Mobile Broadband, powered by Mobile 3G/4G wireless technologies, has revolutionized the way we live, interact, and consume information. This connectivity is as important to mobile user experience as processing power or battery life. It overcomes complex technical challenges to deliver reliable, high-speed connectivity, everywhere we go. At Qualcomm, we foresee and solve the seemingly impossible wireless challenges, pioneering the technology that is powering Mobile Broadband. Being a wireless leader, it is essential for Qualcomm to educate the industry (and beyond) on this amazing technical achievement. This presentation explains the magic of Mobile Broadband, and all the complexities of wireless and mobile communications, to enable everyone at Qualcomm to tell our wireless leadership story, starting with the fundamentals of Wireless and Mobile.

1. 1

2. December 2013
Mobile Broadband:
Wireless Fundamentals
2

3. Wireless is the foundation to mobile broadband
1
2
Mobile is the largest technology
platform in the world, enabling
broadband internet access
anywhere
Mobile broadband is an
amazing technical achievement,
critical to the mobile user
experience
3
Wireless fundamentals are the
foundation to mobile broadband
powered by Mobile 3G/4G
technologies
4
Qualcomm is the leader in
Mobile 3G/4G. We foresee and
solve the impossible wireless
challenges.
3

4. Mobile is the largest technology platform in the world
~6.7 Billion connections, almost
as many as people on Earth1
7 Billion smartphones
to be shipped 2013-20172
New form factors; tablet/laptop
variants, wearables, etc.
1 GSMA
More prevalent than electricity
or running water in some regions
Evolving into Internet of Everything:
cars, meters, health-devices, etc.
Intelligence, July 2013 - note ~3.3B unique subscribers.
2 Gartner, April 2013
4

5. The evolution of broadband from fixed to mobile
>75%
Global broadband connections that
are mobile in 20131
Mobile Broadband
Mobile 3G/4G
Fixed Broadband
Ethernet
1 Source:
Wireless Intelligence, April 2013; WBIS+, April 2013
Portable Broadband
Wi-Fi
5

6. Mobile broadband is reliable, high-speed internet
access…anywhere, anytime
Reliable Performance
Fast Speeds
Anywhere Coverage
Talk and browse without interruption with
more bars in more places
Stream, surf, upload, and download with
fast, predictable data rates
Connect to Internet with seamless mobility
anywhere you get a signal
Delivering rich user experiences through seamless mobile connectivity
6

7. Seamless mobile connectivity is the fundamental reason for
buying a smartphone
Usage Model
Global Response
For your next smartphone purchase, which of the following capabilities would drive your
decision to select one phone over others? Select all that apply
Access internet anytime, anywhere
60%
Fast/smooth web browsing
Mobile
Broadband
60%
52%
Faster download speeds
45%
SMS/text messaging
45%
Send/receive photos/videos (MMS)
36%
Quickly switch between apps
36%
35%
Secure mobile banking/transactions
30%
Watch theater-quality movies/videos
27%
View/edit office docs
26%
Streaming video/movies
27%
37%
Better power management
High-definition
movies/videos
40%
Runs multiple apps efficiently at same time
40%
41%
Take HD photos/images
High-definition
photos/images
Instant access to email
25%
Source: Qualcomm quantitative survey conducted December through February 2013 on 2,000+ Gen Pop sample from 8 countries worldwide (USA, UK, China, Brazil, India, Mexico, Russia, South Korea)
7

8. Mobile broadband is an amazing technical achievement
More processing power
than Apollo 11 when it
landed on moon
Battery holds ~5 watt-hours
of energy, enough to lift an
average adult 6 stories high
~100,000,000,000,000 X
Magnitude of signal loss versus original signal due to
harsh wireless environment
Equivalent to distance to mars versus thickness of needle
<0.01% packet loss
Performance required for high priority applications with
mobility
E.g., voice and video streaming
One device that fits in your
pocket replaces functionality
of at least 6 other devices
>19,000,000,000*
Gigabytes of worldwide mobile data traffic
forecasted in 2013
Equivalent to >4 billion full-length HD Movies
* Source: Cisco & GSMA, 2013
8

9. Wireless fundamentals are the foundation of this amazing
technical achievement
Wireless Connectivity Fundamentals
Radio Signal
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
Range
Radio Channel
Spectrum
Data Rate
Capacity
Radio signals are like a ripple in
the water
Radio channels are like highways
Radio channel has a finite
capacity like a pipe
9

10. Wireless Connectivity Fundamentals
Radio Signal
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
Range
Radio Channel
Spectrum
Data Rate
Capacity
Radio signals are like a ripple in
the water
Radio channels are like highways
Radio channel has a finite
capacity like a pipe
10

11. Radio signals are like ripples in the water
Radio Signal: A form of energy that radiates
into space as radio waves.
𝜆
Water
Surface
𝐴
Amplitude (𝐴): Size of the ripple (energy)
Wavelength (𝜆): Distance between the ripples (meters)
Frequency (𝑓): How often the ripple goes by (hertz)
11

12. Radio signals (ripples) are modulated with information
Modulation turns radio signals into information “carriers” creating a radio channel
Ripple Receiver
Data
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
Amplitude Modulation
(AM)
1
0
0
Amplitude Modulation (AM):
Alternating how big you make the ripples
12

13. Radio signals (ripples) transmit in noisy environments
Interference
Power
Ripple Receiver
Noise
𝑆𝑁𝑅 =
𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑁𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 + 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
Signal Power
Noise + Interference Power
Distance (from ripple source)
Range is the distance the signal can travel with acceptable SNR to
be decoded by receiver
13

14. Mobile technologies provide signal quality despite harsh wireless
environments
Ripple Source
(Transmitter)
~100,000,000,000 X
Amount of signal loss possible across cell
compared to original signal
Ripple Receiver
Environment
Noise
Operator Base Station
Ripple Source
PSTN
User Equipment
Ripple Receiver
Internet
Other Users
Interference
Cell
Ripple Range
Enabled by Mobile 3G/4G technologies:
Advanced receivers and coding to detect low-power signals from noise
Multiple antenna techniques to create multiple paths to amplify signal
14

15. Mobile technologies provide coverage beyond the cell
Ripple Source
Transmitter #1
Ripple Source
Transmitter #2
Power (dB)
Ripple Receiver
Requires seamless handoff between transmitters like swinging from a trapeze
15

16. Mobile cells are networked to provide mobility
Network
Switch/Router
PSTN
Internet
<0.01%
Packet loss required for high
priority apps (e.g., video)
Cells are designed with overlapping coverage to provide seamless handoffs across cells
16

17. Wireless Connectivity Fundamentals
Radio Signal
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
Range
Radio Channel
Spectrum
Data Rate
Capacity
Radio signals are like a ripple in
the water
Radio channels are like highways
Radio channel has a finite
capacity like a pipe
17

18. Spectrum is like land – a finite resource;
Radio channels are like highways built on this land
Radio Frequency Spectrum (land):
Frequency range for different types of wireless communication
100 MHz
850 MHz
1,500 MHz
1,900 MHz
2,350 MHz
FM Radio
Mobile band
GPS
Mobile band
Satellite Radio
Radio Channel (highway):
Spectrum for specific communication link
Data (vehicles):
105.3 FM Radio Channel
Bits of information carried on Radio channel
18

19. Spectrum can be either licensed or unlicensed
Licensed Spectrum
Unlicensed Spectrum
Cleared spectrum for exclusive use
(Mobile 3G/4G technologies)
Spectrum shared by multiple technologies
(Wi-Fi, BT & others)
Operator
Predictable Performance
Foundation of Mobile Broadband
Unpredictable Performance
Local Area Access, Opportunistic Offload
19

20. Mobile technologies are a two-way (duplex) highway
Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)
Two-lane highway (paired spectrum)
Spectrum 1
Uplink (UL)
Spectrum 2
Downlink (DL)
Time
Time Division Duplex (TDD)
One-lane, shared highway (unpaired spectrum)
Spectrum 1
UL
DL
UL
DL
Time
20

21. Finite
Spectrum
Mobile technologies have finite available spectrum
Radio Frequency Spectrum
Defense 27%
Commercial 27%
Aeronautical 17%
Requires large
antennas
Travels short
distance
Mobile 15%*
Broadcasting 8%
Other 6%
60 MHz
600 MHz
6 GHz
60 GHz
Evolving Mobile 3G/4G technologies maximize spectrum efficiency with:
Advanced receivers and radio link improvements to get more bits per Hz
Multiple antenna techniques to create multiple paths to carry more data
* Based on average Europe allocations up to 6 GHz
21

22. A radio channel has a peak data rate
Peak Data Rate
(𝑅)
Theoretical max data rate in
ideal conditions measured in bits
per second (bps)
≈
𝑊 ∙ 𝑛 ∙
𝑀
− 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑
∗
Spectrum Bandwidth
Number of Antennas
Higher Order Modulation
The width of the radio channel
(highway) built on spectrum
(land)
The number of spatially
separated paths (highway
overpasses)
The number of bits (passengers)
transmitted per signal (vehicle)
11
10
01
00
Frequency
Note: Overhead is extra bits for each packet beyond the payload containing information necessary to properly transport the packet end-to-end across the network
22

23. Evolving Mobile technologies increase peak data rate
Peak Data Rate Equation
𝑅≈ 𝑊∙ 𝑛∙ 𝑀−
𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑
2G
Voice plus Messaging
3G
3G+/4G
Mobile Broadband
Advanced Mobile Broadband
CDMA, GSM, GPRS/EDGE
WCDMA/HSPA, EV-DO
HSPA+, LTE, LTE Advanced
200 kHz
5 MHz
20+ MHz
1 x 1 (n = 1)
1 x 1 (n = 1)
2 x 2 (n = 2)
Modulation (𝑴)
8-PSK (M = 3)
16-QAM (M = 4)
64-QAM (M = 6)
Peak Data Rate1
474 Kbps
14.4 Mbps
150+ Mbps
Example: LTE Peak Data Rate2
Spectrum Bandwidth (𝑊) = 20 MHz
Number of Antennas (𝑛) = 2
Bits per Symbol (𝑀) = 6
Overhead = 37.5%
Peak Data Rate (𝑅) = 150 Mbps
Channel Bandwidth (𝑾)
# of Antennas (𝒏)
1
Download peak data rate, 2 Download peak data rate with 2 x 2 MIMO, 64-QAM Modulation, and 20 MHz carrier
23

24. Wireless Connectivity Fundamentals
Radio Signal
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
Range
Radio Channel
Spectrum
Data Rate
Capacity
Radio signals are like a ripple in
the water
Radio channels are like highways
Radio channel has a finite
capacity like a pipe
24

25. Radio channel capacity is like a pipe’s capacity for water
Capacity (𝐶)
Radio channel capacity is shared amongst multiple users
Theoretical max amount of data traffic that
can be reliably transmitted over a noisy radio
channel at a given time
Single User
100%
12%
13%
29%
21%
10%
15%
User 1
User 2
User 3
User 4
User 5
User 6
25

26. A radio channel has a finite capacity
Capacity (𝐶)
≈
𝑊 ∙ 𝑛 ∙ log 2 (1 + 𝑆𝑁𝑅)
Theoretical max amount of data that
can be reliably transmitted over a noisy
radio channel
Spectrum Bandwidth
Number of Antennas
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
This size of your pipe
(bandwidth)
The number of spatially
separated pipes (paths)
The quality of your water
flow (signal quality)
Shannon’s Law
26

27. Evolving Mobile 3G/4G technologies increase capacity
Shared
Resources
Enhancing user experience through faster data rates and lower latencies
𝐶≈
𝑊 ∙ 𝑛 ∙ log 2 (1 + 𝑆𝑁𝑅)
More
Spectrum
More
Antennas
Spectrum
Aggregation
Clear additional licensed spectrum
plus opportunistic use of
unlicensed spectrum
Carrier #1
Carrier #2
Carrier #3
Aggregated
Data Pipe
Interference
Mitigation
Higher
Efficiency
Mitigate interference with
advanced receivers and antenna
techniques
Create spatially separated paths
resulting in higher spectrum
efficiency (bps/Hz)
Carrier #4
Aggregate contiguous and noncontiguous radio channels for
higher data rates
Detect low-power signals with
advanced receivers and coding
techniques
Wireless fundamentals are the foundation to this evolution
27

28. Mobile data traffic growth—
industry preparing for 1000x
preparing for
Mobile technology evolutions to increase capacity equation will not be enough
Richer content
1000x
data traffic growth*
More devices
more video
everything connected
Average bestseller:
5.93 GB
Movie (High Definition)
Movie (Standard Definition)
0.0014 GB
Homepage
1.8 GB
Game for Android
0.14 GB
Soundtrack
25
Billion
~
2.49 GB
7
Billion
~
Interconnected
device forecast
in 20202
Cumulative smartphone
forecast between
2013-20171
0.00091 GB
Book
28
1
Gartner, April 2013; 2 Machina Research on behalf of GSMA, Dec. ’12, Note: 1000x would be reached if mobile data traffic doubled ten times, but Qualcomm does not make predictions when 1000x will happen, we work on the solutions to enable 1000x

29. The biggest gain – reuse Shannon’s Law everywhere!
𝐶
Scaling Capacity with Small Cells
Reusing Capacity (𝐶) equation everywhere
𝐶 ≈ 𝑛 ∙ 𝑊 ∙ log 2 (1 + 𝑆𝑁𝑅)
𝐶
𝐶
SMALL CELL
𝐶
SMALL CELL
𝐶
Small Cell
SMALL CELL
More Small Cells
29

30. Qualcomm is the leader in
seamless mobile connectivity
delivering superior
performance and technology
leadership
We foresee and solve the impossible wireless challenges
30

31. Qualcomm is the leader in Mobile 3G/4G technologies
First World Mode LTE
Advanced Modem
with 40 MHz CA and CAT61
Each modem generation enhances user experience and provides more capacity
First LTE Advanced
Increasing User Experience
First Integrated LTE Multimode
DL: 100 Mbps
Higher efficiency (LTE)
2 x 2 MIMO
Support for 3G and 4G technologies
First Integrated
LTE
Smartphone
First LTE
World
Mode
DL: 300 Mbps
40 MHz Carrier Aggregation
DL: 150 Mbps
20 MHz Carrier Aggregation
First DC-HSPA+
First HSPA+
First HSUPA
DL: 42 Mbps
UL: 11 Mbps
Carrier Aggregation
DL: 28 Mbps
UL: 5.76 Mbps
Higher Order Modulation
2 x 2 MIMO
DL: 7.2 Mbps
UL: 5.76 Mbps
Enhanced Uplink Channel
First HSDPA
DL: 1.8 Mbps
UL: 384 kbps
Higher Order Modulation
Time
Qualcomm Gobi is a product of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.
1
November 20, 2013: Qualcomm Technologies Announces Fourth-Generation 3G/LTE Multimode Modem - First Commercial Solution to Offer Global 4G LTE Advanced 40 MHz Carrier Aggregation for CAT6 FDD and TDD
31

32. Wireless is the foundation to mobile broadband
1
2
Mobile is the largest technology
platform in the world, enabling
broadband internet access
anywhere
Mobile broadband is an
amazing technical achievement,
critical to the mobile user
experience
3
Wireless fundamentals are the
foundation to mobile broadband
powered by Mobile 3G/4G
technologies
4
Qualcomm is the leader in
Mobile 3G/4G. We foresee and
solve the impossible wireless
challenges.
32

33. Thank you
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For more information on Qualcomm, visit us at:
www.qualcomm.com & www.qualcomm.com/blog
© 2013 QUALCOMM Incorporated and/or its subsidiaries. All Rights Reserved.
Qualcomm is a trademark of Qualcomm Incorporated, registered in the United States and other countries.
Other products and brand names may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners.
References in this presentation to “Qualcomm” may mean Qualcomm Incorporated, Qualcomm Technologies, Inc., and/or other subsi diaries or business
units within the Qualcomm corporate structure, as applicable.
Qualcomm Incorporated includes Qualcomm’s licensing business, QTL, and the vast majority of its patent portfolio. Qualcomm Te chnologies, Inc., a
wholly-owned subsidiary of Qualcomm Incorporated, operates, along with its subsidiaries, substantially all of Qualcomm’s enginee ring, research and
development functions, and substantially all of its product and services businesses, including its semiconductor business, QM C.
33