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mrs.Klfha úldYh


bÈrsm;A lsrsu ( rð;a úÿrx. fma%unkaÿ
               cd;sl ;reK fiajd iud.u”
               uyr.u’
mrs.Kl ;dlaIKfha ÈhQKQj Wfoid'''''

   mrs.Kl ksmoùfï ;dlaIKfha l%ñl
    ÈhQKQj“

   mrs.Kl ks¾udK lafIa;%fha kj
    fidhd.ek_ï“

                fya;= mdol úh’
b;sydifhka ì|la’’’’’
jI_h     ksmehQu        ksmehQïlre     igyk
1642   meial,hska       íf,ahia      m%:u ls%hdldÍ
       hka;%h           meial,a      .Ks;lu_
                                     hka;%h
1823   wdka;r tkaðu     pd,aia
       (Difference      nefíca
       Engine)
1834   úYaf,aIl         pd,aia       äcsg,a
       hka;%h(Analyti   nefíca       mrs.Klhla
       cal Engine)                   ksmoùfï m%:u
                                     mshjr
1946   ENIAC            uekaÉ,s iy   m%:u
                        bl¾Ü         bf,lafgdksl
                                     mrs.Kk hka;%h
jI_h     ksmehQu      ksmehQïlre        igyk

1949      EDSAC        úlalSia     m%:u jevigyka
                                   mrs.Klh


1953       701           IBM       m%:u IBM
                                   bf,lafgdksl
                                   mrs.Klh

1956     System 305     IBM        oDv ;eáhlA iys;
                                   m%:u mrs.Klh
       (305 RAMMAC)
1960      PDP-1          DEC       m%:u ñkS
                                   mrs.Klh
1964    System 360       IBM       fj<|m,g ksl=;al,
                                   m%:u mrs.Kl
                                   ud,dj
jI_h    ksmehQu          ksmehQïlre          igyk

1964       6600              CDC          m%:u úÌ;Aul
                                          iQmsrs mrs.Klh
1971     Intel 4004          Intel        m%:u uhsfl%da
                                          fm%dafiirh

1971   8 “ Floppy Disk        IBM         m%:u äiAlÜgQj

1974       8080              Intel        ÑmA iys; m%:u
                                          nyQld¾h
                                          mrs.Klh( 8-
                                          bit)
1981     CD (Digital     Philips & Sony   m%:u Y%jH
          Audio)                          ixhQlA; ;eáh
jI_h   ksmehQu      ksmehQïlre          igyk
1981     IBM PC         IBM         fm!oA.,sl mrs.Kl
                                    (Personal Computer)
                                     hQ.fhA iudrïNh
1985   CD – Rom        Philips      m%:u ixhQlA; ;eá
                                    lshùfï WmlrKh

1990     HTML       áï n¾k¾iA ,S      HTML ;dlAIKh
       ;dlAIKh                      wkQidrfhkA f,dAl
                                    jHdmA; cd,h(world
                                    wide web) ks¾udKh
                                            ùu’

1993    Pentium         Intel       Intel iud.u Pentium
                                   fm%dfiirh y÷kAjdÈu’

1995   Windows 95     Microsoft    Microsoft iud.u m%:u
                                     moAO;s uD¥ldx.h
                                        y÷kAjdÈu’
jI_h   ksmehQu      ksmehQïlre          igyk
1997    AMD K6          AMD         AMD iud.u ;u
                                    fm%dfiirh m%:u
                                       y÷kAjdÈu’

2001   Windows XP     Microsoft      Microsoft iud.u
                                  Windows XP uD¥ldx.h
                                       y÷kAjdÈu’

2002   Pentium 4        Intel      m%:u 3 Ghz (64 – bit)
         3 Ghz                    fm%dfiirh y÷kAjdÈu’

2004   Pentium 4        Intel       kefkdA ;dlAIKh
        Precott                     u.skA ksmojQ m%:u
                                  fm%dfiirh y÷kAjdÈu’
2006   Pentium D        Intel     tlA fm%dfiirhlA ;=,
       Dual-Core                  fm%dfiir 2 lA wvx.=
                                   fm%dfiir t<s ƒlSu’
jI_h ksmehQu ksmehQïlre                         igyk
2006     HD-DVD            Sony         wêl Odrs;djlA iys; o;A;
        Blue –Ray        Panasonic       .nvd ;eá (optical Storage
                                                  Media)
2007   Core 2 Quad         Intel          tlA fm%dfiirhlA ;=,
        Processor                       fm%dfiir 4 lA wvx.= u,Aá
                                            fm%dfiir t<s ƒlSu’

2008   Ubuntu 8.10     Canonical LTD.   újD; iy ksoyiA uD¥lx.
                                         f,dj mQrd ckm%sh ùu’

2008   Intel Core i7       Intel        Nehalem ;dlAIKh Ndú;d
                                        lr ksmojQ ix.Dys; u;l
                                         md,l (intergrated memory
                                        controller) wvx.= fm%dfiir’
2009   Windows 7         Microsoft       Microsoft iud.u kj;u
                                           Windows 7 fufyhQï
                                           moAO;sh y÷kAjdÈu’
mrs.Kl ;dlAIKfhA úldYh hQ. lsysmhlg
               f.dkQ l< yel’
 hdkA;%sl mrs.Kl hQ.h ^1642)1945&
 m<uQ mrïmrdj ) rslA; k< ^1945)1955 &
 fojk mrïmrdj-g%dkAiAisiAgr ^1955-1965&
 f;jk mrïmrdj)ix.Dys; mrsm: IC ‘s
  ^1965)1980&
 y;rjk mrïmrdj)uhsfl%d úmA VLSI ^1980
  isg fï olAjd&
 miAjk mrïmrdj)lD;su nQoAêh^j¾;udkfhA
  isg bÈßhg&
hdkA;%sl mrs.Kl hQ.h ^1642)1945&
meial,hska hka;%h^1642&
íf,ahia meial,a f,dj m%:u ls%hdldÍ .Kl
 hkA;%h ksmehQfõh’
tl;= lsrsu“wvQlsrsu .Ks; lu_ isÿl< yel’
   wdka;r tkaðu(Difference Engine)
•   pd,AiA nefíÊ (1823) úiskA fidhd .kAkd ,§’
•    tl;=lsrsu“ wvQlsrsu .Ks; lu_ isÿl< yel’
•   .Ks; j.= iy kdúl .Kkh lsÍï ioyd Ndú;d úh’
•   Wmßu b,lAlï(digit) 32 lA iys; ixnHd .Ks; lu_ j,g
    ,lA l< yel’
   úYaf,aIl hka;%h(Analytical Engine)
•  uQ,Au nyQld¾h hkA;%h’
• tl;=lsrsu“ wvQlsrsu ,.=K lsßu “fn§u .Ks; lu_ isÿl< yel’

uQ,sldx.
 o;A; .nvdj^u;lh&-Store (Memory)

 ieliQï tAllh –Mill (Computation Unit –CPU)

 wdˉk tAllh-Input Unit(punch card Reader)

 m%;sˉk tAllh-Output Unit(punched & pritned output)

• mß.Kl jevigykA flA;kh l< yel’(Programmable)

fuu hkA;%h Ndú;d fldg wvd T.iAgd m%:u uDÿldx.
   jevigyk yÿkAjd fok ,§’
   m<uQ mrïmrdj ) rslA; k< ^1945)1955 &
ENIAC(Electrical Numerical Integrator & Computer)
• fojk f,dAl hQO iufhA wefußldkQ yuQˉ ld,;=jlAl= j,
   b,lAl ,nd .eksu yd ÿr .Kkh lsßug yÿkAjd fok ,§’
uQ,sldx.
• 17468 rslA; k< (Vaccum tubes),1500 relays

• 7000 m%;sfrdAOl (resistors)

• 6000 Manual Switches(72 m2 size )
• nr fgdkA 30“úÿ,s mßfNdAckh 140 kw

• ;mAmrhlA ;=, .Kkh lsßï 5357 isÿl< yel’

• ñ, $5000 jQ w;r 1955 § Ndú;fhkA bj;A lrk ,§’
   fojk mrïmrdj-g%dkAiAisiAgr ^1955-1965&
•   ßlA; k, j,g wdfoAYl g%dkAiAisiAgr f,i fhdˉ .kAkd ,§’
•   kHIAál n,d.dr j, ld¾hkA i|yd fï ;dlAIKh fhdˉ ksmo
    jQ mß.Kl uQ,skAu fhdˉ .eksks’ miQj uQ,H yd jHdmdßl
    lghQ;= i|yd fhdˉ .eksks’
•   mß.Klh ;=, jevigykA .nvd l, yels jQ ksid WiiA
    mß.Kl NdId ìysúh’ Wˉ(ALGOL,COBOL,FORTRAN
•   IBM 1400 mß.Kl fj<| m,g ksl=;A lrk ,§’
   f;jk mrïmrdj)ix.Dys; mrsm: IC ‘s^1965)1980&
•   1958 § celA ls,Aì IC fidhd .ekSu;A iu. wdrïN úh’
•   mß.Kl lAfIA;%fhA iS>% ÈhQKQjlA we;s lsßug fyA;= úh’
•   is,slkA wO_ ikAkkdhl u; igykA l, mßm: mß.Kl j,
    úYd,;Ajh l=vd lsßug;A úÿ,s mßfNdAckh wvQ lsßug;A bjy,A
    úh.
•   fufyhQï moAO;sh ksid úúO jevigykA mß.Klh ;=,
    iïnkAëlrkh fldg Ndú; lsÍug yels úh’
•   IBM system 360 mß.Kl yd Unix fufyhQï moAO;s ksmojk
    ,§’
   y;rjk mrïmrdj)uhsfl%d úmA
     VLSI ^1980 isg fï olAjd&
   IC ñ,shk .KklA tlA l=vd ÑmhlA ;=,
    wvx.= lr ksuejQ uhsfl%dfm%dfiir u.ska
    ld¾hlAIu;dj by, n,j;A È.=l,A
    mj;sk ñf,kA wvQ mß.Kl ksmoúh yels
    úh’
   m%:u uhsfl%d úmh (Intel 4004)1971§ Intel
    iud.u ksmojQfhAh’ fï i|yd frdnÜ
    fkdhsia“f.dAvkA uQj¾ yd wekAä f.%dA hk
    úµd{hkA uQ,sl úh’
   tA wkQj 1981§ IBM iud.u (IBM PC)
    fm!oA.,sl mß.Kl;A 1984§ Apple
    iud.u Macintosh mß.Kl;A fj<| m,g
    ksl=;A lrk ,§’
   1981§ ñ,shk 2 lAj mej;s mß.Kl ixnHdj jirlA ;=,
    ñ,shk 5’5 olAjd jeä jQ w;r bÈß jir 10 wjikA jk úg
    ñ,shk 65 olAjd jO_kh úh’
   mß.Kl ksji“ld¾hd,h“jHdmdßl f,dAlh hk ish,Af,ysu
    jHdmA; úh’Desktops isg Laptops,Plamtops,Note books olAjd
    mß.Kl myiQfjkA ´kEu ;eklg /f.k hdyels(Portable)
    f,i ;dlAIKh ÈhQKQ úh’
    mß.Kl cd, ;dlAIKh ,enQ iS>% ÈhQKQj ksid LAN(Local Area
    Networks) yd WAN(Wide Area Networks) yryd f,dAl jHdmA;
    cd,h(World Wide Web / WWW) yd wkA;¾cd,h ìys ù ishQ¨
    fokdg f;dr;=re yQjudre lr .; yels wê ;dlAIKsl hQ.hlA
    werôKs’
   miAjk mrïmrdj)lD;su nQoAêh^j¾;udkfhA
    isg bÈßhg&
  fuu mrmQrg wh;A mß.Kl lD;%su nQoAêh u; mokï jQjlA
   jk w;r ;ju;A m¾fhAIK uÜgfï mj;S’
uQ,sldx.
 Parallel processing ;dlAIKh yd iQmsß ikAkdhl Ndú;h’

 Voice Recognition Yío y¥kd.; yelsùu’

 Programming to make decisions in real.;¾ldkQl=, ;SrK .ekSug

   flA;kh lsßu
 Understand Natural Human Language udkj NdId u.skA

   ikAksfjokh lsßug yelsùu’
 Intelligent Robotics úúO ixfõok j,g m%s;spdr ±lAúh yels ùu’

 Neural Networks fkdlvjd ;u o;A; ixú;h hdj;Ald,Sk lsßu’

 Use of Quantum Computation ,molecular & nano Technology. lAjkAgï

   mß.Kkh yd kefkdA ;dlAIKh Ndú;h’
iA;+;shs’

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පරිගණකයේ විකාශය

  • 1. mrs.Klfha úldYh bÈrsm;A lsrsu ( rð;a úÿrx. fma%unkaÿ cd;sl ;reK fiajd iud.u” uyr.u’
  • 2. mrs.Kl ;dlaIKfha ÈhQKQj Wfoid'''''  mrs.Kl ksmoùfï ;dlaIKfha l%ñl ÈhQKQj“  mrs.Kl ks¾udK lafIa;%fha kj fidhd.ek_ï“ fya;= mdol úh’
  • 3. b;sydifhka ì|la’’’’’ jI_h ksmehQu ksmehQïlre igyk 1642 meial,hska íf,ahia m%:u ls%hdldÍ hka;%h meial,a .Ks;lu_ hka;%h 1823 wdka;r tkaðu pd,aia (Difference nefíca Engine) 1834 úYaf,aIl pd,aia äcsg,a hka;%h(Analyti nefíca mrs.Klhla cal Engine) ksmoùfï m%:u mshjr 1946 ENIAC uekaÉ,s iy m%:u bl¾Ü bf,lafgdksl mrs.Kk hka;%h
  • 4. jI_h ksmehQu ksmehQïlre igyk 1949 EDSAC úlalSia m%:u jevigyka mrs.Klh 1953 701 IBM m%:u IBM bf,lafgdksl mrs.Klh 1956 System 305 IBM oDv ;eáhlA iys; m%:u mrs.Klh (305 RAMMAC) 1960 PDP-1 DEC m%:u ñkS mrs.Klh 1964 System 360 IBM fj<|m,g ksl=;al, m%:u mrs.Kl ud,dj
  • 5. jI_h ksmehQu ksmehQïlre igyk 1964 6600 CDC m%:u úÌ;Aul iQmsrs mrs.Klh 1971 Intel 4004 Intel m%:u uhsfl%da fm%dafiirh 1971 8 “ Floppy Disk IBM m%:u äiAlÜgQj 1974 8080 Intel ÑmA iys; m%:u nyQld¾h mrs.Klh( 8- bit) 1981 CD (Digital Philips & Sony m%:u Y%jH Audio) ixhQlA; ;eáh
  • 6. jI_h ksmehQu ksmehQïlre igyk 1981 IBM PC IBM fm!oA.,sl mrs.Kl (Personal Computer) hQ.fhA iudrïNh 1985 CD – Rom Philips m%:u ixhQlA; ;eá lshùfï WmlrKh 1990 HTML áï n¾k¾iA ,S HTML ;dlAIKh ;dlAIKh wkQidrfhkA f,dAl jHdmA; cd,h(world wide web) ks¾udKh ùu’ 1993 Pentium Intel Intel iud.u Pentium fm%dfiirh y÷kAjdÈu’ 1995 Windows 95 Microsoft Microsoft iud.u m%:u moAO;s uD¥ldx.h y÷kAjdÈu’
  • 7. jI_h ksmehQu ksmehQïlre igyk 1997 AMD K6 AMD AMD iud.u ;u fm%dfiirh m%:u y÷kAjdÈu’ 2001 Windows XP Microsoft Microsoft iud.u Windows XP uD¥ldx.h y÷kAjdÈu’ 2002 Pentium 4 Intel m%:u 3 Ghz (64 – bit) 3 Ghz fm%dfiirh y÷kAjdÈu’ 2004 Pentium 4 Intel kefkdA ;dlAIKh Precott u.skA ksmojQ m%:u fm%dfiirh y÷kAjdÈu’ 2006 Pentium D Intel tlA fm%dfiirhlA ;=, Dual-Core fm%dfiir 2 lA wvx.= fm%dfiir t<s ƒlSu’
  • 8. jI_h ksmehQu ksmehQïlre igyk 2006 HD-DVD Sony wêl Odrs;djlA iys; o;A; Blue –Ray Panasonic .nvd ;eá (optical Storage Media) 2007 Core 2 Quad Intel tlA fm%dfiirhlA ;=, Processor fm%dfiir 4 lA wvx.= u,Aá fm%dfiir t<s ƒlSu’ 2008 Ubuntu 8.10 Canonical LTD. újD; iy ksoyiA uD¥lx. f,dj mQrd ckm%sh ùu’ 2008 Intel Core i7 Intel Nehalem ;dlAIKh Ndú;d lr ksmojQ ix.Dys; u;l md,l (intergrated memory controller) wvx.= fm%dfiir’ 2009 Windows 7 Microsoft Microsoft iud.u kj;u Windows 7 fufyhQï moAO;sh y÷kAjdÈu’
  • 9. mrs.Kl ;dlAIKfhA úldYh hQ. lsysmhlg f.dkQ l< yel’  hdkA;%sl mrs.Kl hQ.h ^1642)1945&  m<uQ mrïmrdj ) rslA; k< ^1945)1955 &  fojk mrïmrdj-g%dkAiAisiAgr ^1955-1965&  f;jk mrïmrdj)ix.Dys; mrsm: IC ‘s ^1965)1980&  y;rjk mrïmrdj)uhsfl%d úmA VLSI ^1980 isg fï olAjd&  miAjk mrïmrdj)lD;su nQoAêh^j¾;udkfhA isg bÈßhg&
  • 10. hdkA;%sl mrs.Kl hQ.h ^1642)1945& meial,hska hka;%h^1642& íf,ahia meial,a f,dj m%:u ls%hdldÍ .Kl hkA;%h ksmehQfõh’ tl;= lsrsu“wvQlsrsu .Ks; lu_ isÿl< yel’
  • 11. wdka;r tkaðu(Difference Engine) • pd,AiA nefíÊ (1823) úiskA fidhd .kAkd ,§’ • tl;=lsrsu“ wvQlsrsu .Ks; lu_ isÿl< yel’ • .Ks; j.= iy kdúl .Kkh lsÍï ioyd Ndú;d úh’ • Wmßu b,lAlï(digit) 32 lA iys; ixnHd .Ks; lu_ j,g ,lA l< yel’
  • 12. úYaf,aIl hka;%h(Analytical Engine) • uQ,Au nyQld¾h hkA;%h’ • tl;=lsrsu“ wvQlsrsu ,.=K lsßu “fn§u .Ks; lu_ isÿl< yel’ uQ,sldx.  o;A; .nvdj^u;lh&-Store (Memory)  ieliQï tAllh –Mill (Computation Unit –CPU)  wdˉk tAllh-Input Unit(punch card Reader)  m%;sˉk tAllh-Output Unit(punched & pritned output) • mß.Kl jevigykA flA;kh l< yel’(Programmable) fuu hkA;%h Ndú;d fldg wvd T.iAgd m%:u uDÿldx. jevigyk yÿkAjd fok ,§’
  • 13. m<uQ mrïmrdj ) rslA; k< ^1945)1955 & ENIAC(Electrical Numerical Integrator & Computer) • fojk f,dAl hQO iufhA wefußldkQ yuQˉ ld,;=jlAl= j, b,lAl ,nd .eksu yd ÿr .Kkh lsßug yÿkAjd fok ,§’ uQ,sldx. • 17468 rslA; k< (Vaccum tubes),1500 relays • 7000 m%;sfrdAOl (resistors) • 6000 Manual Switches(72 m2 size ) • nr fgdkA 30“úÿ,s mßfNdAckh 140 kw • ;mAmrhlA ;=, .Kkh lsßï 5357 isÿl< yel’ • ñ, $5000 jQ w;r 1955 § Ndú;fhkA bj;A lrk ,§’
  • 14. fojk mrïmrdj-g%dkAiAisiAgr ^1955-1965& • ßlA; k, j,g wdfoAYl g%dkAiAisiAgr f,i fhdˉ .kAkd ,§’ • kHIAál n,d.dr j, ld¾hkA i|yd fï ;dlAIKh fhdˉ ksmo jQ mß.Kl uQ,skAu fhdˉ .eksks’ miQj uQ,H yd jHdmdßl lghQ;= i|yd fhdˉ .eksks’ • mß.Klh ;=, jevigykA .nvd l, yels jQ ksid WiiA mß.Kl NdId ìysúh’ Wˉ(ALGOL,COBOL,FORTRAN • IBM 1400 mß.Kl fj<| m,g ksl=;A lrk ,§’
  • 15. f;jk mrïmrdj)ix.Dys; mrsm: IC ‘s^1965)1980& • 1958 § celA ls,Aì IC fidhd .ekSu;A iu. wdrïN úh’ • mß.Kl lAfIA;%fhA iS>% ÈhQKQjlA we;s lsßug fyA;= úh’ • is,slkA wO_ ikAkkdhl u; igykA l, mßm: mß.Kl j, úYd,;Ajh l=vd lsßug;A úÿ,s mßfNdAckh wvQ lsßug;A bjy,A úh. • fufyhQï moAO;sh ksid úúO jevigykA mß.Klh ;=, iïnkAëlrkh fldg Ndú; lsÍug yels úh’ • IBM system 360 mß.Kl yd Unix fufyhQï moAO;s ksmojk ,§’
  • 16. y;rjk mrïmrdj)uhsfl%d úmA VLSI ^1980 isg fï olAjd&  IC ñ,shk .KklA tlA l=vd ÑmhlA ;=, wvx.= lr ksuejQ uhsfl%dfm%dfiir u.ska ld¾hlAIu;dj by, n,j;A È.=l,A mj;sk ñf,kA wvQ mß.Kl ksmoúh yels úh’  m%:u uhsfl%d úmh (Intel 4004)1971§ Intel iud.u ksmojQfhAh’ fï i|yd frdnÜ fkdhsia“f.dAvkA uQj¾ yd wekAä f.%dA hk úµd{hkA uQ,sl úh’  tA wkQj 1981§ IBM iud.u (IBM PC) fm!oA.,sl mß.Kl;A 1984§ Apple iud.u Macintosh mß.Kl;A fj<| m,g ksl=;A lrk ,§’
  • 17. 1981§ ñ,shk 2 lAj mej;s mß.Kl ixnHdj jirlA ;=, ñ,shk 5’5 olAjd jeä jQ w;r bÈß jir 10 wjikA jk úg ñ,shk 65 olAjd jO_kh úh’  mß.Kl ksji“ld¾hd,h“jHdmdßl f,dAlh hk ish,Af,ysu jHdmA; úh’Desktops isg Laptops,Plamtops,Note books olAjd mß.Kl myiQfjkA ´kEu ;eklg /f.k hdyels(Portable) f,i ;dlAIKh ÈhQKQ úh’  mß.Kl cd, ;dlAIKh ,enQ iS>% ÈhQKQj ksid LAN(Local Area Networks) yd WAN(Wide Area Networks) yryd f,dAl jHdmA; cd,h(World Wide Web / WWW) yd wkA;¾cd,h ìys ù ishQ¨ fokdg f;dr;=re yQjudre lr .; yels wê ;dlAIKsl hQ.hlA werôKs’
  • 18.
  • 19. miAjk mrïmrdj)lD;su nQoAêh^j¾;udkfhA isg bÈßhg&  fuu mrmQrg wh;A mß.Kl lD;%su nQoAêh u; mokï jQjlA jk w;r ;ju;A m¾fhAIK uÜgfï mj;S’ uQ,sldx.  Parallel processing ;dlAIKh yd iQmsß ikAkdhl Ndú;h’  Voice Recognition Yío y¥kd.; yelsùu’  Programming to make decisions in real.;¾ldkQl=, ;SrK .ekSug flA;kh lsßu  Understand Natural Human Language udkj NdId u.skA ikAksfjokh lsßug yelsùu’  Intelligent Robotics úúO ixfõok j,g m%s;spdr ±lAúh yels ùu’  Neural Networks fkdlvjd ;u o;A; ixú;h hdj;Ald,Sk lsßu’  Use of Quantum Computation ,molecular & nano Technology. lAjkAgï mß.Kkh yd kefkdA ;dlAIKh Ndú;h’
  • 20.