Solid Waste Management

SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
By-
Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur

ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIETY
• Man has always inhabited two worlds.
Built-World
Social and Cultural institutions and Artifacts
Which he created for himself by using
Science & Technology and
Politically Organization
Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur 2
Natural-
World
Plants,
Animals,
Air,
Water,
Soil
Which man himself is a part

RELATION BETWEEN
MAN AND ENVIRONMENT
• The relationship of man and environment has also influenced the
development of human society.
• It may be noted that of all the organism, man is the most skilled
and civilized and therefore, it is significant to note the following
three aspects of man-
1. Physical man is component of biological community and as such
requires basic elements of physical environment such as air, water,
food and habitat etc. like other biological population and release
waste in the eco systems.
2. Social man establishes the social institutions, forms of social
organization and formulates laws and policies to safeguard his
existence, interest and welfare.
3. Economic man derives and utilize resources from the physical and
biological environment with his skills and technologies.

HUMAN CIVILIZATION
• The changing relationship of man with environment
from pre-historic to modern times can be divided
into following four periods-
1. The hunting and food gathering stage – nearly two
million years of the Pleistocene periods
2. Animal domestication and pastoralist
3. Plant domestication and agriculture – last 15000
years
4. Science, technology and industrialization

WASTE ON SOCIETY
• WASTE –
 Any material “thrown away” or
 Regarded as useless and unwanted substances (at a certain time
and place)
 These include substances (or materials) which are discarded as
useless or which are not needed or cannot be used.
 The wastes can be “solid waste”, “liquid waste” and “gaseous
waste”
• Wastes Ex. are –
 garden trimming, vegetable and fruit residue, ashes, rubbish,
refuse, garbage, dead plans and animals, bio medical waste, house
and street sweeping, domestic waste water (sewage), industrial
wastewater, industrial emissions of gases, discarded material of
offices (including electronic goods), demolished building material,
discarded bottles, cans, paper etc.

What Is
Solid
Waste
The term solid
waste means :
Material such as
household
garbage, food
wastes, yard
wastes, and
demolition or
construction
debris
Solid waste are
wastes that are
not liquid or
gaseous
Solid wastes are
all the discarded
solid materials
from municipal,
industrial, and
agricultural
activities

HOW TO INCREASE WASTE QUANTITY
• The quantity of waste produced depends upon the living
standard of the population. It will be more for an
industrialized modern society. The main cause for the rapid
growth in the quantity of waste are-a)
Over population- increase with increases all type of
waste.
b) Urbanization- increase with increases all type of waste.
c) Affluence- with production or per capita consumption,
there is a tendency to declare items as obsolete, resulting
in their discard.
d) Technology- rapidly growing technologies for most
economic goods are leading to returnable packaging to
non returnable packaging .

EFFECTS OF WASTE IF NOT MANAGED
PROPERLY
• Affects our health
• Affects our socio-economic conditions
• Affects our coastal and marine environment
• Affects our climate

EFFECTS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE
• When hazardous wastes are released in the air, water, or on the land, they can
spread or contaminate our environment.
• GHGs are accumulating in Earth’s atmosphere as a result of human activities,
causing global mean surface air temperature and subsurface ocean temperature
to rise.
• Rising global temperatures are expected to raise sea levels and change
precipitation and other local climate conditions.
• Changing regional climates could alter forests, crop yields, and water supplies.
• When rain falls on soil at a waste site, it can carry hazardous waste deeper into
the ground and the can pollute groundwater.
• This could also affect human health, animals, and many types of ecosystems.
• Every year, major health problems result from hazardous waste like cancer,
repertory condition, heart diseases etc, so it required proper disposal.

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
• All solid or semi-solid material arising from human and
animal activities (including gases and liquids in
containers) which are non soluble in nature are “solid
waste”.
• It may be hazardous or not, it includes agricultural
refuse, demolition waste, industrial waste, mining
residues, municipal garbage, and sewage sludge etc.
• Further the modern society has given rise to numerous
new sources and types of waste such as plastic and e-waste.

TYPES OF WASTES
residential commercial industrial
Municipal solid waste Hazardous waste
agricultural
mining
construction

CLASIFICATION OF WASTES
• According to their Properties-
 Bio-degradable - can be degraded (paper, wood,
fruits and others)
 Non-biodegradable- cannot be degraded (plastics,
bottles, old machines, cans, Styrofoam containers
and others)

• According to their Effects on Human Health and the
Environment
 Hazardous wastes- Substances unsafe to use
commercially, industrially, agriculturally, or
economically and have any of the following properties-ignitability,
corrosively, reactivity & toxicity.
 Non-hazardous- Substances safe to use commercially,
industrially, agriculturally, or economically and do not
have any of those properties mentioned above. These
substances usually create disposal problems.

• According to their origin and type
1. Nuclear waste: includes radioactive substances coming from reactors,
fuel (carbon-14, uranium-235, uranium-238, uranium-239, radium-226,
thorium, plutonium etc). Its highly dangerous and requires proper disposal.
 Natural source-i.
Cosmic rays from outer space with increase altitude and increase latitude
ii. Emission from earth's crust
 Man-made-i.
Mining and processing of radioactive ores
ii. Used in nuclear power plant
iii. Radioactive isotopes used in medical, industrial and research applications.
iv. Nuclear weapons

2. Thermal waste: thermal waste refers to the release of heat into any of the
segments of environment. The pollution thus caused is called “thermal or heat
pollution”.
 The various sources are-
 Nuclear power plants.
 Coal-fired power plants
 Industrial effluents
 Domestic sewage
 Hydro electric power
• Thermal pollution is the degradation of water quality by any process that changes
ambient water temperature.
• A common cause of thermal pollution is the use of water as a coolant by power
plants and industrial manufacturers.
• When water used as a coolant is returned to the natural environment at a higher
temperature, the change in temperature decreases oxygen supply and affects
ecosystem composition.
• Urban runoff–stormwater discharged to surface waters from roads and parking
lots–can also be a source of elevated water temperatures.

3. Plastic waste: plastic are typically polymer of higher molecular mass and many
contain other substances to improve performance and reduce cost.
• Monomers of plastic are either natural or synthetic organic compounds.
• The raw materials to make most plastic come from petroleum and natural gas.
• There are two main types of plastics –
i. Thermoplastics which are softened by heat and can be moulded. (Injection moulded,
blow moulded or vacuum formed). Good examples are acrylic, polypropylene,
polystyrene, polythene and PVC.
ii. Thermosets which are formed by ha heat process but are then set (like concrete) and
cannot change shape by reheating. Good examples are melamine (kitchen worktops),
Bakelite (black saucepan handles), polyester and epoxy resins.
• The growth in the consumption of plastics is to such an extent that plastic waste is now
considered as environmental hazard die to throw away culture called Plastic pollution.
• Plastic pollution involves the accumulation of plastic products in the environment that
adversely affects wildlife, wildlife habitat, or humans. Many types and forms of plastic
pollution exist. Plastic pollution can adversely affect lands, waterways and oceans. The
prominence of plastic pollution is correlated with plastics being inexpensive and durable,
which lends to high levels of plastics used by humans.

4. Bio-medical wastes: Solid or liquid wastes including
containers, intermediate or end products generated during
diagnosis, treatment & research activities of medical sciences i.e.
medicine bottles, expired medicines, syringes, medical
instruments such as scissors, blades etc.
5. Municipal Solid wastes: Solid wastes that include household
garbage, rubbish, food, paper, cardboard, plastic, textiles,
leather, glass, metal, ashes, electronics wasteconstruction &
demolition debris, sanitation residues, packaging materials, trade
refuges etc. are managed by any municipality.

6. Agricultural wastes: Wastes generated from farming activities. Modern agricultural practices have both
positive and negative effects on environment. For example, use of huge quantities of chemical fertilizers and
pesticides has created a revolution in agriculture in the short-term, but the long-term effects of these chemical
have proved extremely undesirable. These substances are mostly biodegradable includes pesticides, crops, water
coming from the fields also consists of small amount of toxic chemicals. Agricultural waste may be in the terms of:
i. Fertilizers: Fertilizers are chemical compound that contain one or more of the plant nutrients like N, P or K.
Excessive use of fertilizers pollutes the soil. They can cause undesirable effects on the water quality and may
pose numerous health hazards.
ii. Pesticides: Pesticides are chemical compound which are used to kill, deter or disable pests. Pests are
undesirable competitors parasites or predators. Pesticides can broadly be classified in to four category:
a) Insecticide- used to kill or suppress unwanted insects (Ex. DDT, Aldrin, Endrin, Paration, Malathian etc)
b) Fungicides- used to kill fungi (Ex. Dithicarbonate,O-phenol, CAPTAN, FOPLET etc)
c) Herbicides- used to suppress the growth of weeds (Ex. 2-4D, 2-4-5T, Mouron, Atrazine etc)
d) Rodenticides- used to kill rodent (Ex. Strychnine, Norbormide, Sodium floroaceted etc)
• The major agricultural pests are:
 Insects- feed mainly on leaves and stem of live plants
 Nematodes- small worms feed on root and other plants tissues.
 Bacteria
 Fungi
 Viruses
 Weeds- flowering plants that completes with crops
 Vertebrates-mainly birds and rodents that feed on fruit and grain.

7. Industrial wastes: Liquid and solid wastes that are
generated by manufacturing & processing units of
various industries like toxic chemicals, oil, petroleum,
coal, metal gas, sanitary & paper debris from
construction site, packaging waste, ashes etc.
8. Radioactive wastes: Waste containing radioactive
materials. Usually these are byproducts of nuclear
processes. Sometimes industries that are not directly
involved in nuclear activities, may also produce some
radioactive wastes, e.g. radio-isotopes, chemical sludge
etc.

9. E-wastes: Electronic wastes generated from any
modern establishments. They may be described
as discarded electrical or electronic devices.
Some electronic scrap components, such as CRTs,
may contain contaminants such as Pb, Cd, Be or
brominated flame retardants.
10. Fishery wastes: Wastes generated due to fishery
activities. These are extensively found in coastal
& estuarine areas.

Understand The
Characteristics, Composition
and Components of Municipal
Solid Waste (MSW)

CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLID WASTE
Three types of characteristics:
1. Physical
2. Chemical and
3. Biological

Characteristi
c of MSW
Physical
Characteristic
Moisture content :
increase the weight of
solid waste , so the cost
of collection &
transportation will
increasing
Density : used to assess
volume of transportation
vehicle & size of the
disposal facility
Chemical
Characteristic
is essential in
understanding the
behavior of waste all
through the waste
management system
and also in selecting and
determining the
efficiency of any
treatment process

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
 This includes the determination of percent contents of
various ingredients of the solid waste.
 Bulk Density is generally calculated.
 Function of location, season, storage time, equipment
used, processing (compaction, shredding, etc.)
 Used in volume calculations.

CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS
 Used primarily for combustion and waste to energy
(WTE) calculations but can also be used to estimate
biological and chemical behaviours.
Waste consists of combustible (i.e. paper) and non-combustible
materials (i.e. glass).

Proximate Analysis
 Loss of moisture (temp held at 105 C)
 Volatile Combustible Matter (VCM) (temp increased to 950 C,
closed crucible)
 Fixed Carbon (residue from VCM)
 Ash (temp = 950C, open crucible)
Fusing Point of Ash
 Clinker (agglomerations of carbon and metals) formation
temperature, 2000 to 2200 F
Ultimate Analysis
 Molecular composition (C, H, N, O, P, etc.)
Energy Content
 Determined through lab calculations using calorimeters

BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Biodegradability
 Organic fraction often equated with the volatile solids
(VS) content of the waste
However, not all organic materials are easily degradable
 Biodegradable fraction -
 Degradation produces odours
 Hydrogen sulfide, H2S (rotten eggs)
 Methyl mercaptans
Aminobutyric acid
 Methane is odourless.
 Attracts flies, vermin, rodents (vectors)

Composition and Components of
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
Compositio
n
Component
s

COMPOSITION OF SOLID WASTE
The general composition of solid waste being
generated from the cities of India is 40% Food
& Garden waste, 5% glass & Ceramics, 3%
Metal, 15% inert, 4% Plastic/ Rubber, 6 %
Textile, 27 % Paper.
Total Organic Fraction - 40%, Combustible
Fraction - 37%, Recyclables - 8%, Inert - 15%

Source: CPHEEO Manual on MSW, 2005

NEED FOR MANAGEMENT OF WASTE
• The objective of solid wastes management to
control, collect, process, dispose of solid
wastes in an economical way consistent with
the public health protection
• Indiscriminate disposal of wastes cause
adverse environmentally effects.

Definition Of Municipal
Solid Waste (MSW)
Municipal solid waste (MSW) is a
waste type consisting of everyday
items that are discarded by the
public
All wastes, resulting from
population, residential and non
residential buildings, as well as
transport vehicles
Municipal solid waste (MSW)
commonly known as:
trash or garbage
refuse or rubbish

Industrial
waste
Type Of
MSW
Rubbis
h
Demolitio
n Wastes
Construction
Garbage waste
Sewage
treatment
residue
Dead
animals

Element Of MSW
Management
• Waste generation
• Waste handling, sorting,
storage, and processing at the
source
• Collection
• Separation, processing and
transformation of solid wastes
• Transfer and transport
• Energy Generation
• Disposal

Strategies for Effective
and Environmental
Friendly
• Minimize waste generation
• Maximize waste recycling and
reuse
• Educate people on different ways of
handling waste
• Systematic solid waste
management

OBJECTIVES OF WASTE MANAGEMENT
• These functions are called the “three basic functional elements of waste
management” for the protection of public health.
i. Collection: first fundamental function. It refers to the gathering of waste
from place such as residences, commercial, institutional and industrial
establishment and other public places. There are two methods of solid waste
collection- (1) hauled container system: hauled from the collection point to
the final point of disposal or processing facility (2) stationary container
system: the container is emptied into collection vehicles at the point of
collection.
ii. Processing: second fundamental function. It refers to the activity applied to
the waste to prepare it for subsequent operation (recycling and recovery of
materials).
iii. Disposal: third fundamental function. It refers to the placing of waste in its
ultimate resting place.

Understand The Process of
Generation and Handling of
Municipal Solid Waste
(MSW))

Waste Generation
Waste generation include activities in which
material identified as no longer being of value
and are either thrown away or gathered
together for disposal.

Collection
Elements of collection, includes not only the
gathering of solid waste and recyclable
material, but also the transport of these
materials after collection, to the location
where the collection vehicle is emptied.

Factor Influence Generation of MSW
• Socio-economic background:
– The buying power
– Income level
• Cultural background
• Locality:
– Urban
– Rural setting

Handling and Separating Municipal
Solid Waste
• Waste handling and separation involves activities
associated with waste management until the
waste is placed in storage containers for
collection.
• Handling also include the movement of loaded
containers to the point of collection. Separating
different types of waste components is an
important step in the handling and storage of
solid waste at the source.

Understand The Municipal
Solid Waste (MSW)
Collection Activities)

Collection Activities
• The most common collection services are
curb/alley, set out/set back pickup, and
backyard pickup.
• The collection services provided to large
apartment buildings, residential complexes,
commercial and industrial activities typically in
centered around the use of large movable and
stationary containers and large stationary
compactors.

Curb or Alley Pickup
• The quickest and most economical point of
collection.
• Using standard container that has been design
by city council.

Set-out, Set-back Pickup
• Collectors have to enter property.
• Set out crew carries full containers from
resident storage location to curb/alley before
collection vehicle arrives.
• Set back crew return the container to storage
area.

Backyard Pickup
• Usually accomplish by the use of tote barrels.
• The collector enter the resident’s property,
dumps the container into a tote barrel, carries
it to the trucks and dumps it.

Transfer and Transport
• Transfer and transport refers to the facilities
used to transfer of wastes from one location
to another.
- Small collection vehicles are transferred to larger
vehicles that are used to transport the waste over
extended distances to disposal sites.

TRANSPORT VEHICLES AND TRANSFER STATION

Understand The Various Kinds
of MSW Disposal Methods
Such as Organic MSW
Composting
Incineration,
Land Filling,
Pyrolysis and
Recycling

TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE
Several methods are used for treatment and
disposal. These are:
1. Composting
2. Incineration
3. Landfilling
4. Pyrolysis
5. Recycling

1.Composting
• The starting material for composting are commonly referred to a
feed stocks.
• Compost Is the product resulting from the controlled biological
decomposition of organic material.
• It is a process in which organic matter of solid waste is decomposed
and converted to humus and mineral compounds.
• Compost is the end product of composting, which used as fertilizer.
• Three methods of composting:
(a) composting by trenching
(b) open windrow composting
(c) mechanical composting

(a) Composting by trenching
 Trenches 3 - 12 m long, 2 – 3 m wide and 1- 2 m
deep with spacing 2 m.
 Dry wastes are filled up in 15 cm. On top of each
layer 5 cm thick sandwiching layer of animal dung is
sprayed in semi liquid form.
 Biological action starts in 2- 3 days and
decomposition starts.
 Solid waste stabilize in 4- 6 months and changed into
brown colored odorless powdery form known as
humus.

(b) Open windrow composting
 Large materials like broken glass, stone, plastic
articles are removed.
 Remaining solid wastes is dumped on ground in form
of piles of 0.6 – 1 m height.
 The width and length of piles are kept 1- 2 m and 6 m
respectively.
 Moisture content maintained at 60%.
 Temp. increases in side pile.
 After pile for turned for cooling and aeration to avoid
anaerobic decomposition.
 The complete process may take 4- 6 week.

(c) Mechanical composting
 It requires small area compare to trenching and
open windrow composting.
 The stabilization of waste takes 3- 6 days.
The operation involved are
reception of refuse
segregation
shredding
stabilization
marketing the humus

2. Incineration
•The process of burning waste in large
furnaces at high temperature is know
as incineration.
•It is used to dispose of solid liquid and
gaseous waste .Incineration facilities
generally do not require as much area
as landfills.
•At the end of the process all that is
left behind is ash, flue gas, and heat.
•Incinerators are used for this process.

Important points regarding incineration
Supplying of solid waste should be continuous.
Waste should be proper mixed with fuel for
complete combustion.
Temp. should not less than 670 ˚C.

Advantages
Most hygienic method.
 Complete destruction of pathogens.
 No odor trouble.
 Heat generated may be used for steam power.
 Clinkers produced may be used for road construction.
 Less space required.
 Adverse weather condition has no effect.

Disadvantages
Large initial expense.
Care and attention required otherwise incomplete
combustion will increase air pollution.
Residues required to be disposed which require
money.
Large no of vehicles required for transportation.

3. Sanitary land filling
 The controlled disposal of solid
waste on the upper layer of the
earth mantle in a manner the
environmental hazards is
minimized
 The dumping is done with layers of
1- 2 m.
 The layer is covered with soil of 20
cm thickness.
 Important technical aspects in the
implementation of sanitary landfills
include:
 Site selection.
 Land filling methods and
operation.
 Occurrence of gasses and
leachate.
 Movement and control of gases

Advantages
Simple method.
No costly plant required.
No residues or by products need to be disposed.
Separation not required.
Unused land can be used.
Methane gas can be used ass fuel.

Disadvantages
Large land required.
Proper dumping site may not be available.
Odor problem.
Use of insecticides required.
Leachate should be collected regularly.
Methane gas should be collected properly.
Green house gas problem.

4. Pyrolysis
• Heating of the solid waste at very high temp. in
absence of air.
• Carried out at temp. between 500 ˚C – 1000 ˚C.
• Gas, liquid and chars are the byproducts.

5. Recycling
• Recycling is processing used materials into new
products.
• It reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials,
reduce energy usage, reduce air pollution
(from incineration) and water pollution (from landfilling).
• Recycling is a key component of modern waste
reduction and is the third component of the
"Reduce, Reuse, Recycle" waste hierarchy.

Cont…
• Recyclable materials include many kinds
of glass, paper, metal, plastic, textiles,
and electronics.
• Although similar in effect, the composting or other
reuse of biodegradable waste – such
as food or garden waste – is not typically considered
recycling.
• Materials to be recycled are either brought to a
collection centre or picked up from the curbside,
then sorted, cleaned, and reprocessed into new
materials.

Describe waste reduction, reuse,
recovery and recycling concepts.
• Method of waste reduction, waste reuse, and
recycling are the preferred options when
managing waste.
• 4R’s stand for:
Reduction
Reuse
Recovery
Recycling

Reduction
• By reducing, consumer and industry can save natural resources
and reduce waste management costs.
Reuse
• Large production companies such as Electronic, appliances and
gadgets, should establish the collection centre, where damaged
items can be repaired and reuse.
Recovery
• Energy or material can be recovered from waste that are not
reused or recycled
Recycling
• Recycling turns materials that would otherwise become waste
into valuable resources

Solid Waste Management

Recomendados

Recomendados

Mais conteúdo relacionado

Mais procurados

Mais procurados (20)

Semelhante a Solid Waste Management

Semelhante a Solid Waste Management (20)

Mais de Dr. Rjaendra Singh Thakur

Mais de Dr. Rjaendra Singh Thakur (14)

Último

Último (20)

Solid Waste Management