1. PsychologyPsychology
Cynthia K. Shinabarger ReedCynthia K. Shinabarger Reed
Tarrant County CollegeTarrant County College
With butchering by Instructor CarneyWith butchering by Instructor Carney
1
3. PersonalityPersonality
What is it?What is it?
How do you know if you have one?How do you know if you have one?
What do we mean when we say someone:What do we mean when we say someone:
Has a great personality.Has a great personality.
Has a horrible personality.Has a horrible personality.
Is there a different meaning based on gender?Is there a different meaning based on gender?
Can we change our personality?Can we change our personality?
If so how?If so how?
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4. PersonalityPersonality
Relatively stable pattern of thinking,Relatively stable pattern of thinking,
feeling, & behaving that distinguishesfeeling, & behaving that distinguishes
one person from another.one person from another.
Same familySame family
Similar experiencesSimilar experiences
Very different personalitiesVery different personalities
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6. Analyzing PersonalityAnalyzing Personality
To be useful, a psychological test must haveTo be useful, a psychological test must have
3 characteristics:3 characteristics:
ReliabilityReliability
Dependable, accurate, reliable information.Dependable, accurate, reliable information.
ValidityValidity
Capable of being justified, defended, or supportedCapable of being justified, defended, or supported
StandardizationStandardization
No variationsNo variations
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7. Analyzing PersonalityAnalyzing Personality
Self-report inventoriesSelf-report inventories
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality InventoryMinnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
(MMPI) & California Psychological Inventory(MMPI) & California Psychological Inventory
(CPI).(CPI).
Best-known & widely used personality measuresBest-known & widely used personality measures
MMPI: Statements about self in form of yes-no/true-MMPI: Statements about self in form of yes-no/true-
false answers.false answers.
1. I like mechanics magazines1. I like mechanics magazines
2. I have a good appetite2. I have a good appetite
3. I wake up fresh & rested most mornings3. I wake up fresh & rested most mornings
4. I think I would like the work of a librarian4. I think I would like the work of a librarian
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8. Analyzing PersonalityAnalyzing Personality
MMPIMMPI
Diagnose psychological disorders.Diagnose psychological disorders.
CPICPI
Assess personality in the normalAssess personality in the normal
population.population.
In class Projective testIn class Projective test
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9. Analyzing PersonalityAnalyzing Personality
Projective testsProjective tests
AssumptionAssumption
People project their personality characteristics ontoPeople project their personality characteristics onto
ambiguous stimuli.ambiguous stimuli.
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10. Analyzing PersonalityAnalyzing Personality
Rorschach TestRorschach Test
Inkblot testInkblot test
Swiss psychiatristSwiss psychiatrist
Hermann RorschachHermann Rorschach
Determine personalityDetermine personality
traitstraits
Interpret subject'sInterpret subject's
responses to inkblotresponses to inkblot
images.images.
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11. It’s just a simple Rorschach test Mr.It’s just a simple Rorschach test Mr.
Bromwell so just calm down & tell meBromwell so just calm down & tell me
what each one suggests to you.what each one suggests to you.
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12. Barnum EffectBarnum Effect
P. T. BarnumP. T. Barnum
Reputation as aReputation as a
mastermaster
psychologicalpsychological
manipulatormanipulator
MuseumMuseum
promoterpromoter
Circus ownerCircus owner
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13. Barnum EffectBarnum Effect
Tendency to accept generalized personalityTendency to accept generalized personality
descriptions as accurate descriptions ofdescriptions as accurate descriptions of
oneself.oneself.
SmartSmart
CreativeCreative
FunnyFunny
PseudosciencesPseudosciences
Influence people because:Influence people because:
We want to accept positive descriptions of ourselves.We want to accept positive descriptions of ourselves.
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14. Analyzing PersonalityAnalyzing Personality
Walter MischelWalter Mischel
Advised psychologistsAdvised psychologists
Shift attention from search for traits toShift attention from search for traits to
Study of how situations influenceStudy of how situations influence
behaviors.behaviors.
Some characteristics consistent over time:Some characteristics consistent over time:
IntelligenceIntelligence
Emotional reactionsEmotional reactions
Physical appearancePhysical appearance
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15. Analyzing PersonalityAnalyzing Personality
EpsteinEpstein
Behavior depends on the situationBehavior depends on the situation
Consistent behavioral tendencies acrossConsistent behavioral tendencies across
situations.situations.
The situationThe situation
Influences the likelihood that a person willInfluences the likelihood that a person will
exhibit a specific behavior.exhibit a specific behavior.
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16. Trait ApproachesTrait Approaches
TraitsTraits
Terms that describe tendencies to respond inTerms that describe tendencies to respond in
particular ways that account for differencesparticular ways that account for differences
among people.among people.
Psychologist Gordon AllportPsychologist Gordon Allport
Composed a list of traitsComposed a list of traits
Building blocks of personality.Building blocks of personality.
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17. Trait ApproachesTrait Approaches
Raymond CattellRaymond Cattell
Proposed 16 sourceProposed 16 source
traits to describetraits to describe
personalitypersonality
Make predictionsMake predictions
of future behaviors.of future behaviors.
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18. Trait ApproachesTrait Approaches
EysenckEysenck
Personality as consists of 3 basic traits:Personality as consists of 3 basic traits:
ExtraversionExtraversion
NeuroticismNeuroticism
PsychoticismPsychoticism
Extraversion has been associated with a number ofExtraversion has been associated with a number of
differences in everyday behavior.differences in everyday behavior.
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19. Big FiveBig Five
I see myself (or other person) as someone who...I see myself (or other person) as someone who...
1. ...Is talkative1. ...Is talkative
Myself:Myself: Disagree12345AgreeDisagree12345Agree
Other:Other: Disagree12345AgreeDisagree12345Agree
2. ...Tends to find fault with others2. ...Tends to find fault with others
Myself:Myself: Disagree12345AgreeDisagree12345Agree
Other:Other: Disagree12345AgreeDisagree12345Agree
3. ...Does a thorough job3. ...Does a thorough job
Myself:Myself: Disagree12345AgreeDisagree12345Agree
Other:Other: Disagree12345AgreeDisagree12345Agree
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20. Trait ApproachesTrait Approaches
Growing consensus that personality traits can beGrowing consensus that personality traits can be
reduced to 5 basic onesreduced to 5 basic ones
““Big Five”Big Five”
Openness to experienceOpenness to experience
1)1) ConscientiousnessConscientiousness
2)2) ExtraversionExtraversion
3)3) AgreeablenessAgreeableness
4)4) NeuroticismNeuroticism
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21. Trait ApproachesTrait Approaches
Big 5Big 5
All 5 traits are moderately & equally heritable.All 5 traits are moderately & equally heritable.
Personality traits have considerable long-termPersonality traits have considerable long-term
stability.stability.
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22. Biological Factors in PersonalityBiological Factors in Personality
The idea that physical & biological factors holdThe idea that physical & biological factors hold
a key to personality has a long history.a key to personality has a long history.
TrephiningTrephining
Opening of a hole in the skullOpening of a hole in the skull
Leaving the membranes surrounding the brainLeaving the membranes surrounding the brain
intactintact
Concept of modern trepanation movementConcept of modern trepanation movement
BrainbloodvolumeBrainbloodvolume (the amount of blood supplied to(the amount of blood supplied to
the brain).the brain).
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23. Biological Factors in PersonalityBiological Factors in Personality
TrepanationTrepanation
Supposedly allows greater flow of blood in theSupposedly allows greater flow of blood in the
capillaries of the brain.capillaries of the brain.
Most researchers & physicians do not agree.Most researchers & physicians do not agree.
IllegalIllegal
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24. Biological Factors in PersonalityBiological Factors in Personality
1800’s Phrenology1800’s Phrenology
Analyzed bumps & indentations on skullAnalyzed bumps & indentations on skull
Attempted to link personality with features ofAttempted to link personality with features of
the brain.the brain.
Bump indicated larger brain area dedicated toBump indicated larger brain area dedicated to
trait.trait.
ExampleExample
Large bump in Combativeness area you will be moreLarge bump in Combativeness area you will be more
violent.violent.
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25. Biological Factors in PersonalityBiological Factors in Personality
Identical twins reared apartIdentical twins reared apart
Researchers identify the effects of heredityResearchers identify the effects of heredity
independent of influence of environmentalindependent of influence of environmental
factors.factors.
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26. Biological Factors in PersonalityBiological Factors in Personality
Twin studies indicateTwin studies indicate
Heredity plays a role inHeredity plays a role in
a wide range ofa wide range of
personalitypersonality
characteristicscharacteristics
Heritability estimatesHeritability estimates
between 20 & 50%.between 20 & 50%.
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28. The Psychodynamic PerspectiveThe Psychodynamic Perspective
Sigmund FreudSigmund Freud
Our behavior, feeling,Our behavior, feeling,
& thinking is& thinking is
determined by eventsdetermined by events
that occurred earlierthat occurred earlier
in our lives.in our lives.
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29. PsychodynamicPsychodynamic
Freud described three levels of consciousness.Freud described three levels of consciousness.
1.1. ConsciousConscious
Thoughts, wishes, & emotions you are aware of now.Thoughts, wishes, & emotions you are aware of now.
1.1. PreconsciousPreconscious
The level just below consciousnessThe level just below consciousness
DreamsDreams
1.1. UnconsciousUnconscious
Thoughts, wishes, & feelings that exist beyond our awarenessThoughts, wishes, & feelings that exist beyond our awareness
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31. PsychodynamicPsychodynamic
IDID
PrimitivePrimitive
Pleasure-seekingPleasure-seeking
Violent motivesViolent motives
FearsFears
Immoral urgesImmoral urges
Unacceptable sexual urgesUnacceptable sexual urges
Selfish needsSelfish needs
Irrational wishesIrrational wishes
Shameful experiencesShameful experiences
Aims to reduce tension when we don’t get what we wantAims to reduce tension when we don’t get what we want
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32. PsychodynamicPsychodynamic
IDID
Operates according to pleasure principleOperates according to pleasure principle
Seeks immediate gratification of wishes through theSeeks immediate gratification of wishes through the
ego.ego.
2 ways to obtain gratification2 ways to obtain gratification
Wish fulfillmentWish fulfillment
FantasyFantasy
Reflex actionsReflex actions
Ex: CoughingEx: Coughing
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33. PsychodynamicPsychodynamic
EgoEgo
Mediates between environmental demandsMediates between environmental demands
(reality), conscience, superego & instinctual(reality), conscience, superego & instinctual
needs (Id).needs (Id).
Called the executiveCalled the executive
Operates according to the Reality Principle.Operates according to the Reality Principle.
Realistic plan for obtaining what the id wantsRealistic plan for obtaining what the id wants
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34. PsychodynamicPsychodynamic
SSuperegouperego
The social & parental standards theThe social & parental standards the
individual has internalized, the conscienceindividual has internalized, the conscience
& the ego ideal.& the ego ideal.
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35. PsychodynamicPsychodynamic
SSuperegouperego
MoralMoral
Voice that tells us whenVoice that tells us when
we have violated society’swe have violated society’s
rules.rules.
Operates according toOperates according to
the ego idealthe ego ideal
Standards of what oneStandards of what one
would like to be.would like to be.
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36. The Psychodynamic PerspectiveThe Psychodynamic Perspective
Battle mostly unconsciousBattle mostly unconscious
When anxiety or guilt buildsWhen anxiety or guilt builds
Ego defends itself through unconscious efforts referred toEgo defends itself through unconscious efforts referred to
as defense mechanismsas defense mechanisms that tend to deny or distort reality.that tend to deny or distort reality.
Effect of defense mechanisms is to reduceEffect of defense mechanisms is to reduce
anxiety or guilt.anxiety or guilt.
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37. The Psychodynamic PerspectiveThe Psychodynamic Perspective
Psychosexual stagesPsychosexual stages
5 stages infancy to adulthood.5 stages infancy to adulthood.
Characterized by efforts to obtain pleasureCharacterized by efforts to obtain pleasure
centered on one of several parts of the bodycentered on one of several parts of the body
calledcalled erogenous zones..
Pleasure sensitive areasPleasure sensitive areas
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39. FixationFixation
A partial or complete halt at some point inA partial or complete halt at some point in
the individual’s psychosexual development.the individual’s psychosexual development.
A person whose development is arrested willA person whose development is arrested will
display behaviors as an adult that are associateddisplay behaviors as an adult that are associated
with the time of life during which thewith the time of life during which the fixationfixation
occurred.occurred.
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40. How Personality DevelopsHow Personality Develops
According To FreudAccording To Freud
OralOral (0-18 months)(0-18 months)
MouthMouth
Too much gratificationToo much gratification
Overly OptimisticOverly Optimistic
DependentDependent
Too little gratificationToo little gratification
PessimsticPessimstic
HostileHostile
FixatedFixated
Lack of confidenceLack of confidence
GulableGulable
SarcasticSarcastic
ArgumentativeArgumentative
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41. How Personality DevelopsHow Personality Develops
According To Freud Cont.According To Freud Cont.
AnalAnal (18 months - 3 1/2 years)(18 months - 3 1/2 years)
Pleasure from the expulsion and retention of feces.Pleasure from the expulsion and retention of feces.
Too strictToo strict
ObstinateObstinate
StingyStingy
Too lenientToo lenient
MessyMessy
SloppySloppy
UnorganizedUnorganized
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42. How Personality DevelopsHow Personality Develops
According To Freud Cont.According To Freud Cont.
PhallicPhallic (3 1/2 years - 6 years)(3 1/2 years - 6 years)
Pleasure from fondling their genitals.Pleasure from fondling their genitals.
Oedipal complexOedipal complex (Boys)(Boys)
Greek mythGreek myth
Possessive love for mother & jealously towards fatherPossessive love for mother & jealously towards father
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43. How Personality DevelopsHow Personality Develops
According To Freud Cont.According To Freud Cont.
Castration anxietyCastration anxiety
Boy fantasizes that the father’s retaliationBoy fantasizes that the father’s retaliation
would involve injury to his genitalswould involve injury to his genitals
Reduce fearReduce fear
Boy represses sexual desire for his motherBoy represses sexual desire for his mother
Identify with fatherIdentify with father
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44. How Personality DevelopsHow Personality Develops
According To Freud Cont.According To Freud Cont.
Electra complexElectra complex (Girls)(Girls)
Greek mythGreek myth
Possessive love for father & jealously towardsPossessive love for father & jealously towards
mothermother
Penis envyPenis envy
Value & desireValue & desire
ResolutionResolution
Identifies with mother.Identifies with mother.
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45. How Personality DevelopsHow Personality Develops
According To Freud Cont.According To Freud Cont.
Phallic stage fixationPhallic stage fixation
MenMen
VanityVanity
EgotismEgotism
Men boast of sexual prowessMen boast of sexual prowess
Treat women with contemptTreat women with contempt
WomenWomen
Flirtations & promiscuousFlirtations & promiscuous
BothBoth
Low self-esteem & feelings of worthlessnessLow self-esteem & feelings of worthlessness
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46. How Personality DevelopsHow Personality Develops
According To Freud Cont.According To Freud Cont.
LatencyLatency (6 years - puberty)(6 years - puberty)
Suppressed sexual interestsSuppressed sexual interests
Boys play with boysBoys play with boys
Girls play with girlsGirls play with girls
GenitalGenital (puberty - adulthood)(puberty - adulthood)
Sexual interests are reawakenedSexual interests are reawakened
Postponed gratificationPostponed gratification
Sense of responsibilitySense of responsibility
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47. Freudian SlipFreudian Slip
An accidental mistake, usually the use of theAn accidental mistake, usually the use of the
wrong word in a sentence, thought to betraywrong word in a sentence, thought to betray
somebody's subconscious preoccupations.somebody's subconscious preoccupations.
Calling your wife, “Mom”.Calling your wife, “Mom”.
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48. How Personality DevelopsHow Personality Develops
According To Freud Cont.According To Freud Cont.
Defense MechanismsDefense Mechanisms
Reduce or redirect anxiety by distorting or denyingReduce or redirect anxiety by distorting or denying
realityreality
Form of denialForm of denial
Unconscious refusal to accept realityUnconscious refusal to accept reality
RepressionRepression
RegressionRegression
DisplacementDisplacement
RationalizationRationalization
SublimationSublimation
Reaction FormationReaction Formation
ProjectionProjection
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49. How Personality DevelopsHow Personality Develops
According To Freud Cont.According To Freud Cont.
RepressionRepression
Banishing anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings &Banishing anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings &
memories right out of your consciousness.memories right out of your consciousness.
RegressionRegression
Retreating to an earlier stage of development.Retreating to an earlier stage of development.
TraumaTrauma
Reaction FormationReaction Formation
Switching unacceptable impulses into their opposite.Switching unacceptable impulses into their opposite.
Activists may be fighting against their strong impulsesActivists may be fighting against their strong impulses
they want to deny.they want to deny.
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50. How Personality DevelopsHow Personality Develops
According To Freud Cont.According To Freud Cont.
ProjectionProjection
When people disguise their own threatening impulses byWhen people disguise their own threatening impulses by
pinning them on other people.pinning them on other people.
Instead of saying I can’t stand her…she can’t stand me.Instead of saying I can’t stand her…she can’t stand me.
DisplacementDisplacement
When you take your anger or some other unacceptableWhen you take your anger or some other unacceptable
feeling or impulse and divert it forms its source to somethingfeeling or impulse and divert it forms its source to something
or someone else.or someone else.
Angry at boss, kick dogAngry at boss, kick dog
SublimationSublimation
Rechanneling unacceptable impulses into socially acceptableRechanneling unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable
stuff.stuff.
Angry workoutAngry workout
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52. Analytical PsychologyAnalytical Psychology
Cont.Cont.
Jung emphasized the will to liveJung emphasized the will to live
Analysis of current problemsAnalysis of current problems
FreudFreud
Analysis childhood problemsAnalysis childhood problems
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53. Analytical PsychologyAnalytical Psychology
Cont.Cont.
Divided personalities into 2 typesDivided personalities into 2 types
IntrovertIntrovert
Inner thoughtsInner thoughts
Internal experienceInternal experience
ExtrovertExtrovert
External experienceExternal experience
In tune with people and things in the world aroundIn tune with people and things in the world around
themthem
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54. Analytical PsychologyAnalytical Psychology
Cont.Cont.
Developed a theory of the unconscious mindDeveloped a theory of the unconscious mind
like Freud'slike Freud's
EgoEgo
Personal unconsciousPersonal unconscious
Collective unconsciousCollective unconscious
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55. Analytical PsychologyAnalytical Psychology
Cont.Cont.
EgoEgo
Conscious mindConscious mind
Personal unconsciousPersonal unconscious
Anything that is presently unconsciousAnything that is presently unconscious
Can be conscious laterCan be conscious later
Collective unconsciousCollective unconscious
Reservoir of knowledge born withReservoir of knowledge born with
Never be directly conscious about itNever be directly conscious about it
Determines how we react to situations, perceive things etc.Determines how we react to situations, perceive things etc.
Can only understand it indirectly, through our responses &Can only understand it indirectly, through our responses &
experiences.experiences.
ArchetypesArchetypes
Inherited memory represented in the mind by a universalInherited memory represented in the mind by a universal
symbol & observed in dreams & mythssymbol & observed in dreams & myths
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56. The HeroThe Hero
The hero, who pursues a great quest to realize hisThe hero, who pursues a great quest to realize his
destiny.destiny.
Represents the egoRepresents the ego
We tend to identify with the hero of the storyWe tend to identify with the hero of the story
Often engaged in fighting the shadowOften engaged in fighting the shadow
In form of dragons & other monsters.In form of dragons & other monsters.
Not intellectualNot intellectual
The hero is often out to rescue the maiden.The hero is often out to rescue the maiden.
She represents purity & innocenceShe represents purity & innocence
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57. The Mother ArchetypeThe Mother Archetype
She wants to nurture & grow everything in sight.She wants to nurture & grow everything in sight.
Giver of life & sometimes the taker of life.Giver of life & sometimes the taker of life.
We are likely to project the archetype out into theWe are likely to project the archetype out into the
world & onto a particular person, usually our ownworld & onto a particular person, usually our own
mothers.mothers.
EveEve
MaryMary
ChurchChurch
ForestForest
OceanOcean
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58. The FatherThe Father
Father, Protector, ProviderFather, Protector, Provider
Primarily an authority figure often inducingPrimarily an authority figure often inducing
fear.fear.
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59. The PersonaThe Persona
MaskMask
Represents your public image.Represents your public image.
"good impression" we all wish to present as"good impression" we all wish to present as
we fill the roles society requires of us.we fill the roles society requires of us.
"false impression" we use to manipulate"false impression" we use to manipulate
people's opinions & behaviors.people's opinions & behaviors.
Normal exceptNormal except
When we believe we really are what we pretendWhen we believe we really are what we pretend
to be!to be!
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60. The ShadowThe Shadow
"dark side" of the ego"dark side" of the ego
Amoral remnant of our instinctual animal past.Amoral remnant of our instinctual animal past.
Derived from pre-human, animal past, when our concernsDerived from pre-human, animal past, when our concerns
were limited to survival & reproductionwere limited to survival & reproduction
Symbols of the shadow includeSymbols of the shadow include
Snake (as in the garden of Eden)Snake (as in the garden of Eden)
DragonDragon
MonstersMonsters
DemonsDemons
Often guards entrance to a cave or a pool of water, which is theOften guards entrance to a cave or a pool of water, which is the
collective unconscious.collective unconscious.
Next time you dream about wrestling with the devil, it may only beNext time you dream about wrestling with the devil, it may only be
yourself you are wrestling with!yourself you are wrestling with!
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61. TheThe TricksterTrickster
Rascal agent pushing us towards change.Rascal agent pushing us towards change.
Represented by a clown or a magician.Represented by a clown or a magician.
The trickster's role is to hamper the hero'sThe trickster's role is to hamper the hero's
progress and to generally make trouble.progress and to generally make trouble.
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62. The Social-Cognitive PerspectiveThe Social-Cognitive Perspective
Behavior is distinctiveBehavior is distinctive
Experience differentExperience different
historieshistories
ReinforcementReinforcement
PunishmentPunishment
Stimulus > responseStimulus > response
determines our personalitydetermines our personality
BehaviorBehavior
Rewarded forRewarded for
Punished forPunished for
Increases or decreasesIncreases or decreases
behaviorbehavior
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63. The Social-Cognitive PerspectiveThe Social-Cognitive Perspective
SkinnerSkinner
Focused attention on environmental factorsFocused attention on environmental factors
InitiateInitiate
Maintain behaviorsMaintain behaviors
Ultimately distinguish one person from another.Ultimately distinguish one person from another.
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64. The Social-Cognitive PerspectiveThe Social-Cognitive Perspective
Social learning theorySocial learning theory
Learning occurs throughLearning occurs through
WatchingWatching
ImitatingImitating
Behaviors of others.Behaviors of others.
ExpectancyExpectancy
1 of the most important elements of social1 of the most important elements of social
learning theory.learning theory.
People differ in their tendencies to viewPeople differ in their tendencies to view
themselves as capable of influencingthemselves as capable of influencing
reinforcers or being subject to fate.reinforcers or being subject to fate.
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65. The Social-Cognitive PerspectiveThe Social-Cognitive Perspective
Internal-External (I-E) ScaleInternal-External (I-E) Scale
Measure individuals’Measure individuals’ locus of controllocus of control
InternalInternal
ExternalExternal
Related to a variety of outcomesRelated to a variety of outcomes
AcademicAcademic
Health behaviorsHealth behaviors
Job successJob success
Which will get you promoted faster?Which will get you promoted faster?
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66. The Social-Cognitive PerspectiveThe Social-Cognitive Perspective
MenMen
Blame external factors for failureBlame external factors for failure
Internal factors for successInternal factors for success
WomenWomen
Attribute success to external factorsAttribute success to external factors
Blame internal factors for failureBlame internal factors for failure
ExampleExample
Men get a raise because they deserve it.Men get a raise because they deserve it.
Women get a raise because they are lucky.Women get a raise because they are lucky.
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67. The Social-Cognitive PerspectiveThe Social-Cognitive Perspective
BanduraBandura
Albert BanduraAlbert Bandura
Known for research on observational learning &Known for research on observational learning &
aggressionaggression
Individuals affected by environmentIndividuals affected by environment
Can influence environmentCan influence environment
Cognitive factors can influence person'sCognitive factors can influence person's
behavior & environment.behavior & environment.
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69. The Social-Cognitive PerspectiveThe Social-Cognitive Perspective
BanduraBandura
Self-efficacySelf-efficacy
Person’s beliefs about his skills & ability to performPerson’s beliefs about his skills & ability to perform
certain behaviors.certain behaviors.
If I lose a job I can easily find another one.If I lose a job I can easily find another one.
I will never find another job I like if I lose this one.I will never find another job I like if I lose this one.
Unlike a trait, self-efficacy is specific to theUnlike a trait, self-efficacy is specific to the
situation and can change over time.situation and can change over time.
ExampleExample
Over timeOver time
In the future may be able to feel confident in ability to find a newIn the future may be able to feel confident in ability to find a new
job.job.
SituationSituation
May be confident in ability to perform a job but not in finding aMay be confident in ability to perform a job but not in finding a
new one.new one.
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70. The Humanistic PerspectiveThe Humanistic Perspective
RogersRogers
Carl Rogers (notCarl Rogers (not
Mr. RodgersMr. Rodgers
FocusFocus
PresentPresent
Healthy personalityHealthy personality
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71. Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsMaslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Self-actualizationSelf-actualization
Ultimate psychological needUltimate psychological need
Fulfill your potentialFulfill your potential
To reach self-actualization you mustTo reach self-actualization you must
Be genuineBe genuine
Be empathicBe empathic
Have unconditional positive regard for others.Have unconditional positive regard for others.
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72. The Humanistic PerspectiveThe Humanistic Perspective
Carl Rogers & Maslow’s beliefCarl Rogers & Maslow’s belief
People are innately goodPeople are innately good
Directed toward:Directed toward:
GrowthGrowth
DevelopmentDevelopment
Personal fulfillmentPersonal fulfillment
As we develop, our concept of self emerges.As we develop, our concept of self emerges.
Self is our sense of “I” or “me”Self is our sense of “I” or “me”
Generally conscious & accessibleGenerally conscious & accessible
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73. The Humanistic PerspectiveThe Humanistic Perspective
The self-concept is our perception of our abilities,The self-concept is our perception of our abilities,
behaviors, and characteristics.behaviors, and characteristics.
Rogers believed that we act in accordance with ourRogers believed that we act in accordance with our
self-concept.self-concept.
Maslow and Rogers agreed that people have aMaslow and Rogers agreed that people have a
strong need to be loved, to experience affection.strong need to be loved, to experience affection.
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74. The Humanistic PerspectiveThe Humanistic Perspective
RogersRogers
Unconditional positive regardUnconditional positive regard
Accepted for selfAccepted for self
Conditional regardConditional regard
What others would like the person to be.What others would like the person to be.
People pleasersPeople pleasers
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75. The Humanistic PerspectiveThe Humanistic Perspective
RogersRogers
Real selfReal self
Self as it really isSelf as it really is
Product of our experiences.Product of our experiences.
Ideal selfIdeal self
Self we would like to be.Self we would like to be.
Maladjustment resultsMaladjustment results
When there is a discrepancy between real self &When there is a discrepancy between real self &
ideal self.ideal self.
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