5. Basal cell & Squamous cell carcinoma
Epidemiology:
• Mean age 70 yr
• Lower in darker-skinned ethnic group
• Basal cell (BCC)>Squamous (SCC)>Melanoma (MM)
• 85-95% of all BCC & SCC occur in head & neck region
• 12% of these tumours in auricle
• SCC: External ear & upper face
• BCC: Midface & auricle
6. Pathophysiology/Risk factors
1. Sun exposure: ultraviolet radiation (SCC> BCC)
2. Actinic keratosis: small, scaly lesions, common
(Actinic keratosis60% SCC)
3. Keratoacanthoma: benign conditionspontaneous resolution or
SCC
4. Exposure to radiation
5. Immunosupression: 5-16 fold
7. 7. Xeroderma pigmentosa: Autosomal recessive, DNA repair
mechanism, SCC and BCC at young age
8. Trauma
9. Frostbite
10. Psoriasis
11.Aflatoxin B
12. Nevoid basal cell syndrome (Gorlin’s syndrome): Autosomal
dominant, multiple pigmented BCC once reach puberty
13. Chronic otitis externa
8. Pathology
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)
Variants of BCC:
Nodular: most common, least aggressive,
bleeds easily
Ulcerative: “Rodent ulcer”
Pigmented:
Superficial:
Morpheaform/sclerosing: Most aggressive,
highest rate of recurrence
Basaloid squamous
9. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)
• Plaque to nodule or ulcer
• Variants of SCC, less common than BCC
• Keratin pearl
• Variants of SCC:
Nodular
Ulcerative
Pigmented: confused with melanoma
Spindle shaped subtype: radiated skin
Verrucous- locally destructive
Basaloid squamous
Adenoid squamous
10. Diagnosis
• Clinical evaluation
• Biopsy:
• Lesion with change in colour, size, shape,
friable or ulcerated
Punch biopsy- preserves architecture of the
lesion for histologic analysis, depth of
lesion, excision with precise margin.
• Imaging studies (CT, MRI): rarely needed
13. Limitations of AJCC staging in malignancy of ear
Thin skin of ear early involvement of deeper structure T4
T4- doesn’t have similar prognosis or require radical treatment
like in other sites
Staging based on sizeless practical (unique anatomy of ear)
Even small tumours eg. preauricular, concha or
tragusextensive surgery
Doesn’t account for different histologies: BCC may act
differently than SCC
15. Surgical Excision
• Most common form of treatment
• Appropriate margin of resection difficult
• BCC:
– 8 mm for <3 cm
– 1.5 cm for >3cm (Bumstead et al., 1981)
• 2-3 mm for <1cm
• 3-5mm for 1-2 cm
• 7-10mm-morpheaform histology (Scotto et al., 1983)
• SCC:
1-2 cm surgical margin (Bumstead et al., 1981)
16. Mohs’ Surgery
Dr. Frederick Mohs in 1941
• Serial horizontal sectioning of tumor & surrounding tissue with
immediate microscopic analysisconfirm the margins clear of
tumour
• Fixed in vivo with zinc chloride
• Several advantages over traditional wide local excision
Horizontal section of entire margin analysis of small islands of
tumor cells
Avoids unnecessary excision of normal tissue
Less recurrences following Mohs’ surgery
17. • Recommended method for
Malignancy arising in vital area
Recurrent or previously treated area
Aggressive histopathology
Larger carcinoma >1cm
Poorly defined margin
18. • Mohs’ surgery: overall cure rates for auricular carcinoma- 98% for
BCC and 92% for SCC (Mohs F, 1998 and Niparko et al., 1990)
19. Other surgical techniques:
For small non-agressive tumours with clearly
defined margin
• Curettage and electrodesiccation
• Cryosurgery: -40°c, cure rate exceeds 95%
Cryogun used to
spray liquid nitrogen
21. 5 year recurrence rates for previously treated BCC
(Rowe et al., 1989)
22. Radiation Therapy
• Advantages
Avoids tissue defects, unfit patients, refuse surgery & tumour
involving adjacent areas
• Disadvantages
Multiple treatments, more costly, risk of radiation induced tumour
• Regimen vary from center to center
• Common regimen
– 20 Gy, 2# very small tumor
– 30-40 Gy for 2-4 cm volume
– 60-65 Gy for large tumors
• Cure rate comparable to surgery for <1 cm
23. • Non surgical options
– Topical 5-Fluoruracil (5-20% concentration)
– Intralesional interferon-alpha
– Use of photodynamic therapy
• Treatment of recurrent disease- more difficult
Aggressive tumours, margins less precise and disrupted
anatomy due to prior treatmentreconstruction more difficult
• Treatment of metastatic neck disease
– Overall recurrence rate for BCC- <5% and SCC- 10 to 15%
– Elective neck dissection - Controversy
28. Malignant melanoma
Epidemiology:
• Incidence increasing
• Accounts for majority of deaths from skin malignancies
• 7-13% of all head & neck malignancy, 1% of all melanoma
• 65-79 yr
• Lower in black & dark skinned people
• Lower in woman- more attention paid on appearance & more
regular physician visits
31. Diagnosis
• Keen eyes, diligent physical examination
• Majority arises from pre-existing naevi
• A B C D (Asymmetry, Border, Color, Diameter)
• Excisional biopsy
• HPE: Variable
• Immunohistochemistry: S-100, Vimentin, HMB-
45
• Role of imaging
32.
33.
34. Treatment
Surgery
• Tumour thickness- correlates with survival
• 1cm for 1mm thickness & 2cm for larger
• Mohs’ Surgery: Controversy
• Overall cure rate: 68%
• Recurrence between 1-3 yr, follow up every 1-2 month
• Role of radiation
• Traditionally considered to be radioresistant
• For local control of paritally resected melanoma
35. Treatment of neck metastasis
• 17% nodal disease at presentation
• Auricular melanoma risk 42%
• Parotid & upper jugular digastric
• Radical or modified neck dissection for melanoma- No studies
to demonstrate differences
• Post-operative RT
• Elective neck dissection: Controversy
• Treatment of advanced disease: 10% 10 yr survival
36. Other tumours
• Merkel cell carcinoma:
One of the most aggressive
High recurrence and metastases rate
Neuroendocrine tumour
Pleuripotent basal cells
Rapidly growing, firm, nodular
Wide local excision
Radiosensitive
37. • Malignant fibrous histiocytoma
• Dermatofibrosarcoma
• Angiosarcoma
• Metastatic disease from other sites
39. Contd…
• All three primordial layers temporal bone spectrum of
neoplasms
• Benign & malignant
• Neither AJCC nor the UICCsystem for classifying temporal
bone tumours
• Difference in growth rate & sites of origin varied
presentations
41. Benign tumours of EAC and middle ear cleft
Exostosis
• Benign
• Deep part of bony canal, adjacent to TM
• Smooth, sessile, multiple, inner part of
meatus & bilateral
• Relationship with cold water exposure
• Asymptomatic
• >80% stenosis: Symptomatic
48. Pathophysiology/Risk factors:
• Risk factors - not well defined
• Chronic otitis media:
Strongly suggests but not invariably associated
• Human papilloma virus: HPV 16 and 18 (Jin et al., 1997)
• Radium dial workers
• External beam radiation
• Ultraviolent radiation and other forms of radiation: no
strong link?
49. • Incidence: old age
EAC
• Squamous cell carcinoma: most
common
• Hidradenocarcinoma
• BCC, melanoma & mucoepidermoid
carcinoma
Middle ear
• SCC (80%), adenocarcinoma, BCC &
adenoid cystic carcinoma
Well differentiated SCC of EAC
50. Behavior of SCC of external auditory canal & middle ear
• Escape from the EAC and middle ear
cleft several directions
• Superiorly
• Posteriorly
• Anteriorly
• Inferiorly
• Medially
• Laterally
51.
52.
53. MRI coronal view of the temporal bone showing mass from
the left mastoid area extending out to involve external ear
canal and skin
54. MRI axial view of the temporal bone showing tumour
eroding left lateral semicircular canal
55. MRI axial view showing the left temporal lobe involvement
and cerebellar compression
56. Signs & Symptoms
• Change in pattern: may be only clue
• Growth
• Pain
• Discharge
• Deteriorating hearing
• Facial paralysis, hemi facial spasm
• Lower cranial nerve palsy
• Trismus
• Lymphadenopathy
Differential diagnosis: Otitis Externa,
COM
An exophytic mass within EAC
61. Treatment
• Surgical treatment followed by radiotherapy
• Extent of surgery controversial
• En block Vs Piecemeal
• Radical mastoidectomy
• Problem of local recurrence
• Extensive surgery Complete temporal bone resection
62. Sleeve Resection
• Tumours confined to skin & soft
tissue of cartilaginous portion of
EAC
• T 1
• Red line
• Incision – medial and lateral
• Involved skin & underlying cartilage
resectedwide meatoplasty
• Split-thickness skin graft
63. Lateral Temporal Bone Resection
• Tumours involving bony & cartilaginous
part (not involved annulus & tympanic
cavity)
• T 2
• Entire external auditory canal + TM +
Malleus + Incus resected ‘en-bloc’
(Blue Line)
• Facial nerve dissected from stylomastoid
foramen to pes anserinus
• Superficial parotidectomy
• Eustachian tube - plugged
67. Modified Lateral Temporal Bone Resection
• Tumor extension to tympanic cavity or mastoid air cell
• T3
• Facial nerve sacrificed
• Posterior petrosectomy- bone removal posteriorly back to the
transverse sinus & posterior fossa dura
• Tegmen tympani removed
• Perilabyrinthine, retrofacial cells opened down to jugular bulb
• More extensive defect: temporalis and sternocleidomastoid
muscle flaps rotated inobliterate the defect
68. Subtotal Temporal Bone Resection
• Extensively encroach tympanic
cavity
• T3
• Entire temporal bone lateral to
petrous carotid artery en bloc
• If necessary: Portion of dura,
sigmoid sinus, parotid gland,
ramus of mandible, subtotal
parotidectomy
• Facial nerve transected
69. Total Temporal Bone Resection
• Sacrifice of carotid artery
• T 4
Light green line
• Most important decision is not to
operate at all (Gustafson et al., 2003)
• Invasion of cavernous sinus, ICA,
infratemporal fossa, paraspinous
muscle-surgically incurable
70. Radiation therapy
• Radiotherapy for curative treatment – limited success
• 5-year cure rate RT alone 28.7%, RT+ Surgery 59.6%
(Zhang et al.,1999)
• Higher doses- toxicity to brainstem
• Adjuvant therapy & palliation
• Side effects and complications- osteoradionecrosis, facial nerve
pasly & brain necrosis
• No randomized study-effect of radiation on survival & recurrence
71. Treatment of metastasis
• Regional & distant metastasis from temporal bone malignancy-low
• Nodal diseases at the time of presentation- 9% to 18%
(Pensak ML, 2003)
• Upper jugulodiagastric & parotid nodes- most commonly involved
• Neck dissection - no improvement in survival
• Superficial parotidectomy in every patient with more than
superficial disease & neck dissection reserved for known
adenopathy
72. Other epithelial malignancy:
• BCC
• Melanoma
Glandular malignant lesion
• Adenoid cystic carcinoma- most common
glandular malignancy in EAC
• Ceruminous adenocarcinoma
• Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
Sarcomas:
Fibrosarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma,
Ewing’s sarcoma, Kaposi’s sarcoma
& chondrosarcoma
Meatastasis to temporal bone: breast, lung,
kidney, stomach, brochus & prostate
Secondary tumor of temporal bone
Spreading from adjaent areas: Parotid,
nasopharyngeal, auricular & meningioma
73.
74. Tumours in childhood
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS)
• Rhabdo-rod shaped, myo- muscle
• Most common soft tissue sarcoma in children
• Ear 3rd
most common after nasopharynx & orbit
• Meningeal, parameningeal & orbital
• Majority - before 12 years (average age - 4.4 years)
• Types:
1. Embryonal–nearly all of the head & neck rhabdomyosarcoma
2. Alveolar – worst prognosis
3. Pleomorphic
4. Botryoid – best survival
75. RMS contd…
Clinical features: (Prat J, 1997)
1. Mass in ear region 56%
2. Aural polyp 54%
3. Ear discharge 40%
4. Bleeding from ear 30%
5. Ear pain 22%
6. Hearing loss 14%
7. Facial paralysis 14%
Diagnosis
• Biopsy
• PCR
• Bone marrow
• CT
• MRI
76. International Rhabdomyosarcoma Study (IRS)
Based on tumour resectability:
• Group I - Tumour completely removed
• Group II - Microscopic residual tumour, involved regional nodes,
or both
• Group III - Gross residual tumour
• Group IV - Distant metastatic disease