The document outlines the process of protein synthesis. First, RNA polymerase transcribes DNA in the nucleus to produce mRNA. The mRNA exits the nucleus and binds to ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Ribosomes then translate the mRNA by matching tRNA anticodons to mRNA codons, linking amino acids together to form a polypeptide chain. Translation continues until a stop codon is reached, and the final polypeptide folds into its tertiary structure.

1. Protein Synthesis
By. Anna Heitzenrater

2. TACTCTGGCATCACT
ATGAGACCGTAGTGA

3. Cytoplasm
Nucleus

4. Cytoplasm
Nucleus

5. Cytoplasm
Nucleus

6. Nucleus

7. Cytoplasm
TACTCTGGCATCACT
ATGAGACCGTAGTGA
Nucleus

8. Cytoplasm
TACTCTGGCATCACT
ATGAGACCGTAGTGA
Nucleus

9. Cytoplasm
TACTCTGGCATCACT
ATGAGACCGTAGTGA
Nucleus

10. Cytoplasm
TACTCTGGCATCACT
RNA
Polymerase
ATGAGACCGTAGTGA
Promoter Region
Nucleus

11. Cytoplasm
TACTCTGGCATCACT
RNA
Polymerase
mRNA
strand
ATGAGACCGTAGTGA
Nucleus

12. Cytoplasm
TACTCTGGCATCACT
RNA
Polymerase
ATGAGACCGTAGTGA
Nucleus

13. Cytoplasm
A
U
G
TACTCTGGCATCACT
RNA
Polymerase
ATGAGACCGTAGTGA
Nucleus

14. Cytoplasm
AU
G AG
A
TACTCTGGCATCACT
RNA
Polymerase
ATGAGACCGTAGTGA
Nucleus

15. Cytoplasm
AU
G AG
AC
CG
TACTCTGGCATCACT
RNA
Polymerase
ATGAGACCGTAGTGA
Nucleus

16. Cytoplasm
AU
G AG
AC
C GU
AG
TACTCTGGCATCACT
RNA
Polymerase
ATGAGACCGTAGTGA
Nucleus

17. Cytoplasm
AU
G AG
AC
C GU
A G UG A
TACTCTGGCATCACT
RNA
Polymerase
ATGAGACCGTAGTGA
Nucleus

18. Cytoplasm
AU
G AG
AC
C GU
A G UG A
TACTCTGGCATCACT
RNA
Polymerase
ATGAGACCGTAGTGA
Termination
Sequence
Nucleus

19. Cytoplasm
AU
G AG
AC
C GU
A G UG A
TACTCTGGCATCACT
RNA
Polymerase
ATGAGACCGTAGTGA
Termination
Sequence
Nucleus

20. A
Cytoplasm
Note: The mRNA must leave
the nucleus through the
nuclear pores to reach the
ribosomes.
C C G
U A GU
G A
GCATCACT
CGTAGTGA
Nuclear Pore
Nucleus

21. A G
A
Cytoplasm
C C G
U A G U
G
A
GCATCACT
CGTAGTGA
Nucleus

22. Cytoplasm
G A G
A
C C G
U A G U
G
GCATCACT
CGTAGTGA
Nucleus
A

23. Cytoplasm
A
U G
AG
GCATCACT
AC
C GU
A GUG A
CGTAGTGA
Nucleus

24. GCATCACT
Cytoplasm
A
U G
AG
AC
C GU
A GUG A
CGTAGTGA
Nucleus

25. Cytoplasm
GCATCACT
A
U G
AG
CGTAGTGA
Nucleus
AC
C GU
A GUG A

26. Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Ribosomes

27. Cytoplasm
Nucleus
mRNA
strand
Ribosomes

28. Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Ribosomes

29. Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Ribosomes

30. Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Ribosomes

31. Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Ribosomes

32. Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Ribosomes

33. AUGAGACCGUAGUGA

34. Ribosome
: large
subunit
AUGAGACCGUAGUGA
Small subunit

35. Cytoplasm
Amino
acid
tRNA
U
A C
Anti-codon
AUGAGACCGUAGUGA
Codon

36. Cytoplasm
U
A C
AUGAGACCGUAGUGA
Start Codon

37. Cytoplasm
U
U
C
U
A C
AUGAGACCGUAGUGA

38. Cytoplasm
U
A C U
C U
AUGAGACCGUAGUGA

39. Cytoplasm
U
A C
U
C U
AUGAGACCGUAGUGA

40. Cytoplasm
U
A C
U
C U
AUGAGACCGUAGUGA

41. Cytoplasm
Peptide Bond
U
C U
AUGAGACCGUAGUGA

42. Cytoplasm
G
U
G C
C U
AUGAGACCGUAGUGA

43. Cytoplasm
U
C U G G C
AUGAGACCGUAGUGA

44. Cytoplasm
U
C U
G G C
AUGAGACCGUAGUGA

45. Cytoplasm
U
C U
G G C
AUGAGACCGUAGUGA

46. Cytoplasm
A U C
G G C
AUGAGACCGUAGUGA

47. Cytoplasm
G G C A U C
AUGAGACCGUAGUGA

48. Cytoplasm
G G C
A U C
AUGAGACCGUAGUGA

49. Cytoplasm
G G C
A U C
AUGAGACCGUAGUGA

50. Cytoplasm
G G C
A U C
AUGAGACCGUAGUGA

51. Cytoplasm
A U C
A U C
AUGAGACCGUAGUGA

52. Cytoplasm
Note: The stop
codon does not
make an amino
acid.
A U C A C U
AUGAGACCGUAGUGA
Stop Codon

53. Cytoplasm
A U C
A C U
AUGAGACCGUAGUGA

54. Cytoplasm
Polypeptide
Chain
A C U
AUGAGACCGUAGUGA
Stop Codon

55. Cytoplasm
A C U
AUGAGACCGUAGUGA

56. Cytoplasm
Note: The polypeptide
chain then forms into a
three-dimensional figure
(tertiary structure).
AUGAGACCGUAGUGA

57. Summary
First, the enzyme RNA polymerase comes in. It unwinds the double
helix and adds the complementary nucleotides, there is also a
complementary mRNA strand that forms. But, since it is RNA, the
thymine is replaced with uracil. Then, the double helix closes back up
after RNA polymerase goes through. The mRNA exits through the
nuclear pores and travels through the cytoplasm to get to the
ribosomes. Once in the ribosomes, the large and small subunit of the
ribosomes bind with the mRNA. The ribosome begins at the start
codon, that is always AUG. As the ribosome moves down the mRNA
strand, the tRNA molecule, with the correct anti-codon sequence,
then binds onto the codon. As the ribosome keeps on moving, the
amino acids from the previous tRNA falls off and attaches to the next
amino acid. This forms a peptide bond and the tRNA molecule falls
off. This continues until the ribosome reaches the stop codon, the
codon either has a sequence of UAA, UAG, or UGA. The polypeptide
chain, that was formed from the amino acid, then folds into a three
dimensional figure, also known as its tertiary structure.