Integrated Pest Management on Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench)

2. DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY
ALLAHABAD SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE
SAM HIGGINBOTTOM INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE TECHNOLOGY &
SCIENCES
[Formerly-Allahabad Agricultural Institute]
(Deemed-to-be-University)
ALLAHABAD- 211007, U.P., INDIA
SUBMMITED BY,
RAKESH KR. MEENA
SUBMITTED TO,
DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY

3. OKRA
B.N.:- Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench
Family :- Malvaceae
Origin :- Africa

4. Participation Area
(mt)
Production
(mt)
Productivity
(ton/ha)
World 1147.95 7896 6.90
India 498 5784 11.60
Madhya
Pradesh
25.74 297 11.5
Anonymous, 2012-13

5. S.
N.
Common
Name
Scientific name Order Family
1 Shoot and
fruit borer
Earias vittella Fabricius
Earias insulana Boisduval
Lepidoptera Noctuidae
2 Jassid Amarasca biguttula
biguttula Ishida
Hemiptera Cicadellidae
3 Whitefly Bemisia tabaci
Gennadius
Hemiptera Aleyrodidae
4 Aphid Aphis gossypii Glover Hemiptera Aphididae
5 Red cotton
bug
Dysdercus cingulatus
Fabricius
Hemiptera Pyrrhocoridae

6. Scientific name- Earias vittella Fabricius
Earias insulana Boisduval
Order- Lepidoptera
Family- Noctuidae
Adult of Earias vittella Fabricius
Mark of identification :-
1. The moth of Earias vittella white fore wing with a green streak on each of than
while the Earias insulana completely green.
2. The moth of both has a wing expansion of about 25 mm. Full grown larvae are 20-
25 mm in long.
3. E. insulana larva has cream colour body and no. of orange dots on prothorax. Are
present.
www.shootandfruitborer.in

7. E. Vittella
•Egg: Sculptured egg and sky blue in colour
Larva –brownish with white streaks dorsally and
pale yellow ventrally.
Adult–Forewing – pale with a wedge shaped green
band in the middle.
www.shootandfruitborer.in

8. E. insulana
Larva – Brown with dorsum showing a white median
longitudinal streak.
Pupa – Brown and boat shaped.
Adult– Forewing – uniformly silvery green
Earias insulana
www.earias insulana.in

9. Nature of damage:-
1. The damage caused by the larvae.
2. Which bore into the growing shoot buds, flowers, and fruits and feed on the
internal contents.
3. The infested shoots wither, droop and die.
4. The infested fruits appear deformed and show holes on them plugged with
excreta
5. Due to larval feeding and presence of excreta inside, the fruit become unfit for
human consumption.
Larvae of Okra shoot and fruit borer Damage symptom fruit of Okra

10. Life cycle:-
 Female moth lays eggs singly on the flower buds, bract, leaves and fruits
during night.
 A female lays 200-400 eggs in her life time.
 The eggs hatch in 2-10 days.
 The full-grown larvae pupate either on the plant or on the ground among the
fallen leaves in dirty white boat-shaped cocoon of tough silk .
 The pupal period lasts for 7-16 days.
 A year 7-12 generation have been reported.

11. 14-21 days
Adult
Pupa
larva
Egg
2-10 days2-4 days
7-14 days
http.www.eariasvittella lifecycle.in
Life cycle

12. Marks of identification:-
The nymphs are pale green in colour . The adults measuring 3.5mm
length are wedge shaped, pale green colour with a black spot on each
forewing and two spots on vertex of the head.
Nature of damage:-
The damage is caused by both nymphs and adult which suck the sap from the
under surface of leaves, the infected leaves turn yellow, dry up along the margins
and become brownish in colour.
Scientific name-Amarasca biguttula biguttula Ishida
Order- Hemiptera
Family- Cicadellidae
Okra leaf hopper
2. JASSID
www.jassid.in

13. 1. The female hopper insects about 15 eggs inside leaf veins and the incubation
period range from 4 to 11 days.
2. The nymph become full grown in 7 to 25 days depending upon climatic
conditions.
3. The life cycle is completed in 15 to 16 days.
4. The completes 7 to 11 generation in a year.
Life cycle:-
Life cycle of Amarasca biguttula biguttula Ishida
4-11 days
7-9 days
2-3 days egg
adult nymph
www.aphidlifecycle.in
Life cycle

14. Marks of identification:-
Adult are small, yellow with hyaline wings dusted with waxy
powder, nymphs are tiny, crawl on leaf surface and secrets honey dew.
Nature of damage:-
Both nymph and adults this pest causes damage in two ways;
(a) vitality of the plant is lowered through the loss of cell sap (b) normal
photosynthesis is interfered due to growth of a sooty mould on the honey dew
extruded by the insect.
Scientific name - Bemisia tabaci Gennadius
Order – Hemiptera
Family - Aleyrodidae
Adult of Okra white fly
3. WHITEFLY
www.whitefly.in

15. Life cycle:-
1 Female lays about 125 eggs during her life.
2. Which hatch in 3 to 5 days in summer and 5 to 33 days in winter.
3. The nymphs on emergence suck the cell sap from the under surface of
leaves and grow into three stages to form the pupae with 9 to 14 days in
summer and 17 to 33 days in winter.
4. The pupal period lasts for 2 to 8 days.
5. Total life cycle completes with in 14 to 107 days depending on weather
condition.
6. There are 10 to 12 overlapping generations per year.

16. www.whitefly.life cycle

17. Marks of identification :
Adult are small 2 mm long, yellow, green or black in colour soft-bodied insects.
They are provided with a pair or small tubular structure projecting out from dorsal
surface of the posterior region of the body known as cornicals.
Nature of damage
Both nymph and adults suck the cell sap from the under surface of the leaves in very
large numbers.
Severe infestation result in curling of leaves. Stunted growth and gradual drying up
resulting into death of young plants.
Scientific name- Aphis gossypii Glover
Order- Hemiptera
Family- Aphididae
Okra Aphid
4. APHID
www.aphid.in

18. Life cycle:-
1 The alate as well as rapturous females multiply
parthenogenesis and viviparity.
2 A female usually produces 8 to 22 nymphs per day.
3 Which become adult within 7 to 9 days.
4 They are green or brown in colour.
5 Adult is 2 mm. long and yellow green or black in colour with a pair of
cornicles on the abdomen.
6 Adults may be winged or wingless.
7 life cycle span 7-10 days.
8 many generation in a year.
( Tembhare, 2009)

19. Marks of Identification:-
The adult insect is about 15 mm long, the male slightly shorter than the
female. The body is predominantly red with transverse white marking on the
ventral surface. The forewings are half (anterior) reddish brown with a black dot
each and, the hind wings are entirely black. The eyes, antennae and legs are
blackish.
Nature of damage :-
Both nymphs and adults suck the leaf and fruit sap. The plants become weak
and stunted, the leaves and fruits may curl up.
Scientific Name – Dysdercus cingulatus Fabricius
Order- Hemiptera
Family- Pyrrhocoridae
Adult of red cotton bug
5. RED COTTON BUG
www.rcb.in

20. Life cycle:-
The eggs are laid in clusters of 80-100 in cracks of the soil or dry
leaves near the plants. The nymphs hatch out in about 7 days and
become adults in 40-85 days. The red coloured nymphs are marked by a
row of 3 black spots in the middle of the abdomen and 3 white spots on
either margin of it.
Okra red cotton bug www.rcb.lifecycle

21. It is a pest management system that, in the context of associated environment and
population dynamics of the pest species, utilizes all suitable techniques and methods
in as compatible a manner as possible and maintains pest population at levels below
those causing economic injury. It is not simply the superimposition of two control
techniques but the integration of all suitable management techniques with the natural
regulating and limiting elements of the environment.
(FAO,1967)
Tools of IPM :-
1. Cultural practice:
2. Mechanical & Physical
3. Biological control
4. Chemical control:
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT ON OKRA

22. .
1. Removal of alternate host plant near the okra field will help in minimizing the
infestation of shoot and fruit borer.
2. Destruction of alternate wild and cultivated hosts will help in minimizing the
infestation of white fly.
3. Use of resistance varieties like pusa makhmali, HB-55 kalyanpur Boni etc. for okra
shoot and fruit borer .
4. Use of resistant variety like IIHR-4, Punjab-7, AE-30, etc for jassid.
5 Use of resistant variety like Perkins long green, Parbhani Kranti, Namaun, AE-22,
HB-7 etc. for whitefly.
6. Intercropping with leguminous crops, such as cowpea prevents pest appearance
in okra for jassid and aphid.
CULTURAL PRACTICE

23. 8. Mass killing of the nymphs and adults by hand picking.
9. Ploughing the field to destroy the eggs.
10. Use of resistant variety like IIHR-4, Punjab-7, AE-30, etc. for Red
Cotton Bug.
CULTURAL PRACTICES

24. Such measures involves the use of physical components of environment for the use of
labour with or without the help of special equipment. Such measures give quick result
there for these are popular among the farmers but it is laborious and time consuming
and not possible on large scale. The important components are as follow:-
1. Damaged fruit should be regularly removed and buried deep into the soil to
minimize the build up of pest population.
2. Installation of pheromone traps @ 12/ha against okra shoot and fruit borer .
3. Use of light traps @ 1/ha against okra shoot and fruit borer.
4. Using yellow sticky traps for whitefly and Aphid.
MECHANICAL & PHYSICAL

25. 1. Release of Trichogramma chilonis eggs @1lakh/ha with start of incidence of
the pest against okra shoot and fruit borer.(Raja,1999 )
2. The coccinellid beetles (Coccinella septumpunctata and Menochilus
sexmacuiatus ) and chrysoperlla are some common insects found to be
predaceous on this pest against aphid. (Jazem A. Mahyoub, 2013)
3. Spray of NSKE 4% against aphids.
(krishnamoorathy, 2012 )
4. Chrysoperlla zastrowi sillemi @75000 1st instar larvae /ha .
(Janghel M and Mishra BK, 2015)
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

26. 1. Alternate spray of deltamethrin 10% EC @ 10 gm a.i./ ha against shoot and fruit
borer. Waiting period after sprying of insecticide is 5 days.
2. Emamectin benzoate 5 SG @ 240g/ ha against shoot and fruit borer.
3. 2-3 Spray of Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 1 ml/ 5 liter water. Waiting period after sprying of
insecticide is 3-5 days. (Ghosal A, 2013)
4. 2-3 Spray of spinosad 45 SC @ 1 ml/ 3 liter water against jassid Waiting period after
sprying of insecticide is 5 days.(Kumar S, 2015)
5. Cypermethrin or permethrin 0.005%/ ha provide effective protection of the against
this noxious pest. against shoot and fruit borer. Waiting period after sprying of
insecticide is 5 days. (Shardana HR and Kumar S, 2006)
6. 2-3 Spray of spinosad 45 SC @ 1 ml/ 3 liter water against whity fly.
7. .Application of granular systemic insecticides like Phorate 10G or Carbofuran 3G @
1.0 – 1.5 kg a.i./ ha in furrows at planting has been found effective for 45 – 60 days.
Waiting period after sprying of insecticide is 4-5 days.
CHEMICAL CONTROL

27. Ghosal Abhijit and Chatterjee ML. 2013. Bioefficacy of imidacloprid 17.8 SL
against whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) in brinjal. The Journal of Plant Protection
Sciences 5(1) : 37-41.
Ghosh SK and Chakraborty K. 2015. Integrated field management of jassid (Amrasca
biguttula biguttula, Ishida) infesting ladysfinger (Abelmoschus esculentus L. ).
International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology 4 (2) 459 – 467.
Janghel M, Mishra Ipsita and Mishra BK. 2015. Evaluation of Different Bio Pesticides
Against the Aphid in Okra at Bhubaneswar. American-Eurasian Journal of Agriculture &
Environmental Science 15 (4) : 694-698.
Tembhare DB. 2009. Modern Entomology. P No.524.
Dhaliwal GS. and Arora Ramesh. 2006. Principles of insect pest management. P No.70-
95.
REFERENCE

28.  Whitefly population dynamics in okra plantations, Whitefly population
dynamics in okra plantations
 Anonymous, 2004, District wise estimated area and production of
Horticultural crops, Directorate of Horticulture, Gujarat, Gandhinagar.
 Anonymous, 2007,
 Patel, A.R., 1998, Biology of shoot and fruit borer, Earias vittella (Fab.) and
evaluation of time based schedules of insecticides against pest
complex of okra grown for seed production. M.Sc. (Agri.) Thesis,
B.A.C.A., Anand, Gujarat Agric. Univ., Sardar Krushinagar (India).
 Ghosh S. and Kaushik Chakraborty Department of Agricultural
Entomology, B.C.K.V. (Agricultural University), AINP on Agril.
Acarology, Directorate of Research, Kalyani, Nadia, West
Bengal.
 Germano Lead Demolin Leite Marcelo Picanço Gulab Newandra Jham
and Márcio Dionízio Moreira Whitefly population dynamics in okra
plantations

29. www.ipmpakage.in
www.aphid.in
www.rcb.in
www.whitefly.in
www.jassid.in
www.shootandfruitborer.in
www.okrainsectipm.in
www.okramajorinsectpect.in
www.okrachemicalcontrol.in
www.okrabiologicalcontrol.in
Internet link

30. Thank You