study the different technologies of CSP and find the scope in India.

1. Seminar Presentation
on
SCOPE OF SOLAR THERMAL POWER PLANTS IN INDIA
Under the Guidance of: Presented By:
Dr. R. P. Saini Raj Kumar Bairwa
Head of the department M-Tech (AHES)
IIT Roorkee Enroll No.: 13512026
ALTERNATE HYDRO ENERGY CENTRE
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, ROORKEE
1

2. OUTLINES
1. Introduction
2. Energy scenario
3. Potential for solar energy in india
4. Solar thermal energy
5. Solar thermal power plants
6. Components of a CSP power plant
7. CSP technologies
8. Literature review
9. Conclusion
10. Gaps identified
11. References
2

3. INTRODUCTION
 For economic development Energy is
the basic requirement.
 Coal , Nuclear , Natural gases and
Petroleum are used to exploit as main
source of high quality energy products.
 India is 3rd largest producer of
electricity after US and China, even
though suffers a major shortage of
electricity generation capacity.
 Installed capacity of electricity is
249.49 GW as of end June 2014.
 Energy sources will play an important
role in the world’s future given that the
global demand for energy is rapidly
increasing.
Renewable
power
plants
12%
3
Sources of energy
Non
Renewable
plants
88%
constitute

4. ENERGY SCENARIO
POWER SUPPLY POSITION IN INDIA IN 2014-15
4
REGION
ENERGY PEAK POWER
REQUIREMENT
(MU)
AVAILABILITY
(MU)
SURPLUS(+) /
DEFICIT (-)
DEMAND
(MW)
SUPPLY
(MW)
SURPLUS(+) /
DEFICIT (-)
Northern 3,28,944 3,18,837 -3.10% 47,570 46,899 -1.40%
Southern 2,98,180 2,60,366 -12.70% 41,677 32,423 -22.20%
Eastern 1,18,663 1,14,677 -3.40% 17,608 17,782 1.00%
North Eastern 14,823 12,248 -17.40% 2,543 2,215 -12.90%
Western 2,88,062 2,89,029 0.30% 45,980 52,652 14.50%
ALL INDIA 10,48,672 9,95,157 -5.10% 1,47,815 1,44,788 -2.00%

5. RENEWABLE ENERGY
5
ENERGY SCENARIO
TYPE TECHNOLOGY INSTALLED CAPACITY (MW)
OFF GRID / CAPTIVE
POWER
Bagasse Cogeneration 517.34
SPV Systems (>1KW) 159.77
Biomass Gasifiers - Industrial 146.40
Waste to Power 119.63
Biomass Gasifiers - Rural 17.63
Water Mills / Micro Hydro 10.18
Aero generator/ Hybrid Systems 2.18
TOTAL OFF GRID/ CAPTIVE POWER 973.13
GRID CONNECTED
POWER
Wind 20,298.83
Small Hydro Power Projects 3,774.15
Bagasse Cogeneration 2,512.88
Solar 2,208.36
Biomass Power and Gasification 1,285.60
Waste to Power 99.08
TOTAL GRID CONNECTED POWER 30,177.90
TOTAL 31,151.03

6. SOLAR POWER POTENTIAL
6
 Globally:

7. POTENTIAL OF SOLAR ENERGY IN
INDIA
 About 5000 trillion kWh/year energy is
incident over India’s land area.
 Most parts receiving 4 – 7 kWh/m2/day.
 1% of land area is sufficient to meet electricity
needs of India till 2031.
 Highest annual global radiation is received in
Rajasthan (5.5 – 6.8 kWh/m2/day) and
Northern Gujarat.
 Most of India has solar insolation above
1800 kWh/ m2/ day.
 250–300 clear and sunny days in a year.
7

8. SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY (STE)
8
 Principle: Sunlight – Heat – Electricity
Sunlight is concentrated, using mirrors or
directly, on to receivers heating the
circulating fluid which further generates
steam &/or electricity.
 Solar Radiation Components:
Direct, Diffuse & Global
 CSP uses- Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI)

9. SOLAR THERMAL POWER PLANTS
(STPP)
 Solar energy can be tapped to produce
electricity by using solar concentrators.
9
 It is also called Concentrated solar
power (CSP).
 India can have a STE installed base of
4–5 GW by 2020.
 Solar thermal technology for electricity
generation is one of the best solution to
the growing fossil fuel crisis.
 Concentrating solar power (CSP) is not
an innovation of the last few years.
Records of its use date as far back as
212 BC when Archimedes used mirrors
for the first time to concentrate the
Sun’s rays.

10. WORKING OF SOLAR THERMAL POWER PLANT
10

11. COMPONENTS OF STPP
11

12. COMPONENTS OF STPP…..
12

13. 13
Concentrating Solar
Technologies
Low Temperature
(<100°C)
Flat Plate Collectors
Solar Chimney
Solar Pond
High Temperature-
Point Focusing (>400°C)
Central Tower
Parabolic Dish
Medium Temperature – Line
Focusing (≈ 400°C)
Parabolic Trough
Fresnel Collectors

14. Commercial CSP
Parabolic
Trough
Central Tower Dish Stirling Fresnel
Collector
• Temp~400°C
• Line Focusing
• Linear Receiver tube
• Water consuming
• Conc.: Parabolic Mirrors
• Heat Storage feasible
• Most Commercialized
• Good for Hybrid option
• Requires flat land
• Good receiver η but low turbine η
14

15. Commercial CSP
Parabolic
Trough
Central Tower Dish Stirling Fresnel
Collector
• Temp~600-800°C
• Point Focusing
• Flat Conc. Mirrors
• Commercially proven
• Central Receiver
• Water consuming
• Heat Storage capability
• Feasible on Non Flat sites
• Good performance for large
capacity & temperatures
• Low receiver η but good turbine η
15

16. Commercial CSP
Parabolic
Trough
Central Tower Dish Stirling Fresnel
Collector
16
• Temp~700-800°C
• Point Focusing
• Uses Dish concentrator
• Stirling Engine
• Generally 25 kW units
• High Efficiency ~ 30%
• Dry cooling
• No water requirement
• Heat storage difficult
• Commercially under development
• Dual Axis Tracking
16

17. Commercial CSP
Parabolic
Trough
Central Tower Dish Stirling Fresnel
Collector
• Temp~400°C
• Line Focusing type
• Linear receiver
• Fixed absorber row
shared among mirrors
• Flat or curved conc.
mirrors
• Commercially under
development
17
• Less Structures
• 5 MW operational in CA

18. LIST OF SOLAR THERMAL POWER PLANTS IN INDIA
18
Sr.
no.
Project name Location
Turbine
Description
Technology
Heat-Transfer fluid
Type
Turbine
Capacity
(MW)
Thermal
Storage
Status, Start year Owner(s)
1.
Abhijeet Solar
Project
Rajasthan,
(Jaisalmer)
SST-700 Parabolic trough Therminol VP-1
Net: 50.0
Gross: 50.0
None
Under construction,
2013
Corporate Ispat
Alloys Ltd.
(100%)
2.
AC ME Solar
Tower
Bikaner
(Rajasthan)
- Power tower Water/Steam
Net: 2.5
Gross: 2.5
None Operational, 2011
AC ME Group
(100%)
3. Dhursar
Dhursar
(Rajasthan)
-
Linear Fresnel
reflector
-
Net: 125.0
Gross: 125.0
None
Under construction,
2014
Reliance Power
(100%)
4. Diwakar
Askandra
(Rajasthan)
SST-700 Parabolic trough Synthetic Oil
Net: 100.0
Gross: 100.0
4 hours
Under construction,
2013
Lanco Infratech
(100%)
5.
Godawari Solar
Project
Nokh
(Rajhastan)
SST-700 Parabolic trough Dowtherm A
Net: 50.0
Gross: 50.0
None Operational, 2013
Godawari
Green
Energy Limited
(100%)
6.
Gujarat Solar
One
Kutch
(Gujarat)
- Parabolic trough Diphyl
Net: 25.0
Gross: 28.0
9 hours
Under construction,
2014
Cargo Solar
Power (100%)
7.
KVK Energy
Solar Project
Askandra
(Rajasthan)
SST-700 Parabolic trough Synthetic Oil
Net: 100.0
Gross: 100.0
4 hours
Under construction,
2013
KVK Energy
Ventures Ltd
(100%)
8.
Megha Solar
Plant
Anantapur
(Andhra
Pradesh)
- Parabolic trough Synthetic Oil
Net: 50.0
Gross: 50.0
None
Under construction,
2013
Megha
Engineering
and
Infrastructue
(100%)
9.
National Solar
Thermal Power
Facility
Gurgaon - Parabolic trough Therminol VP-1
Net: 1.0
Gross: 1.0
None Operational, 2012
IIT Bombay
(100%)
10.
‘India One’
solar thermal
power plant
Abu Road
(Rajasthan)
-
Paraboliedal
reflector
Water 1.0 16 hours
Under construction,
2011
WRST

19. 19
ADVANTAGES OVER COMPETITIVE TECHNOLOGIES
(EG. PV & WIND)
 Heat Storage option – Electricity Supply after Sunset
 Process Heat Generation
 Hybrid Option
 Good for High temperature regions
 Predictable and reliable power (less variable)
 Water desalination along with electricity generation
OTHER BENEFITS :
 Carbon Emission Reduction- CDM benefits Each square meter of CSP can avoid annual emissions of 200 to
300 kilograms (kg) of carbon dioxide, depending on its configuration.
 No Fuel or its transportation cost - Substitutes Fossil Fuel use
 Energy Security
 High share of local contents
 Employment Generation

20. Feasible Applications
Utility / Commercial scale Domestic/small Scale
 Electricity Generation
 Stand alone
 Grid projects
 Hybrid projects
 Industrial Process Heat
 Boiling
 Melting
 Sterilizing
 Cooling systems
 Water Desalination
 Hot Water collectors
 Solar HVAC
 Solar steam Cooking
 Solar Ovens/cookers
 Solar Food dryers
SOPOGY
Micro-CSP: SopoFlare
20

21. LITERATURE REVIEW
21
S.No. AUTHOR(S) SYSTEM / PARAMETER(S) RESULTS
1
Naveen Kumar
Sharma et al. [1]
Summarize the availability, current status,
strategies, perspectives, promotion policies, major
achievements and future potential of solar energy
options in India.
1. Major government and industry R&D efforts
aim to make solar thermal electricity (STE)
and central photovoltaic (CPV) a mainstream
power source within the next decade.
2 Atul Sharma [7]
Discuss the various technologies, government
policies, incentives etc. for harnessing the solar
power in India and world. And Examines various
ways in which solar power is precisely such an
opportunity.
1. The economically exploitable potential of the
solar power technology of India is quite high.
2. The development of solar thermal technology
is imperative in India.
3.
Ishan Purohit et
al. [8]
Assess the potential, financial viability of CSP
generation in the Northwestern (NW) regions of
India. Using Solar Advisor Model developed by
NREL, USA for four commercially available and
mature CSP technologies.
1. It is possible to exploit over 2000 GW CSP
potential in the NW India.

22. Literature Review Continued …
22
S.No. AUTHOR(S) SYSTEM / PARAMETER(S) RESULTS
4.
J.D. Nixon et al.
[9]
Study the main existing collection technologies
and compared based on economical, technical
and environmental criteria. This methodology is
applied principally to a case study in Gujarat in
north-west India.
1. Linear Fresnel lens with a secondary
compound parabolic collector, or the parabolic
dish reflector, is the preferred technology for
north-west India.
5.
V. Siva Reddy et
al. [10]
Case studies of typical 50 MW solar thermal
power plants in the Indian climatic conditions at
locations such as Jodhpur and Delhi is
highlighted with the help of techno-economic
model. Considering 30 years lifespan and 10%
interest rate on investment.
1. parabolic dish concentrating solar Stirling
engine power plant generate electricity at a
lower unit cost than the other two solar
technologies
6.
A.S. Pidaparthi
et al. [11]
A test facility which would help in gaining
experience in design, operation and maintenance
of large scale solar thermal power plants by IIT
BOMBAY. This facility would also help in
facilitating research development in the solar
industry in India.
1. The solar field consists of three loops with
parabolic troughs of a total of about 1,500
meters in length and covering an area of 8,000
square meters.
2. The solar field configuration of three loops of
four collectors includes 12 steel structures of
10 modules, 3,360.

23. Literature Review Continued …
23
S.No. AUTHOR(S) SYSTEM / PARAMETER(S) RESULTS
7.
Richa Mahtta et
al. [12]
They determine district-wise potential for
concentrating solar power (CSP) and centralized
solar photovoltaic (SPV) technology based power
plants in India. The evaluation is based on remotely
sensed annual average global horizontal irradiance
(GHI) and direct normal irradiance (DNI) provided
by National Aeronautics and Space Administration
(NASA) surface meteorology and solar energy
program.
1. There is more scope for SPV as
compared to CSP in India.
2. Jaisalmer, Bikaner and Jodhpur districts
of Rajasthan, Kachchh district of Gujarat
show very high solar potential.
8.
Pranesh
Krishnamurthy
et al. [13]
A framework for calculating the cost of generated
electricity from a concentrated solar power (CSP)
plant and the internal rate of return on equity and
different factors like Plant size, solar insolation and
discount rate also consider and effect of variation of
these are disused.
1. Important parameters related to cost of
solar thermal power include location,
availability of capital, thermal storage
and plant size.
2. A 20% drop in solar field and power
block costs combined with a 10%
increase in collector efficiency and an
increase by 5% in overall plant
efficiency results in a generation cost of
Rs.7 ($ 0.15)/kWh.

24. Literature Review Continued …
24
S.No. AUTHOR(S) SYSTEM / PARAMETER(S) RESULTS
9.
K.S. Reddy et al.
[14]
A techno-economic feasibility analysis
of a 5MWe solar parabolic dish
collector field is carried out for entire
India covering 58 locations.
1. The minimum and maximum average annual power
generation at Panaji and Tiruchirappalli are 7.25 GWh and
12.68 GWh respectively.
2. The minimum levelised electricity cost (LEC) for a stand-alone
solar parabolic dish power plant with the clean
development mechanism (CDM) is found to be at Indore
with payback period of 10.63 years with cost benefit ratio
of 1.48.
10.
T.V.
Ramachandra et
al. [15]
They identify the solar hotspots based
on the exploitable potential using high
resolution global insolation data from
NASA SSE in India across federal
boundaries and agro-climatic zones.
1. Nearly 58% of the country receives annual average Global
insolation of 5 kWh/m2/day.
2. It creates an employment opportunities especially in the
village level.
11.
Md. Fahim
Ansari et al. [16]
They try to develop a structural model
of the barriers to implement solar
power installations in India. Thirteen
relevant barriers to implement solar
power installations have been identified
and interpretive structural modeling
(ISM) methodology has been used.
1. High Pay-back period is coming at top of the model.
2. Lack of trained people and training institutes has been
identified as linkage barrier which is an unstable barrier.
3. Need for backup or storage device, unavailability of solar
radiation data and lack of R&D work have been identified.

25. Literature Review Continued …
25
S.No. AUTHOR(S) SYSTEM / PARAMETER(S) RESULTS
12.
Ishan Purohit et
al. [17]
They done a technical and economical
assessment of CSP technologies in India and to
analyze the techno-economic feasibility in Indian
conditions two projects namely PS-10 (Power
technology) and ANDASOL-1 (parabolic trough
technology) have been taken as reference. These
two systems have been simulated at several
Indian locations.
1. Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol the use of
CSP systems is financially feasible in most of
the locations considered in three states viz.
Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Madhya Pradesh.
2. The unit cost of electricity generated by these
two systems at Rajasthan and Gujarat states is
lower.
3. CDM benefits improve the values of financial
performance indicators of CSP systems.
13.
M.S. Soni et al.
[18]
They identified the Parameters required for the
commissioning of solar power plants in India
using solar PV and CSP technologies. And Forty
one parameters are considered for the study.
1. For both PV and CSP technologies, direct
investment cost was highly preferred
economical attribute, while the insurance cost
is least preferred.
2. Among technical parameters, location of the
site is given top priority and Fire alarm system
is given least favored.
3. In CSP, the type of CSP technology used is
given top preference with slight variation in
perception for other parameters. The module
mounting structure is given last preference.

26. CONCLUSION
26
A large amount of Indian STE output is consumed in Delhi, Haryana, and Punjab,
drawing upon supply sites in both Rajasthan and Jammu and Kashmir. Population
centers in Gujarat are also well positioned to extract power from Rajasthan.
As of early 2010, the global stock of CSP plants neared 1 GW capacity. A
number of projects being developed in countries including USA, Spain,
India, Egypt, Morocco, and Mexico are expected to total 15 GW.
All solar thermal power plants in India not used thermal storage
technologies very efficiently.
The launch of The JNNSM by MNRE, Government of India is the first step
in the promotion and establishment of solar energy as a viable alternative
to conventional sources.
The establishment of feed-in tariffs and other incentives, passing dynamic
government policies, and the cooperation of industry, researchers and
other stakeholders will play crucial role in the development of CSP
technology
solar thermal power generation is totally a new technology in India, thus
much more efforts are required for the upliftment of the energy scenario on
large scale.

27. GAPS IDENTIFIED
Though all three basic types of storage media (sensible, latent, thermochemical)
have the potential to make solar power plants viable, more research is still needed
to improve the thermal performance and economics of these systems.
Other CSP technologies like Heliostat, parabolic dish system and solar
chimney are not used up till now in India.
Due to shortage of water in Rajasthan Parabolic dish / Engine system is a
suitable option.
27
Dust problem is frequently occur in CSP plants so it requires more R&D.

28. REFERENCES
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28
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29. REFERENCES CONTINUED…
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30. REFERENCES CONTINUED…
[17] Purohit I., Purohit P., Techno-economic evaluation of concentrating solar power generation in India. Energy Policy 38
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[25] http://energybusinessdaily.com/power/dust-removing-technology-couldincrease- solar-panel-efficiency/.

31. Earth receives around 174 Petawatts of energy from sun
and only a small part of it is sufficient to meet the annual
world electricity consumption of 20 Trillion kWh
31
We Just need to tap this
potential
Thank You