4. Who are the Tribes
Communities are notified as ST under Article
342 of the Constitution based on the following
Characteristics
- Primitive Traits
- Geographically Isolated
- Distinct Culture
- Economic backwardness
- Shyness of Contact with Community at Large
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5. Status of Indian tribal's
Tribal people constitute roughly 8% of the
nation’s total population, over 84 million
people according to the 2001 census.
Population and growth rate of STs (1971-2001) (in million)
Sources : census of India
Census year Population Growth rate
STs
Total STs
1971 548.1 38.0 26.3
1981 683.4 51.6 35.8
1991 846.3 67.8 31.4
2001 1027.0 88.8 31.0
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7. Tribal literate population
sources: Ministry of tribal
Year 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001
Total literate
population
8.5% 11.3% 16.3% 29.65% 47.10%
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8. Tribal Populations remain Under-
served
Many tribal habitats are inaccessible. Consequently, effects of
development are either lacking or are sub-standard. Abject poverty
of the tribal people is resultant and compounds the problem.
According to the development indicators prepared by the Planning
Commission, about 35% of STs are below the poverty line.
Item
Distribution in %
Amongst the STs
Cultivators 54.50
Agricultural Labourers 32.69
Household Industry 1.04
Other Workers 11.76
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9. Economic status
The large number of STs are landless with no
productive assets and with no access to
sustainable employment and minimum wages.
Population living below property line
sources : tribal in India Nishi k Dixit2006 pg: 55
table:7
Category 1993-94
Rural
1993-94
Urban
1999-2000
Rural
1999-2000
Urban
Total 37.27 32.38 27.09 23.62
STs 51.94 41.14 45.86 34.75
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10. Cause of backwardness
• Barter and exchange
• Lack of Co-operation
• Poor manufacturing
• Specialization
• Nation of property
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11. Feature of tribal economy
• Forest based economy
• Simple technology
• Absence of profit in economic dealing
• Periodical markets
• Gifts and ceremonial exchange
• Absence of capital investment
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12. Loan requirement of tribals
• lean period consumption and festival
celebration
• Religious ceremonies
• Unforeseen expenditure etc
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13. Why credit for tribal's ?
• Absence of tribal land right
Agriculture census 1990-91
• Lack of proper livelihood means.
Sl.
No.
State Case filed in
court
Area covered
1. A.P 65,875 2,87,776
2 BIHAR 86,291 1,04,893
3 GUJARAT 47,926 1,40,324
4 KARNATAKA 42,582 1,30,373
5 M.P 53,806 1,58,398
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14. Cont..
• Land holding pattern
• Exploitation and land alienation caused by
traders
• Land alienation through cash crop cultivation
• Migration trends among tribal's
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15. Land alienation caused by industrialization
Displacement of tribal families
Sources :THRTI, Bhubaneswar
District Name of the project Forest area
covered
No. of tribal
families
displacement
Koraput NALCO and other industrial
project
Machkund hydel Dam
Balimela project
Upper Kolab Multipurpouse
project
2000
-
-
-
-
-
1500
2000
7092
5000
Koraput/kalah
andi
Upper indrabati project - 5000
Sungargarh Rourkela steel plant 13,185 -
Keonjhar Salendi Dam - 965
All Orissa Sanctuaries(16) park(12) 7395 -
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16. Money leader defects
• They charge sky high rate of interest varying
between 40%-60%.
• They buy tribal produce at low price
• They manipulate the A/c to their own benefit
• When tribal fail to repay the loan they grab
their land leading to sub-division and
fragmentation .
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17. Mode of credit
• Non Formal
– Relative, friends, money lender, etc
• Institutional
– Nabard,
– SETBI,:- SHG, JLG
- LAMPS
- Cooperative society
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18. “ The Indian adivasi is born
in debt lives in debts, dies
in debts and bequeaths
debts.”
-Royal commission on agriculture
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21. Bibliography
• The silenced drums: a review of tribal
economic development, Dr. K.G
Karmakar,2002,northen book centre, new
Delhi.
• Rural credit and self help groups: micro
finance needs and concepts in India, K.G
Karmakar, 1999, saga publications, new Delhi
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