350
Total hardness as caco3 200 216
Alkalinity due to
phenopthalein as caco3
Absent Absent
Total alkalinity as caco3 320 400
Chloride as cl 200 (upper limit-1000) 572
Sulphate as SO4 200 36
Iron as Fe 0.3 0.22
Calcium as ca 75 14
Magnesium as Mg 30 43
Nitrate as No3 45 12
Fluoride as F 1 – 1.5 0.17
Other free chlorine in ppm 0.2 Nil
Remarks SATISFACTORY SATISFACTORY
Source: PWD Office, karaikal
Though the quality of water is within the standards prescribed as per the norms,
the local residents of the town are not happy with it because of the salinity in water.

6.2.3 Water Demand Projection for 2033
Existing population as per 2011 census = 98,181
Present Water supply to the town = 17 MLD
Projected population as per 2033 = 1,85,000
Projected water demand of the town = 25 MLD.
6.2.4 Existing Issues
• Though the water supply is sufficient for the needs of the town, the frequency of
supply is less so that it becomes uncomfortable for the residents during the peak
demand.
• To many areas of the Karaikal region and town the supply is not uniform, the
quantity ranging from 135 to 200 lpcd. This is due to the failure in Grid system.
• Though the water quality meets the standards as per the norms, it is saline
which makes its usage difficult.
6.2.5 Proposals
• To reduce the discrepancy in uneven distribution of water supply, the Grid
system of water supply has to be repaired and maintained.
• Certain relaxations can be given the dwelling units which has its own rain water
harvesting and water reuse practice.
• The quality of water has to be further checked so that the salinity in water is
reduced to certain level.

6.2.6 NEW SCHEMES
CENTRAL ZONE
– OHT sump at Thirunallar road
– New OHT sump pumping main distribution system is to be provided
newly.
– Scheme area: 15 hectares approximately
– Estimated cost: Rs. 50,50,00,000/-
NORTH ZONE
– Scheme area: 20 hectares
– Project cost: Rs. 50,00,00,000/-
– Project details:
• Sinking of proposed deep bore well in Vanjiar river bed upto 300m
depth
• Construction of OHT of capacity 20 lakh liters with sump capacity
of 5 lakh liters at Lakshmi Nagar
• Supplying, erecting and commissioning of submersible pump set,
centrifugal motor
• Construction of collection well at Vadamattam.
SOUTH ZONE
– Project cost: Rs. 46,29,79,300/-
– Project details:
• Sinking of deep bore well
• Laying of pumping main from various bore wells to the collecting
well at Manampet
• Laying, conveying from the collecting well at Manampet to sump
at Ammalchathiram OHT and Highway nagar OHT
• Laying of distribution grid
• Road restoration charges

6.3 DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE
6.3.1 Introduction
The aim of the study is to identify ways of providing protection to an area about
35 sq.km lying in and around Karaikal municipality. Only less area has double line
drainage, some area has single line drainage i.e. most of the area in the municipality
doesn’t have drainage facility. Waste water from drainage is disposed in the canal, pond
and land close to the municipality. There is no underground drainage facility so that storm
water is stagnated in some areas and drains out to the logging area.
There is no separate sewerage line so that the houses which have toilet facility have septic
tank for disposal and septic tanks are maintained on their own. Lack of toilet facility in
some area cause the people to use the open space. Public toilets are less in number which
is improper in access and they were not maintained properly by municipality.
6.3.2 Present Disposal of Waste Water from Town
The existing open drain system is not functioning satisfactorily. The sewage water is not
being treated which is directly drained into Bay of Bengal affecting the marine life along its
draining path. The water is stagnating in many places and due to that mosquitoes breeding and
flies are developed, which cause many diseases. Therefore, a properly planned underground
sewerage system is a must for Karaikal town.
Storm water is water that originates during precipitation events. It may also be used to apply to
water that originates with snowmelt that enters the storm water system. Storm water that does

not soak into the ground becomes surface runoff, which either flows directly into surface
waterways or is channeled into storm sewers, which eventually discharge to surface waters.
6.3.4 Existing storm water drain system
Although Karaikal town has a few km of storm water drains, the coverage of the same is low.
The town has predominantly open storm water drainage system with mostly kuchha drains.
Closed drains are almost non-existent. According to the norm, the town should have a length of
SWD network 150% of its road length. Based on that, Karaikal should have 54 km of pucca drains
to meet existing demand. The absence of a proper storm water drainage network with primary
and secondary collector drains as well as disposal system, results into water logging in rainy
season especially in low lying areas.
Sewerage- waste matter carried away in sewers or drains Sewage. Waste, waste material, waste
matter, waste product - any materials unused and rejected as worthless or unwanted; "they
collect the waste once a week"; "much of the Waste material is carried off in the sewers"
Effluent, sewer water, wastewater - water mixed with waste matter.
6.3.5 Existing sewerage system
Karaikal town is not provided with underground sewerage system. The town is provided
with open drains in the main area of the town. The open drains are constructed on the sides of
the roads / streets. The waste water generated from the town is collected through the main
drain along Bharathiyar road. The waste water discharged into these drains includes the
overflow from the septic tanks available in houses and the sullage water from kitchen and
bathroom of the houses. All the open drains join a major irrigation channel. Through the
channel, the waste water is discharged into sea.
6.3.6 Proposal of underground drainage system
• Population projection for 2033: 2,00,000 persons
• Quantity of sewage to be collected and treated: 17MLD.

• Length of ductile iron pipe line to be laid: 77944m.
• Cost of the project: Rs.110,00,00,000/-
6.4 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
6.4.1 Introduction
Human activities create waste, and the ways that waste is handled, stored, collected,
and disposed of can pose risks to the environment and to public health. Solid waste
management (SWM) includes all activities that seek to minimize health, environmental,
and aesthetic impacts of solid waste.
In urban areas, especially in the rapidly urbanizing cities of the developing world,
problems and issues of solid waste management (SWM) are of immediate importance.
Most governments have acknowledged the importance of SWM; however, rapid
population growth overwhelms the capacity of most municipal authorities to provide even
the most basic services.
According to a United Nations Development Programme survey of 151 mayors of
cities from around the world, the second most serious problem that city dwellers face
(after unemployment) is insufficient solid waste disposal (UNDP 1997). Typically one- to
two-thirds of the solid waste that is generated is not collected. The uncollected waste is
dumped indiscriminately in the streets and in drains, contributing to flooding, breeding of
insect and rodent vectors, and spreading of diseases. Even waste that is collected is often
disposed of in uncontrolled dumpsites or burned, polluting water resources and the air.
In many cities, municipal solid waste (MSW) contains human and animal excremental
well as hazardous chemical pollutants and sharps. All facilitate disease and injury,
especially among children, rag pickers, and employees in the waste management sector.
Studies have shown that a high percentage of workers who handle refuse and of
individuals who live near or on disposal sites are infected with gastrointestinal parasites,
worms, and related organisms. Contamination of this kind is likely at all points where
waste is handled. Although it is certain that vector insects and rodents can transmit
various pathogenic agents (amoebic and bacillary dysenteries, typhoid fever,
salmonellosis, various parasitoses, cholera, yellow fever, plague, and others), it often is
difficult to trace the effects of such transmission to a specific population. The

implementation of SWM practices benefits both public health and environmental quality
directly and substantially.
The organic, biodegradable component of MSW is important, not only because it
constitutes a sizable fraction of the solid waste stream in a developing country but also
because of its potentially adverse impact on public health and environmental quality. One
major adverse impact is its attraction of rodents and vector insects, for which it provides
food and shelter. Impact on environmental quality takes the form of foul odours and
unsightliness. These impacts are not confined merely to the disposal site; they pervade the
surrounding area and anywhere that wastes are generated, spread, or accumulated. Unless
organic waste is managed appropriately, its adverse impact continues until it has fully
decomposed or otherwise stabilized.
6.4.2 The Solid Waste Management System
Solid waste can be defined as non liquid material that no longer has any value to the
person who is responsible for it. The words rubbish, garbage, trash, or refuse are often
used as synonyms when talking about solid waste. In urban areas, solid waste is generated
by domestic households, commercial and industrial enterprises, and health care and
institutional activities, as well as on the streets. Street refuse contains a mixture of refuse
from many sources, because streets are used as dumping grounds by all generators of
waste. Where sanitation facilities are lacking and a large animal population roams the
streets, street refuse contains a lot of human fecal matter and manure. Streets are also
often used for extensive dumping of construction and demolition debris—attracting
further dumping of solid waste.
The term municipal solid waste refers to solid waste from houses, streets and public
places, shops, offices, and hospitals. Management of these types of waste is most often
the responsibility of municipal or other governmental authorities. Although solid waste
from industrial processes is generally not considered municipal waste, it nevertheless
needs to be taken into account when dealing with solid waste because it often ends up in
the MSW stream. A typical waste management system in a low- or middle-income
country includes the following elements:
 Waste generation and storage

 Segregation, reuse, and recycling at the household level
 Primary waste collection and transport to a transfer station or community bin
 Street sweeping and cleansing of public places
 Management of the transfer station or community bin
 Secondary collection and transport to the waste disposal site
 Waste disposal in landfills
 Collection, transport, and treatment of recyclables at all points on the solid waste
pathway (collection, storage, transport, and disposal)
In the past, these important elements of waste management were often regarded only
from an engineering and technical viewpoint. It is essential to realize that these elements
are embedded in the local institutional, socio cultural, and economic context, which is
further influenced by national politics, policies, and legislation as well as national and
global and economic factors.
Physical handling of solid waste and recyclables (storage, collection, transport,
treatment, and so on) is just one SWM activity; it alone cannot fulfill the requirement for
sustainable and integrated solutions. Other activities are equally important:
 Making policy, as well as setting and enforcing standards and regulations
 Evaluating data on waste generation and characterization for the purposes of
planning and adapting system elements
 Ensuring that workers and planners get training and capacity development
 Carrying out public information and awareness and education programs
 Identifying and implementing financial mechanisms, economic instruments, and
cost-recovery systems
 Incorporating formal and informal elements of the private sector as well as
community-based activities and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)
6.4.3 Existing condition of solid waste management
• Solid waste management in Karaikal town is taken care by the Karaikal
municipality.
• The solid waste is collected on a daily basis which is not a door to door collection
system.

• Out of the 18 wards in Karaikal town, 12 wards were Privatized on a contract
basis and 6 wards were taken care by the municipality.
• A door to door collection is being tried in 2 wards of the town namely khader
sultan ward and valatheru ward with Indo-French collaboration.
• The total amount of solid waste collected daily ranges from 25 to 30 tons/day.
• The collected solid waste is taken to the dumping yard in lorries located at
Karaikalmedu in the north eastern part of town whose total area is around 6
acres.
6.4.4 Issues
• The existing dumping yard is only sufficient to meet the demands of the present
population but for the estimated population during the year 2033, a new
dumping yard has to be provided.
• The present dumping yard is located near the settlements i.e. Karaikalmedu
which creates unhygienic environment in that surrounding.

6.4.5 Proposals
• Door to Door collection of solid waste system shall be implemented.
• Vermi Composting of Solid Waste
Vermi Composting is one of the options for treatment of solid waste. Vermi composting
involves the stabilization of organic solid waste through earthworm consumption which converts
the material into worm castings. Vermi composting is the result of combined activity of
microorganisms and earthworms. Microbial decomposition of biodegradable organic matter
occurs through extracellular enzymatic activities (primary decomposition) whereas
decomposition in earthworm occurs in elementary tract by micro-organisms inhabiting the gut
(secondary decomposition). Microbes such as fungi, actinomycetes, protozoa etc. are reported
to inhabit the gut of earthworms. Ingested feed substrates are subjected to grinding in the
interior part of the worms gut (gizzard) resulting in particle size reduction.
Vermi technology, a tripartite system which involves biomass, microbes and earthworms
is influenced by the abiotic factors such as temperature, moisture, aeration etc. Microbial
ecology changes according to change of abiotic factors in the biomass but decomposition never
ceases. Conditions unfavorable to aerobic decomposition result in mortality of earthworms and
subsequently no Vermi composting occurs.
Vermi composting may be done using compost beds as well as tanks at both household
and community levels.

CHAPTER 7
LAND USE
7.1 INTRODUCTION
The most important element in any plan is the land use plan. For, it is the land use
element that determines the holding capacity which can be reasonably be accommodated
in a given area and their distribution and density.
The Land Use Plan is a vital part of the Development Plan. The process of Land
Use Planning is a public policy exercise that designates and regulates the use of land in
order to improve a community’s physical, economic, and social efficiency and well-
being. By considering socioeconomic trends as well as physical and geographical features
(such as topography and ecology), planning helps identify the preferred land uses that will
support local development goals. The final outcome is allocation and zoning of land for
specific uses, regulation of the intensity of use, and formulation of legal and
administrative instruments that support the plan.
7.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF LAND USE SECTOR
The Preparation of Development plan helps to understand the Land Use
allocations and permitted uses. The Study of land uses helps to understand the functions
and spatial characteristics of them. Demarcation of an area for specified uses shall be
done and indicated by different colors in the Development plan. It may have
homogeneous characteristics.
7.3 OBJECTIVES FOR LAND USE PLANNING
1. To analyze the existing land use pattern
2. To estimate the future land requirements and identify alternatives for land use.
3. To select and adopt the best land use options available.
4. To allocate land uses to meet the economic and social needs of people while
safeguarding future resources.

DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR KARAIKALFINAL

DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR KARAIKALFINAL

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