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Ontologie et al. Begriffsdefinitionen im Kontext Wissensrepräsentation
1.
Ontologie et al.- Begriffsdefinitionen
im Kontext Wissensrepräsentation Peter Scheir TU Graz & Know-Center http://www.know-center.at/swat © Know-Center - gefördert durch das Kompetenzzentrenprogramm
2.
Überblick
Einführung - Ontologie Taxonomie Thesaurus Semantisches Netz / Assoziatives Netz Concept Map Conceptual Graph Topic Map 2 Ontologie http://www.know-center.at/swat 05/2006 © Know-Center / KMI
3.
Ontologie (Gruber) [1]
explicit specification of a conceptualization conceptualization is an abstract, simplified view of the world that we wish to represent for some purpose Definitions associate the names of entities in the universe of discourse with human-readable text describing what the names mean, and formal axioms that constrain the interpretation and well-formed use of these terms. Formally, an ontology is the statement of a logical theory 3 http://www.know-center.at/swat 05/2006 © Know-Center / KMI
4.
Taxonomie
Einteilung von Dingen in Gruppen Kontrolliertes Vokabular Kann hierarchische sein Z.B. Einteilung von Tierarten in ein hierarchischem System 4 http://www.know-center.at/swat 05/2006 © Know-Center / KMI
5.
Taxonomie
5 http://www.know-center.at/swat 05/2006 © Know-Center / KMI
6.
Thesaurus
Wortnetz Kontrolliertes Vokabular Begriffe mit typisierten Relationen Definierte Menge an Relationen: Äquivalenz Assoziation Hierarchische Relationen 6 http://www.know-center.at/swat 05/2006 © Know-Center / KMI
7.
Thesaurus
7 http://www.know-center.at/swat 05/2006 © Know-Center / KMI
8.
Überblick
Ontologie Taxonomie Thesaurus Semantisches Netz / Assoziatives Netz Concept Map Conceptual Graph Topic Map 8 Ontologie http://www.know-center.at/swat 05/2006 © Know-Center / KMI
9.
Semantic Network /
Semantisches Netz Netzwerk von Begriffen Kontrolliertes Vokabular Typisierte Relationen Beliebige Menge an Relationstypen 9 http://www.know-center.at/swat 05/2006 © Know-Center / KMI
10.
Semantic Network /
Semantisches Netz Oft auf Quillian (1968) [5] zurückgeführt. Spezielle Typen von Relationen: is kind of (Kannarienvogel – Vogel) is part of (Flügel – Vogel) 10 http://www.know-center.at/swat 05/2006 © Know-Center / KMI
11.
Semantic Network /
Semantisches Netz Graphische Sprache Knoten stehen für Konzept Kanten für Beziehung zwischen verbunden Konzepten Semantik von Knoten und Kanten nicht eindeutig interpretierbar 11 http://www.know-center.at/swat 05/2006 © Know-Center / KMI
12.
Assoziatives Netzwerk
Netzwerk von Dingen Kanten stehen für Assoziation zwischen Dinge Können benannt und/oder gewichtet sein 12 http://www.know-center.at/swat 05/2006 © Know-Center / KMI
13.
Concept Map
Graphisches Werkzeug für: Wissensdarstellung Brainstorming Wissensorganisation Konzepte und Verbindungen Kein zentraler Begriff (wie in Mindmap) 13 http://www.know-center.at/swat 05/2006 © Know-Center / KMI
14.
Concept Map
14 http://www.know-center.at/swat 05/2006 © Know-Center / KMI
15.
Überblick
Ontologie Taxonomie Thesaurus Semantisches Netz / Assoziatives Netz Concept Map Conceptual Graph Topic Map 15 Ontologie http://www.know-center.at/swat 05/2006 © Know-Center / KMI
16.
Conceptual Graphs
1984 - John Sowa Concept Conceptual Relation Concept Types Relation Types 16 http://www.know-center.at/swat 05/2006 © Know-Center / KMI
17.
Conceptual Graphs [6]
[7] (Betw [Rock] [Place *x] [Person]) (Attr ?x [Hard]) 17 http://www.know-center.at/swat 05/2006 © Know-Center / KMI
18.
Topic map
1999 - ISO Standard (ISO 13250) Erstellung von Wissensstrukturen Verbindung der Struktur mit Information Topics (Types, Names) Assoziationen (Types, Roles) Occurences (Roles) 18 http://www.know-center.at/swat 05/2006 © Know-Center / KMI
19.
XML Topic Maps
2001 - XML Topic Maps (XTM) 1.0 XML Standard zur Serialisierung von Topic Maps 19 http://www.know-center.at/swat 05/2006 © Know-Center / KMI
20.
Topic map [3]
20 http://www.know-center.at/swat 05/2006 © Know-Center / KMI
21.
Überblick
Ontologie Taxonomie Thesaurus Semantisches Netz / Assoziatives Netz Concept Map Conceptual Graph Topic Map 21 Ontologie http://www.know-center.at/swat 05/2006 © Know-Center / KMI
22.
Ontologie (Gruber) [1]
explicit specification of a conceptualization conceptualization is an abstract, simplified view of the world that we wish to represent for some purpose Definitions associate the names of entities in the universe of discourse with human-readable text describing what the names mean, and formal axioms that constrain the interpretation and well-formed use of these terms. Formally, an ontology is the statement of a logical theory 22 http://www.know-center.at/swat 05/2006 © Know-Center / KMI
23.
Ontologie (Gruber) [1]
Ontologies are often equated with taxonomic hierarchies of classes, but class definitions, and the subsumption relation, but ontologies need not be limited to these forms. … To specify a conceptualization one needs to state axioms that do constrain the possible interpretations for the defined terms. 23 http://www.know-center.at/swat 05/2006 © Know-Center / KMI
24.
Ontologie (Guarino) [2]
An ontology is a logical theory accounting for the intended meaning of a formal vocabulary, i.e. its ontological commitment to a particular conceptualization of the world. The intended models of a logical language using such a vocabulary are constrained by its ontological commitment. An ontology indirectly reflects this commitment (and the underlying conceptualization) by approximating these intended models. an ontology is language-dependent a conceptualization is language-independent 24 http://www.know-center.at/swat 05/2006 © Know-Center / KMI
25.
Ontologie (Sowa) [8]
An informal ontology may be specified by a catalog of types that are either undefined or defined only by statements in a natural language. A formal ontology is specified by a collection of names for concept and relation types organized in a partial ordering by the type- subtype relation. 25 http://www.know-center.at/swat 05/2006 © Know-Center / KMI
26.
Ontologie (Obrst) [4]
With respect to definitions of ontologies, I hope to send a portion of a briefing I made at the Army Knowledge Management Conference in Ft. Lauderdale late Aug/early Sept of 2004, that takes you through the ontology spectrum, from taxonomy (weak and strong) to thesaurus (a strong term taxonomy+) to conceptual model (weak ontology) to logical theory (strong ontology). The first is unstandardized, the second and third each has a set of standards associated with them, the third and fourth have multiple representation languages supporting them, and the last has some logic behind the representation language, typically ranging from a description logic (OWL) to first-order logic (KIF, Common Logic) to a higher order logic. A logical theory is a formal ontology. The others range from informal to semi-formal. Other informal ontologies can be natural language sentences in a document. The key point about formal ontologies (logical theories) is that they are machine-interpretable, i.e., semantically interpretable by machine. The others are not, are only interpretable by human beings, though they may be machine- 26 readable and machine-processable. http://www.know-center.at/swat 05/2006 © Know-Center / KMI
27.
Diskussionsgrundlage Begriff
Formale Informale Ontologie Ontologie Taxonomie ~ Thesaurus Semantisches Netz ~ Assoziatives Netz ~ ~ Concept Map Conceptual Graph Topic Map 27 http://www.know-center.at/swat 05/2006 © Know-Center / KMI
28.
Referenzen [1] Thomas
Gruber, Toward Principles for the Design of Ontologies Used for Knowledge Sharing (1993) [2] Nicola Guarino, Formal Ontology and Information Systems (1998) [3] Steve Pepper, The TAO of Topic Maps, http://www.ontopia.net/topicmaps/materials/tao.html [4] Leo Obrst, Re: [ontolog-forum] Updating the Ontolog Charter ... definitionsandUBL (2005), http://ontolog.cim3.net/forum//ontolog-forum/2005-03/msg00005.html#nid04 [5] Ross Quillian, Semantic Memory (1968) [6] John Sowa, Conceptual Graph Examples, http://www.jfsowa.com/cg/cgexampw.htm [7] John Sowa, Conceptual Graph Standard, http://www.jfsowa.com/cg/cgstand.htm [8] John Sowa, Ontology, http://www.jfsowa.com/ontology/ 28 http://www.know-center.at/swat 05/2006 © Know-Center / KMI
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