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Each kidney contains over 1 million tiny structures called nephrons. Each nephron has a glomerulus, the site of blood filtration. The glomerulus is a network of capillaries surrounded by a cuplike structure, the glomerular capsule (or Bowman’s capsule). As blood flows through the glomerulus, blood pressure pushes water and solutes from the capillaries into the capsule through a filtration membrane. This glomerular filtration begins the urine formation process.Inside the glomerulus, blood pressure pushes fluid from capillaries into the glomerular capsule through a specialized layer of cells. This layer, the filtration membrane, allows water and small solutes to pass but blocks blood cells and large proteins. Those components remain in the bloodstream. The filtrate (the fluid that has passed through the membrane) flows from the glomerular capsule further into the nephron.The glomerulus filters water and small solutes out of the bloodstream. The resulting filtrate contains waste, but also other substances the body needs: essential ions, glucose, amino acids, and smaller proteins. When the filtrate exits the glomerulus, it flows into a duct in the nephron called the renal tubule. As it moves, the needed substances and some water are reabsorbed through the tube wall into adjacent capillaries. This reabsorption of vital nutrients from the filtrate is the second step in urine creation.The filtrate absorbed in the glomerulus flows through the renal tubule, where nutrients and water are reabsorbed into capillaries. At the same time, waste ions and hydrogen ions pass from the capillaries into the renal tubule. This process is called secretion. The secreted ions combine with the remaining filtrate and become urine. The urine flows out of the nephron tubule into a collecting duct. It passes out of the kidney through the renal pelvis, into the ureter, and down to the bladder.The nephrons of the kidneys process blood and create urine through a process of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Urine is about 95% water and 5% waste products. Nitrogenous wastes excreted in urine include urea, creatinine, ammonia, and uric acid. Ions such as sodium, potassium, hydrogen, and calcium are also excreted
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Answer: Kidneys are the functional units of renal system of rom urine and it is essential to maintain homeostasis. Blood is going to enter into the kidney through renal arteries followed by entry of afferent arterioles into the \"glomerulus of nephrons\" & leave the filtrate (according to concentration gradient) finally exists as efferent arteriole Kidneys are the major organs of urinary system. The filtration of blood takes place in the kidneys through the nephrons. Two ureters carry the urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. From the bladder, urine is excreted out through the urethra. Relatable analogy is presence of \"similar ureters\" and two bean shaped kidenys with nephrons The different stages in glomerular filtration or urine formation are. Filtration: The movement of water and solutes from the plasma into the renal tubules is known as filtration. The major driving force of the filtration is hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus capillaries. Blood passes through the capillaries in the glomerulus, due to the hydrostatic pressure in the Bowman’s capsule, plasma is filtered into the Bowman\'s capsule except blood proteins (this is called ultra-filtration). This filtrate is called glomerular filtrate. Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure exerted by the filtrate in Bowman\'s capsule (15 mm Hg). Absorption (or reabsorption): It is the movement of water and solutes from the renal tubule into the plasma. The process of absorption mostly occurs in the proximal tubules (approximately 70% of the filtrate is reabsorbed from the proximal tubules). The process of reabsorption is driven by hydrostatic and oncotic pressure, which is strictly under hormonal regulation. Oncotic pressure is the pressure exerted by the blood proteins, which draws water in to the circulation. Secretion: Tubular reabsorption of water and other substances back to the blood occur while the glomerular filtrate passes through the tubular portion of nephron. About 99% of water and electrolytes are reabsorbed during this process by both active and passive reabsorption process. During tubular secretion, substances pass from the blood into renal tubules. Excretion: Urine from the renal tubules enter into the collecting duct à Papillary duct à Calyx à Renal pelvis à Ureters à Urinary bladder à Urethra (excreted out of the body.). Normal glomerular filtration rate in the Bowman’s capsule is from 90 to 120 ml / min/1.73 m2. Usually older people do have a bit lower normal GFR levels as it is naturally reduce with age. Given GFR is 35mL/min/1.73 m2 (moderate decrease), it tells about the patient’s kidney function that “a sign of chronic kidney disease” because of diabetes, high blood pressure followed by glomerulonephritis. It is better control blood pressure by hormonal release. The three stages of urine formation are 1. Filtration; 2. Tubular reabsorption & secretion; 3. Water conservation Glomerular filtration (GFR): The formation of urine includes 1. Glomerular filtration .
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Answer: Kidneys are the functional units of renal system of rom urine and it is essential to maintain homeostasis. Blood is going to enter into the kidney through renal arteries followed by entry of afferent arterioles into the \"glomerulus of nephrons\" & leave the filtrate (according to concentration gradient) finally exists as efferent arteriole Kidneys are the major organs of urinary system. The filtration of blood takes place in the kidneys through the nephrons. Two ureters carry the urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. From the bladder, urine is excreted out through the urethra. Relatable analogy is presence of \"similar ureters\" and two bean shaped kidenys with nephrons The different stages in glomerular filtration or urine formation are. Filtration: The movement of water and solutes from the plasma into the renal tubules is known as filtration. The major driving force of the filtration is hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus capillaries. Blood passes through the capillaries in the glomerulus, due to the hydrostatic pressure in the Bowman’s capsule, plasma is filtered into the Bowman\'s capsule except blood proteins (this is called ultra-filtration). This filtrate is called glomerular filtrate. Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure exerted by the filtrate in Bowman\'s capsule (15 mm Hg). Absorption (or reabsorption): It is the movement of water and solutes from the renal tubule into the plasma. The process of absorption mostly occurs in the proximal tubules (approximately 70% of the filtrate is reabsorbed from the proximal tubules). The process of reabsorption is driven by hydrostatic and oncotic pressure, which is strictly under hormonal regulation. Oncotic pressure is the pressure exerted by the blood proteins, which draws water in to the circulation. Secretion: Tubular reabsorption of water and other substances back to the blood occur while the glomerular filtrate passes through the tubular portion of nephron. About 99% of water and electrolytes are reabsorbed during this process by both active and passive reabsorption process. During tubular secretion, substances pass from the blood into renal tubules. Excretion: Urine from the renal tubules enter into the collecting duct à Papillary duct à Calyx à Renal pelvis à Ureters à Urinary bladder à Urethra (excreted out of the body.). Normal glomerular filtration rate in the Bowman’s capsule is from 90 to 120 ml / min/1.73 m2. Usually older people do have a bit lower normal GFR levels as it is naturally reduce with age. Given GFR is 35mL/min/1.73 m2 (moderate decrease), it tells about the patient’s kidney function that “a sign of chronic kidney disease” because of diabetes, high blood pressure followed by glomerulonephritis. It is better control blood pressure by hormonal release. The three stages of urine formation are 1. Filtration; 2. Tubular reabsorption & secretion; 3. Water conservation Glomerular filtration (GFR): The formation of urine includes 1. Glomerular filtration .
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Kidneys& Its Function
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Renal Blood Vessels
(continued) Insert fig. 17.5 www.freelivedoctor.com
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Glomerular Filtration Membrane
(continued) Insert fig. 17.8 www.freelivedoctor.com
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
Reabsorption in Proximal
Tubule Insert fig. 17.13 www.freelivedoctor.com
23.
24.
25.
Salt and Water
Reabsorption in Proximal Tubule Insert fig. 17.14 www.freelivedoctor.com
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
Osmolality of Different
Regions of the Kidney Insert fig. 17.19 www.freelivedoctor.com
35.
36.
37.
38.
Proximal Tubule Insert
fig. 17.13 www.freelivedoctor.com Secretion
39.
40.
41.
Renal Clearance of
Inulin Insert fig. 17.22 www.freelivedoctor.com
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
(continued) Insert fig. 17.25 www.freelivedoctor.com
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
Acidification of Urine
Insert fig. 17.28 www.freelivedoctor.com
60.
61.
62.
Clinical Diuretics Sites
of Action Insert fig. 17.29 www.freelivedoctor.com
63.
64.
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