Briefly explain about Respiratory Hazards,Type of respiratory protective equipment,Respirator selection and Air pollution according to the OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH (OSHA) Malaysia

1. OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH (KAS3501)
SEMESTER 6 2014/2015
Date of presentation : 6th May 2015
GROUP 16
Member’s name :
1) Muhammad Naqqis Solihin bin Zainudin UK29930
2) Fong Xiao Qi UK29530
3) Sharifah Nur Fatin Radhiah binti Syed Rahillah UK29917
4) Marlia Fattin Artiqah binti Ghazali UK29870
5) Nurul Hakiemah binti Ishak UK29524

2. I.AIR AND BREATHING

3. What is it ?
• Breathing is the process that moves air in and
out of the lungs, or oxygen through other
breathing organs such as gills.
• For organisms with lungs, breathing is also
called ventilation, which includes both
inhalation & exhalation.

4. How do chemicals enter the body???
• In order for a chemical to become hazardous to a
person's health, it must first contact or enter the
body and the chemical must have some biological
effect on the body.
• There are 4 major routes:
1. Inhalation (breathing)
2. Skin contact
3. Digestive system (ingestion or eating)
4. injection
• Breathing of contaminated air is the most common
way that workplace chemicals enter the body.

5. • Some acids, caustics or organic chemicals, when
inhaled in sizable amounts, can cause serious &
irreparable "burn" damage to the mouth, nose,
trachea, bronchi & lungs.

6. What are examples of chemicals that
may be inhaled??? (especially in
industry)
•Gases and vapours
•Mists
•Dusts, fumes, smokes

7. Gases and vapours
Vapours produced from the process of
evaporation
Organic solvents, such as toluene, methyl
ethyl ketone (MEK) or alcohols, generally
evaporate more rapidly

8. Mists
• In some instances, an industrial process
might produce tiny liquid droplets that are
able to float in the air
• Examples include acid mists from
electroplating, oil mists from cutting and
grinding, or paint spray mists from painting
operations

9. Dusts, fumes, smokes
• Dusts are solid particles often generated by some mechanical
or abrasive activity. They are usually heavy enough to settle
slowly to the ground
• Fumes are very tiny solid particles which can remain airborne
that are formed when a heated metal has evaporated in the
air and then condensed back to a solid form. This occurs in
welding operations
• Smoke is carbon or soot from burning. Smoke particles can
settle or remain airborne depending on their size.

10. CAN REFER TO…..
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ACT 1974(ACT 127)
REGULATIONS,RULES, and ORDERS
• Environmental Quality (Clean Air)
Regulations 1978

11. II. RESPIRATORY HAZARDS

12. RESPIRATORY HAZARD
• include airborne contaminants such as biological
contaminants, dusts, mists, fumes, and gases, or
oxygen-deficient atmospheres.
• Air contaminants can exist in several forms that
are dependent on their identity, how the
exposure is generated, and its physical form or
state of matter.
• These include particulates, gases and vapors.
Note that more than one respiratory hazard can
be present at the same time
Breathing in hazardous substances can cause ill
health. In some cases it can lead to early death.

13. • Hazardous substances can be present in the workplace in
different physical states, including:
I. Gases such as chlorine and ammonia
II. Liquids such as solvents, petrols and paints
III. Solids and dusts such as slate, powdered chemicals, flour,
cement dust, silica and wood dust
IV. Solids that produce dangerous gases with moisture (e.g.
cyanide, phosphide) or that give off vapours (e.g. phenol,
metaldehyde, naphthalene, iodine)
V. Fumes arising from welding, soldering and burning metals
VI. Fibres such as asbestos, glass wool, rockwool and
refractory ceramic fibres
VII. Mists and sprays such as battery acid mist from re-
charging or from tasks such as paint spraying
VIII. Vapours generated by petrol, solvents, thinners or
products like paints and varnishes.

14. How to Assess Employees’
Exposure to Respiratory
Hazards
• Many accidents or illnesses can occur when
an employee exposure assessment is not
performed.
• For this reason, it is crucial to identify
carefully all the respiratory hazards in a
workplace and to measure or to estimate
workers’ exposures to these hazards.

15. Options for Obtaining Expert Advice
As a small-business employer, you must be informed about the
respiratory hazards in the workplace and their health effects so that
you can select the right respirators and ensure that they are used
properly. You must know the limitations of the respirators and their
maintenance requirements. In many cases, gathering this information
presents technical demands that exceed the capabilities of small
businesses; however, you have several options for obtaining expert
advice. You may consider:
i. Training one of your staff members to become a safety and
health expert
ii. Requesting an evaluation by your workers’ compensation carrier
iii. Calling the Cal/OSHA Consultation Service for assistance
iv. Consulting with an industrial hygienist or safety professional to
assist with setting up your program

16. Factors in Assessing Respiratory
Hazards
The safety and health professional with whom you consult will have to
assess several factors before you can select the appropriate respiratory
protection. He or she must:
I. Identify the respiratory hazards to which your employees are exposed.
II. Determine the state and the physical form of the chemicals. Are they
solids, liquids, or gases? Do the liquids and solids give off vapors, or do
they form dusts or mists? Does an oxygen deficient atmosphere exist in
your workplace, or are any combination of these hazards present?
III. Evaluate the extent of the hazards from chemicals that may be
present. Are employees working in conditions that exceed or fall below
acceptable exposure limits? How many employees are exposed?
IV. Determine the kinds of adverse health effects that result from the
products or materials used.

17. Controlling Hazards
• After elimination and substitution, well designed and
maintained engineering controls are the preferred
methods of controlling worker exposure to hazardous
contaminants in the air.
• These control methods include:
i. mechanical ventilation
ii. enclosure or isolation of the process or work
equipment
iii. proper control and use of process equipment.
iv. process modifications including substitution of less
hazardous materials where possible.

18. • Administrative controls may be used in addition
to engineering controls.
• Administrative controls limit workers' exposures
by scheduling reduced work times in
contaminant areas or by implementing other
such work rules.
• These control measures have many limitations
because the hazard is not removed.
• Administrative controls are not generally
favoured because they can be difficult to
implement, maintain and are not reliable.

19. III. Type of respiratory
protective equipment

20. Respiratory Protective Equipment
• RPE (respirators and breathing apparatus) are
used in many workplaces to protect workers
when working with hazardous substances,
such as gases, solvents, powdered chemicals
and sprays.
• RPE comes with various forms of facepiece,
such as helmets, visors, hoods or masks.

21. Masks
• Masks are tight fitting facepieces.
• They rely on having a good seal with the wearer’s
face.
• To ensure a good seal, the size and shape of the
mask must be matched to the wearer’s face.
• There should not be any facial hair in the face
seal region and the masks must be worn as
recommended by the manufacturer.
• Masks will require facepiece fit testing for each
wearer when selected for the first time to ensure
that they are suitable.

23. Hoods, helmets, visors and blouses
• They are loose fitting facepieces.
• They are suitable for those who wear glasses,
have facial hair or facial markings (e.g. deep
scars) in the face seal region.
• These facepieces rely on an adequate flow of
clean air being delivered to them to prevent
contaminant leaking in.
• They are only used on fan-powered respirators
and air-fed breathing apparatus.

24. visors Hoods

25. helmets
blouses

26. RPE is divided into 2 main types:
1. Respirators (filtering devices):
• Use filters to remove contaminants in the
workplace air.
• Filter selection and use requires due care and
attention to ensure the safety of wearers.
• Respirators should never be used in situations
with reduced oxygen levels.
• There are 2 main types :
i. Non-powered respirators – rely on the wearer’s
breathing to draw air through the filter
ii. Powered respirators – use a motor to pass air
through the filter to give a supply of clean air to
the wearer

27. 2. Breathing apparatus (BA):
• Needs a supply of air from a clean source
(e.g. an air cylinder or air compressor).
• BA may be used in situations with reduced
oxygen levels.

28. When can use RPE?
• The law requires employers to prevent or control
the exposure of employees and others (e.g. sub-
contractors) to hazardous substances at work.
• Exposure should be controlled by practicable
measures, with RPE used as a last resort - when
inhalation exposure risk remains after you have
put in place other reasonable controls.
• It may also be used as additional protection in
case other control measures fail to operate.

29. Why is RPE a last choice for
protection?
RPE can only protect the wearer. Control measures such as
automation, enclosure or extraction of hazardous substances
can protect everyone working in the area.
Other drawbacks of RPE:
• RPE is intrusive, so not many people would want to wear it for
any length of time
• It can be uncomfortable to wear
• It can give a sense of false protection, especially when not
worn in accordance with the manufacturer’s instruction
• It may interfere with communication and vision
• It can interfere with the wearer’s personal freedom such as
wanting to have a goatee beard or to come to work with stubble
• It can be expensive in the long run when compared to simple,
common sense control measures
• It can cause disturbance to make-up, jewelry and hair style.

30. IV. Respirator selection

31. When should a respirator be used?
• Respirators should not be the first choice for
respiratory protection in workplaces.
• They should only be used:
1. when following the "hierarchy of control" is not
possible (elimination, substitution, engineering
or administrative controls)
2. while engineering controls are being installed or
repaired
3. when emergencies or other temporary
situations arise (e.g., maintenance operations)

32. Things that should know before
choose a respirator?
• Employers should have a written respirator
program that describes the proper procedures
for selecting and operating respiratory
protective equipment.
• describe how to wear and look after the
respirator.

33. • A respiratory protection program includes :
1. hazard identification & control
2. exposure assessment
3. respirator selection
4. respirator fit-testing
5. training program
6. inspection & record keeping
7. cleaning & sanitizing respirators
8. repairing & maintaining respirators
9. proper storage of respirators
10. health surveillance
11. standard operating procedures (available in written form)
12. program evaluation

34. Different classes of respirators
• The 2 main types are :
1. air-purifying respirators (APRs)
2. supplied-air respirators (SARs)

35. Air-purifying respirators (APRs)
• Remove contaminants in the air that you breathe by
filtering out particulates (e.g., dusts, metal fumes,
mists, etc.).
• Other APRs purify air by adsorbing gases or vapours
on adsorbent (adsorbing material) in a cartridge or
cannister.
• They are tight-fitting and are available in several forms:
1. mouth bit respirator
2. quarter-mask
3. half-face mask
4. full facepiece

36. Supplied-air respirators (SARs)
• Supply clean air from a compressed air tank
or through an air line. This air is not from the
work room area.
• Supplied-air respirators may have either tight-
fitting or loose-fitting respiratory inlets.

37. Types
• half face pieces
• full face pieces
Tight-fitting
respiratory
inlets
• hoods / helmets (cover the
head & neck)
• loose-fitting face pieces with
rubber / fabric side shields.
Loose-fitting
respiratory
inlets

38. How do you select the right
respirator?
• Before the proper respirator can be selected
for a job, be sure you have already:
1. identified the respiratory hazard.
2. evaluated the hazard.
3. considered whether engineering controls are
feasible.

39. V. Air pollution

40. Introduction
• The term “air quality” means the state of the air
around us. Good air quality refers to clean, clear,
unpolluted air.
• Clean air is essential to maintaining the delicate balance
of life on this planet — not just for humans, but wildlife,
vegetation, water and soil.
• Poor air quality is a result of a number of factors,
including emissions from various sources, both natural
and “human-caused.” Poor air quality occurs when
pollutants reach high enough concentrations to
endanger human health and/or the environment.
• Our everyday choices, such as driving cars and burning
wood, can have a significant impact on air quality.

41. Purposes
• code of practice is to provide guidance on improving
the indoor air quality (IAQ) and to set minimum
standard for selected parameters that will avoid
discomfort and/or adverse health effect among
employees and other occupants of an indoor or
enclosed environment served by a mechanical
ventilating and air conditioning (MVAC) system
including air cooled split unit.
• It is one of the general duties as prescribed under the
Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 [Act 514] for
the employer and an occupier (including building
owner and building management) to provide a safe
workplace to their employees or other person than his
employees (occupant).

42. Complaint procedure
• The building owner or building management shall
establish a procedure to deal with complaint
from employer and occupants related to signs
and symptoms perceived to be due to indoor air
quality.
• Upon receiving a complaint, the building owner
or building management shall ensure that an
investigation is conducted to ascertain the cause
of the complaint, and a report prepared, without
delay.

43. Establishment of complaint
A. procedures for receiving and dealing with complaints
B. a description of the process or processes for
response to a complaint;
C. regular reviews of complaints by the occupant;
D. identification of individuals responsible for
administering the complaint process;
E. procedures for communicating any remedial action to
the complainant; and
F. follow-up procedures to ensure that the remedial
action recommended, if any, has been taken.

44. Investigating the problem
A. complaints are received;
B. the occupancy in the space exceeds the
recommended number of occupancy in the
original design; or
C. renovations are made that involve significant
changes to the ventilation system e.g. a room
without supply or return air.

47. References
1) http://apims.doe.gov.my/apims/Guidelines%20for%20the%20Prot
ection%20of%20Employees%20Against%20the%20Effects%20of%
20Haze%20at%20Workplaces.pdf
2) http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/chemicals/how_chem.html
3) http://www.healthyworkinglives.com/advice/work-
equipment/rpe
4) https://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3079.pdf
5) http://www.hse.gov.uk/respiratory-protective-equipment/types-
rpe.htm
6) https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3079/osha3079.html
7) http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/prevention/ppe/respslct.html
8) https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web
&cd=1&ved=0CB4QFjAA&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dir.ca.gov%2
Fdosh%2Fdosh_publications%2Frespiratory.pdf&ei=ifVAVYzgC4u2
uQSe3IE4&usg=AFQjCNE80kBfCA1bRQ0VudCKMafLlVTGTQ

48. Thank You!!!