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Systematic analysis of algalbio-fuel production integrated with domestic wastewater treatment in Armenia<br />By: Mambreh Gharakhani<br />Supervisors: Dr. Artak Hambarian<br /> Dr. Edwin Safari<br />Referee: Dr. Aram Hajian<br />Special Thanks to: Dr.Knel Touryan<br />Special Thanks to: Prof. Evrik Afrikian<br />

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Objectives<br /><ul><li>Evaluation of the effect of the proposed scheme on reducing carbon emission (Green house Gas),and sustainable development

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Assessment of the economic and technical feasibility and efficiency of wastewater treatment using algae and influencing parameters based on past experience</li></li></ul><li>Contents of presentation<br />Problem<br />What is Algae<br />Algae cultivation technologies<br />Algae harvesting <br />Oil extraction<br />Biodiesel production<br />Future work<br />Conclusion<br />

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The plan (?)<br />Waste water<br />Algae<br />Green house gasses(CO2, NO2, CH4)<br />Biomass, Biofuel fertilizer, etc..<br />

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Problems Related to Armenia<br /><ul><li>Armenia like other former Soviet Union member states, has suffered from lack of technical and financial support to properly operate wastewater treatment plants.

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The existing networks collect waste water from 60-80% of urban areas, while rural areas do not basically have sewage systems, so that waste water is entirely discharged into the river basin.</li></ul>Eutrophication (algal bloom)<br />We are Dying<br />

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What is Algae?<br />

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Bad Attitude<br />Algae : Sea weeds<br />Algae : Pond Scum<br />Algae : Frog Spittle<br />

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Algae: simple plants, they do not have complex system (Xylem and phloem) to circulate water and nutrients<br />Autotrophic: Using sunlight <br />Heterotrophic: does not require sunlight and Use organic Carbon (CH2O)n instead<br />carbon dioxide + water + sunlight-> carbohydrate + oxygen<br />multicellular forms: seaweed (Macro algae) and unicellular species which Microalgae: unicellular ,exist individually, or in chains or groups<br />

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Algae are the source of planet’s oxygen and absorb most of CO2 <br />– “Dirty Water”. Species flourish in brackish, Saline and wastewater. <br />• Wastewater nutrients support highly productive algal cultures<br />

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Microalgae<br /><ul><li>It has been estimated that about 200,000-800,000 species exist of which about 35,000 species are known.</li></ul>Composition of microalgae (dry basis): protein (12–35%); lipid (7.2–23%); carbohydrate (4.6–23%).<br /><ul><li>According to scientists fossil fuels have been biologically produced from prehistoric Algaeduring past million years.

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scientists are trying to speed up the same process by mass producing the algal cells and consequently develop methods to use them in transportation fuel production, (Biofuel-Biodiesel)</li></li></ul><li><ul><li>Biodiesel and bioethanol are two potential renewable fuels that have attracted the most attention.</li></ul>Wide-scale production of crops for biodiesel feedstock can cause an increase in worldwide food and commodity prices<br />

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Biomass: is low cost plant matter for production of commodities (feeds, fuels, foods, fibers, chemicals)<br />Algae yield: 30 tones/acre. year Other crops: 15 tones/ acre. year<br />

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comparison of oil yield for various oilseed crops<br />Source: Bennenmen,2008<br />

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Micro algae<br />Imagine if we could<br /><ul><li>Grow a fuel without using land

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Grow a fuel without polluting the atmosphere

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Harvest a crop every day instead of yearly

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Generate up to 300 times more biomass per acre

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Grow Crops in both fresh and sea water, also in wastewater (sewage)</li></ul>Bonus:<br />microalgae can be used in the wastewater treatment as the micro organisms influencing the cleaning process<br />Well we can! &gt;&gt; Micro-algae will do all these things<br />

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What algae needs for growth and productivity of biomass?<br />A little bit of everything…<br />• Sunlight<br />•Temperature<br />•Water (Fresh, brackish, wastewater, etc.)<br />•Supply of carbon dioxide (use exhaust of power plants)<br />•Macronutrients: C, N, P, Mg, Ca, K, Na, Cl, NO3, NH4<br />•Micronutrients (Trace elements): Fe, B, Zn, Mn, Mo, Cu, SO4, Co, Al, Br, Etc..<br />

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Energy from photosynthesis<br />The energy - in the form of biomass - that can be obtained via photosynthesis thus depends on the level of PAR and the efficiency of the conversion process Q. <br /> Ebiomass= PAR x Q <br />Micro algae eight photons to capture one molecule of CO2into carbohydrate (CH2O)nGiven that one mole of CH2O has a heating value of 468kJ and that the mean energy of a mole of PAR photons is 217.4kJ, then the maximum theoretical conversion efficiency of PAR energy into carbohydrates is: <br /> 468kJ/(8 x 217.4kJ) = 27% <br />In Practical Case: decreases to 10%<br />

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1<br />3<br />5<br />2<br />4<br />

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Which Algae Production Technology?<br />Microalgae were first mass cultured on rooftop at MIT during the early 1950s, first mention of algae biofuels in report of that project. <br />The energy shocks of the 1970s led renewed study of microalgae biofuels, methane combination with wastewater treatment .<br />1980 - 1995 <br />

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Which Algae Production Technology?<br /><ul><li>Open raceway paddle wheel mixed ponds now used by 98% commercial microalgae production

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High Rate Algal Ponds are the most economical technology but are presently not cost effective for biofuel production alone.(Dr.JasonPark,2009)</li></li></ul><li>

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Which Algae Production Technology?<br />Closed photobioreactors are economic for high value applications (nutraceuticals) but are presently not cost effective for biofuel production<br />

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Technologies Based On wastewater treatment<br />Biodiesel production from algae grown in wastewater has the potential to address three important goals: <br />Development of new energy sources (oil production)<br />Management of agricultural wastes to protect aquatic environment<br /> Reduction of the global anthropogenic green house effect<br />

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Direct Cost<br />Direct production costs(combined annual maintenance and operating costs) contribute highest: 68%<br />Nutrient expenses: 33.7%<br />Labor and overheads: 24%<br />Water: 16%<br />Electricity: 7%<br />

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Ideal Goal: Biofuels from Algae: using Non-Fresh Water Sources<br />

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Implementation of proposed technology in real life in one of the major treatment centers<br /><ul><li> site location is selected to model a possible facility for wastewater treatment trough algal technology

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The site is in city of Gavar near to second largest wastewater treatment plant

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It dumps the incomplete treated wastewater with a flow rate of 2400 cubic meter per day.

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The average temperature in the coldest month is take 5

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By this example I try to model the economics: cost, efficiency, investment, and environmental impact of the proposed method.</li></li></ul><li>The current wastewater treatment in GegharkunikMarz<br />

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Comparative capital cost for Different WWT Technologies<br />Capital Cost Comparison between WWT technologies + 80000 $ each year for maintenance <br />Total electricity requirements measured in kWh/MGD at various flow<br />rates<br />

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22000)<br />30000<br />Momodelind sample<br />50% -60%<br />min. monthly average (January) ° C - 15<br />max. monthly average (August) ° C + 17<br />Flow rate: 3200 m3/day<br />Average temp of coldest month: 5 ° c <br /><ul><li>The wastewater treatment plants is located on the territory of Gegharkunic Marz

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The local economy is improving in a very slow rate

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BOD5 and suspended solids values were very low: not metered water consumption, leaking water pipes causing large infiltration amounts in the sewers and connections existing between sewerage and storm water network.

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Same latitude as Denver city~ 30000 liters oil/ hectare . Year </li></ul>(Kristina M. Weyer, Al Darzins, “Theoretical and maximum algal production”, Springerlink.com)<br />

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Table. 1: Input parameters for wastewater in Gavar <br />30000 × 100 × 80% × 10-3 = 2400<br />

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The Alternative options for the solution (Cultivation of algae) <br />1. The traditional wastewater ponds system<br />2. Advance integrated wastewater treatment<br />3. Photobioreactor integrated with wastewater treatment<br />Algal biomass harvesting<br />Oil extraction<br />

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Traditional wastewater ponds<br />Primary Facultative pond<br />Secondary facultative pond (algal high rate pond)<br />Algae settling ponds<br />Maturation pond<br />

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Primary Facultative pond<br />aerobic bacteria and algae<br />1-3<br />intermediate zone<br />anaerobic bacteria<br />

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NH4- ammonia is the source of nitrogen<br />Biological Oxygen Demand<br />

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Secondary facultative pond (algal high rate pond)<br />Wastewater treatment High Rate Algal Ponds are presently the only option for cost-effective biofuel production due to co-benefits of wastewater treatment, nutrient recovery and GHG abatement + The various byproducts.<br />

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Settlingponds<br />To increase the concentration of algae in up to 3 g/l<br />Decrease the operational and power consumption costs<br />50 to 80 percent of algae can be removed. <br />If higher degrees of algae are required secondary harvesting method is required.<br />

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2. Advanced Integrated Wastewater Ponds System <br />Advanced Facultative pond<br />Secondary facultative pond (algal high rate pond)<br />Algae settling ponds<br />Maturation pond<br />

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Algal Settling Ponds<br />Advanced Facultative Pond<br />Maturation Pond<br />High Rate Pond<br />Paddlewheel (3–6 rpm)<br />Fermentation<br />pit<br />Raw Wastewater<br />Effluent<br />4.0 - 6.0 m deep<br />0.1- 0.3 m deep<br />1.0 m deep<br />1.0-2.0 m deep<br />Advanced Integrated Ponds system<br />

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Example: High Rate Ponds in Florida<br />

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Algae growth in HRP<br />

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200 m2 Raceway Vero Beach<br />

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3. Photo bioreactor integrated with wastewater <br />

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Area Calculated for Photo bioreactor for 2 million gallons of biodiesel<br />

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Algae Harvesting<br />Concentration of diluted algae suspension until a thick Algae paste is obtained<br />Primary harvesting<br />Auto flocculation<br />Flocculation<br />Centrifugation<br />

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Oil extraction<br />Extracting oil from algae paste (algal bio mass) with 90-95% efficiency<br />Solvent extraction: Using Hexane + Mechanical Pressing<br />

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Oil extraction from photobioreactor<br />

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Algal oil to Biodiesel<br />Transesterification<br />Transesterification is the process that the algae oil must go through to become biodiesel. <br />It is a simple chemical reaction requiring only four steps and two chemicals:<br />1. Mix methanol and sodium hydroxide creates sodium methoxide<br />2. Mix sodium methoxide into algae oil<br />3. Allow to settle for about 8 hours<br />4. Drain glycerin and filter biodiesel to 5 microns<br />

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Technical summary of options table .1<br />

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Future Work<br /><ul><li>If enough investment is affordable in the field, Photo bioreactors can be used for biodiesel production, also for local wastewater treatment.

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Onsite systems which are flexible and can be moved can be used

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Decentralized systems provide very effective and sustainable wastewater treatment near the source</li></li></ul><li>Conclusion<br />Algae is the part of solution and had lots of advantages<br /><ul><li>Wastewater treatment is cost competitive now</li></ul>Biofuel production cost covered by treatment fees<br />1,100 ton/year CO2 abattement per 100,000 population<br /> Industrial and agricultural wastewater also can be treated<br />Harvesting costs decrease due to biofloculations • Lipids produced – 25% lipid content, current maximum – 1500 gallons per acre per year (best est.) <br /> Global warming is a fact that needs to be stopped<br /><ul><li>The future of transportation is in biofuels specially algae</li></li></ul><li>

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Special thanks….<br />Dr. Antonyan<br />Dr. Al. Darzin, NREL<br />Dr. Treq Lundquist, CalPol University<br />Kate Riley ,Yield Energy<br />Ryan Davis, NREL<br />Mark van Schagen, Evodos<br />Special thanks to family<br />And friends<br />Also Siranush Vopyan<br />

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Qu…es…tion???<br />

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Thanks for your attention!<br />